Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate using particulate Sn electrodes: Effect of metal loading and particle size

The development of electrochemical processes for the conversion of CO2 into value-added products allows innovative carbon capture & utilization (CCU) instead of carbon capture & storage (CCS). In addition, coupling this conversion with renewable energy sources would make it possible to chemically store electricity from these intermittent renewable sources. The electroreduction of CO2 to formate in aqueous solution has been performed using Sn particles deposited over a carbon support. The effect of the particle size and Sn metal loading has been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The selected electrode has been tested on an experimental filter-press type cell system for continuous and single pass CO2 electroreduction to obtain formate as main product at ambient pressure and temperature. Experimental results show that using electrodes with 0.75 mg Sn cm−2, 150 nm Sn particles, and working at a current density of 90 mA cm−2, it is possible to achieve rates of formate production over 3.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and faradaic efficiencies around 70% for 90 min of continuous operation. These experimental conditions allow formate concentrations of about 1.5 g L−1 to be obtained on a continuous mode and with a single pass of catholyte through the cell.

Performance Assessment of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrochemical Reactor under Alkaline Conditions – A Case Study with the Electrooxidation of Alcohols

A novel polymer electrolyte membrane electrochemical reactor (PEMER) configuration has been employed for the direct electrooxidation of propargyl alcohol (PGA), a model primary alcohol, towards its carboxylic acid derivatives in alkaline medium. The PEMER configuration comprised of an anode and cathode based on nanoparticulate Ni and Pt electrocatalysts, respectively, supported on carbonaceous substrates. The electrooxidation of PGA was performed in 1.0 M NaOH, where a cathode based on a gas diffusion electrode was manufactured for the reduction of oxygen in alkaline conditions. The performance of a novel alkaline anion-exchange membrane based on Chitosan (CS) and Poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) in a 50:50 composition ratio doped with a 5 wt.% of poly (4-vinylpyridine) organic ionomer cross-linked, methyl chloride quaternary salt resin (4VP) was assessed as solid polymer electrolyte. The influence of 4VP anionic ionomer loading of 7, 12 and 20 wt.% incorporated into the electrocatalytic layers was examined by SEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV) upon the optimisation of the electroactive area, the mechanical stability and cohesion of the catalytic ink onto the carbonaceous substrate for both electrodes. The performance of the 4VP/CS:PVA membrane was compared with the commercial alkaline anion-exchange membrane FAA −a membrane generally used in direct alcohol alkaline fuel cells- in terms of polarisation plots in alkaline conditions. Furthermore, preparative electrolyses of the electrooxidation of PGA was performed under alkaline conditions of 1 M NaOH at constant current density of 20 mA cm−2 using a PEMER configuration to provide proof of the principle of the feasibility of the electrooxidation of other alcohols in alkaline media. PGA conversion to Z isomers of 3-(2-propynoxy)-2-propenoic acid (Z-PPA) was circa 0.77, with average current efficiency of 0.32. Alkaline stability of the membranes within the PEMER configuration was finally evaluated after the electrooxidation of PGA.

Investigaciones hidrológicas sobre los manantiales minero-medicinales de Lanjarón, en la provincia de Granada : opúsculo X [Manuscrito] /

Antigua signatura Ca 2777(16)

Análisis de las aguas termales de Ledesma,provincia de Salamanca;y apuntamientos sobre el modo de tomar sus baños ... / año de 1815.

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Observaciones médicas de los baños termales de Ledesma correspondientes á el año de 1821 /

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Monografía de las aguas y baños minero-medicinales de Lanjaron /

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Memoria acerca de las aguas y baños minerales de Panticosa... /

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Luz de la verdad y extincion de preocupaciones. Tratado de las aguas thermales de la villa de Caldes de Monbuy del principado de Cataluña ... /

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Memoria compendiada de los baños minero medicinales de la Villa de Villaro, provincia Vizcaya, 1866 /

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Ligero bosquejo ó memoria de las aguas minero-medicinales de la fuente llamada La Salud de Villanueva Soportilla /

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Memoria anual de los baños de Villatoya y Fuente-podrida /

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Memoria de las aguas minerales sulfo-carbonatadas-alcalino-ferreas de Horcajo de Lucena, correspondiente al año de 1868 /

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Relacion de los casos notables ocurridos en Arteijo en 1868 /

Antigua Signatura Ca 2794(2)