Major and trace element analyses from DSDP Hole 26-253 at the Ninetyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean

A basaltic sequence of Eocene submarine-erupted pyroclastic sediments totals at least 388 m at DSDP Site 253 on the Ninetyeast Ridge. These fossiliferous hyaloclastic sediments have been erupted and fragmented by explosive volcanism (hydroexplosions) in shallow water. The occurrence of interbedded basaltic ash-fall tuffs within the younger horizons of the hyaloclastic sequence marks the emergence of some Ninetyeast Ridge volcanic vents above sea level. Considerable textural variation allows subdivision of the sequence into six informal lithostratigraphic units. Hydrothermal and diagenetic alteration has caused the complete replacement of all original glass by smectites, and the introduction of abundant zeolite and calcite cements. The major and trace element contents of the hyaloclastites vary due to the alteration, and the admixture of biogenous calcite. On a calcium carbonate-free basis systematic variations are recognisable. Mg, Ni, Cr and Cu are enriched, and Li and Zn depleted in the three older units relative to the younger three. The chemical variability is reflected by the development of saponite in the older part of the sequence and montmorillonite in the younger; and by the presence of a quartz-normative basalt flow occurring in Unit II, in contrast to the Mg-rich highly olivine-normative basalt at the base of the sequence. The younger and older parts of the sequence therefore appear to have been derived from magmas of different chemistry. The sequence, like other basaltic rocks recovered from the Ninetyeast Ridge, is enriched in the light relative to the heavy rare earth elements (REE) although the REE contents vary unsystematically with depth, probably because of the high-temperature subaqueous alteration and the presence of biogenous calcite. This REE data indicates that the Ninetyeast Ridge volcanism was different from that which produces mid-ocean ridge basalts.

Impactos en el agua subterránea de un sistema de efluentes para riego : el Sistema Paramillos (Lavalle, Mendoza, Argentina)

En este trabajo se evalúa el impacto de un sistema de aprovechamiento de efluentes domésticos para riego en la calidad del agua subterránea. Los puntos de muestreo seleccionados son parte de un monitoreo a mayor escala del cual sólo se incluyeron aquellos relacionados con el sistema de la planta depuradora Paramillos, ubicada al Norte del aglomerado Mendoza. Esta planta consiste en una laguna de estabilización facultativa. Los resultados, presentados en gráficos, mapas y tablas, se discuten a partir del comportamiento de tres componentes del sistema hídrico: agua superficial (efluente), agua subterránea del nivel superior del acuífero (freática) y agua subterránea del acuífero profundo (confinado/ semiconfinado) y su interacción con el perfil del suelo. Se concluye que el acuífero profundo no es alcanzado por nitratos ni nitritos productos de la degradación biológica de la materia orgánica del efluente, lo que se atribuye a la capa impermeable subyacente. En el nivel superior o freático, el perfil del suelo remueve parte del N total y P total ingresado, entre el 39 y 90%. La remoción de DBO varía entre 30 y 90% y la remoción de E. coli remanente en efluente es total.

Evaluación de la contaminación de acuíferos producida por actividades de saneamiento y re-uso de efluentes en el norte de la provincia de Mendoza

En la zona norte de la provincia de Mendoza se desarrollan actividades que pueden afectar la calidad natural del agua subterránea: disposición y re-uso de efluentes industriales para riego agrícola, utilización de fertilizantes, saneamiento in-situ, fugas de redes de alcantarillado, etc. En esta región, surcada superficialmente por los ríos Mendoza y Tunuyán, la sedimentación cuaternaria determinó la formación de dos grandes unidades hidrogeológicas: acuíferos libres (sector de conos aluviales), y acuífero freático superior y acuíferos subyacentes confinados y/o semiconfinados. El área de estudio se encuentra ubicada en esta última unidad hidrogeológica donde se ha detectado contaminación de acuíferos por nitratos. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el origen de la contaminación, utilizando metodología hidroquímica mediante la evaluación de diversos parámetros físicoquímicos y biológicos, y técnicas isotópicas para corroborar la procedencia del agua subterránea y el origen de los nitratos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la presencia de nitratos en los acuíferos semiconfinado y confinado no proviene de la influencia del acuífero libre suprayacente, afectado por el re-uso de efluentes, sino que se relaciona con el ingreso de flujo horizontal de aguas subterráneas contaminadas provenientes del área del Gran Mendoza, debido a las pérdidas en las redes de alcantarillado y obras de saneamiento in situ.

Tab.1: Representative bulk-rock and trace element chemistry

High-pressure/low-temperature metabasites occupy a definite geological position within the structure of the Polar Urals and have a very important bearing on the understanding of the early history of the Ural Mountains. Recently obtained geological, petrographic, geochemical and isotope data allow some conclusions on this history. The metabasites of the Khord"yus and Dzela complexes contain relics of a Neoproterozoic (578 ±8 Ma) oceanic crust. This crust formed part of the base of the early Paleozoic (500 Ma) ensimatic island arc and experienced Ca-Al-Si±Na metasomatism and, probably, partial melting with the formation of boninite melts. However, so far no boninite volcanics have been found. The metabasites at the base of the island arc took part in the collision and as a consequence experienced glaucophane schist and greenschist facies metamorphism during the collision and obduction over the passive Baltic margin 350 ±11 Ma ago.

Chemistry of igneous rocks from, the Celebes Sea basement

Major and trace elements, mineral chemistry, and Sr-Nd isotope ratios are reported for representative igneous rocks of Ocean Drilling Program Sites 767 and 770. The basaltic basement underlying middle Eocene radiolarianbearing red clays was reached at 786.7 mbsf and about 421 mbsf at Sites 767 and 770, respectively. At Site 770 the basement was drilled for about 106 m. Eight basaltic units were identified on the basis of mineralogical, petrographical, and geochemical data. They mainly consist of pillow lavas and pillow breccias (Units A, B, D, and H), intercalated with massive amygdaloidal lavas (Units Cl and C2) or relatively thin massive flows (Unit E). Two dolerite sills were also recognized (Units F and G). All the rocks studied show the effect of low-temperature seafloor alteration, causing almost total replacement of olivine and glass. Calcite, clays, and Fe-hydroxides are the most abundant secondary phases. Chemical mobilization due to the alteration processes has been evaluated by comparing elements that are widely considered mobile during halmyrolysis (such as low-field strength elements) with those insensitive to seafloor alteration (such as Nb). In general, MgO is removed and P2O5 occasionally enriched during the alteration of pillow lavas. Ti, Cs, Li, Rb, and K, which are the most sensitive indicators of rock/seawater interaction, are generally enriched. The most crystalline samples appear the least affected by chemical changes. Plagioclase and olivine are continuously present as phenocrysts, and clinopyroxene is confined in the groundmass. Textural and mineralogical features as well as crystallization sequences of Site 770 rocks are, in all, analogous to typical mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs). Relatively high content of compatible trace elements, such as Ni and Cr, indicate that these rocks represent nearly primitive or weakly fractionated MORBs. All the studied rocks are geochemically within the spectrum of normal MORB compositional variation. Their Sr/Nd isotopic ratios plot on the mantle array (87Sr/87Sr 0.70324-0.70348 with 143Nd/144Nd 0.51298-0.51291) outside the field of Atlantic and Pacific MORBs. However, Sr and Nd isotopes are typical of both Indian Ocean MORBs and of some back-arc basalts, such as those of Lau Basin. The mantle source of Celebes basement basalts does not show a detectable influence of a subduction-related component. The geochemical and isotopic data so far obtained on the Celebes basement rocks do not allow a clear discrimination between mid-ocean ridge and back-arc settings.