La responsabilitat civil de l'advocat

La problemàtica actual de la responsabilitat civil de l’advocat es deu, freqüentment, a una mala comprensió de la funció d’aquest. Mitjançant l’encàrrec professional l’advocat es compromet a satisfer tasques judicials, extrajudicials i en tot casa disposar tots els mitjans que estiguin al seu abast per la resolució favorable del cas en qüestió. No obstant, molts clients exigeixen resultats, oblidant que el resultat final desitjat i esperat pel client no depèn en últim lloc de l’advocat, sinó d’un tercer, el jutge. Nogensmenys, la responsabilitat civil de l’advocat també s’accentua actualment per una major sensibilitat en les qüestions deontològiques. Qüestió que també ha de ser contemplada en les actuacions de l’advocat susceptibles de generar efectivament responsabilitat civil. Per aquest motiu, en aquest treball es pretén aclarir en quins casos, d’acord amb la jurisprudència, l’advocat pot respondre civilment i quins elements configuren la responsabilitat civil de l’advocat. S’analitzarà en primer lloc la responsabilitat civil i posteriorment, posteriorment la responsabilitat civil en el camp concret dels advocats i en últim lloc la qüestió de la lex artis. El problema existeix i prova d’aquest auge de les qüestions deontològiques és el nou sistema d’accés a l’advocacia, previst a la Llei 34/2006, de 30 d’octubre d’Accés a les professions d’advocat i procurador dels tribunals. Els nous graduats en Dret hauran de demostrar coneixements suficients de pràctica jurídica i deontologia professional en el cas que vulguin exercir com a advocats o procuradors.

Trabecular bone score (TBS) the new parameter of 2D texture analysis for the evaluation of 3D bone micro architecture status

X-ray is a technology that is used for numerous applications in the medical field. The process of X-ray projection gives a 2-dimension (2D) grey-level texture from a 3- dimension (3D) object. Until now no clear demonstration or correlation has positioned the 2D texture analysis as a valid indirect evaluation of the 3D microarchitecture. TBS is a new texture parameter based on the measure of the experimental variogram. TBS evaluates the variation between 2D image grey-levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate existing correlations between 3D bone microarchitecture parameters - evaluated from μCT reconstructions - and the TBS value, calculated on 2D projected images. 30 dried human cadaveric vertebrae were acquired on a micro-scanner (eXplorer Locus, GE) at isotropic resolution of 93 μm. 3D vertebral body models were used. The following 3D microarchitecture parameters were used: Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), Trabecular thickness (TbTh), trabecular space (TbSp), trabecular number (TbN) and connectivity density (ConnD). 3D/2D projections has been done by taking into account the Beer-Lambert Law at X-ray energy of 50, 100, 150 KeV. TBS was assessed on 2D projected images. Correlations between TBS and the 3D microarchitecture parameters were evaluated using a linear regression analysis. Paired T-test is used to assess the X-ray energy effects on TBS. Multiple linear regressions (backward) were used to evaluate relationships between TBS and 3D microarchitecture parameters using a bootstrap process. BV/TV of the sample ranged from 18.5 to 37.6% with an average value at 28.8%. Correlations' analysis showedthat TBSwere strongly correlatedwith ConnD(0.856≤r≤0.862; p<0.001),with TbN (0.805≤r≤0.810; p<0.001) and negatively with TbSp (−0.714≤r≤−0.726; p<0.001), regardless X-ray energy. Results show that lower TBS values are related to "degraded" microarchitecture, with low ConnD, low TbN and a high TbSp. The opposite is also true. X-ray energy has no effect onTBS neither on the correlations betweenTBS and the 3Dmicroarchitecture parameters. In this study, we demonstrated that TBS was significantly correlated with 3D microarchitecture parameters ConnD and TbN, and negatively with TbSp, no matter what X-ray energy has been used. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ECTS 2011. Disclosure of interest: None declared.

La repressió franquista a Calafell després de la Guerra Civil

L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és aprofundir en els processos judicials que es van dur a terme contra persones de Calafell un cop acabada la Guerra Civil.

3D Automated Lung Nodule Segmentation in HRCT

A fully-automated 3D image analysis method is proposed to segment lung nodules in HRCT. A specific gray-level mathematical morphology operator, the SMDC-connection cost, acting in the 3D space of the thorax volume is defined in order to discriminate lung nodules from other dense (vascular) structures. Applied to clinical data concerning patients with pulmonary carcinoma, the proposed method detects isolated, juxtavascular and peripheral nodules with sizes ranging from 2 to 20 mm diameter. The segmentation accuracy was objectively evaluated on real and simulated nodules. The method showed a sensitivity and a specificity ranging from 85% to 97% and from 90% to 98%, respectively.

JULIDE: a software tool for 3D reconstruction and statistical analysis of autoradiographic mouse brain sections.

In this article we introduce JULIDE, a software toolkit developed to perform the 3D reconstruction, intensity normalization, volume standardization by 3D image registration and voxel-wise statistical analysis of autoradiographs of mouse brain sections. This software tool has been developed in the open-source ITK software framework and is freely available under a GPL license. The article presents the complete image processing chain from raw data acquisition to 3D statistical group analysis. Results of the group comparison in the context of a study on spatial learning are shown as an illustration of the data that can be obtained with this tool.

Coronary MR imaging using free-breathing 3D steady-state free precession with radial k-space sampling.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of free-breathing 3D steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging with radial k-space sampling for coronary MR-angiography (MRA), coronary projection MR-angiography and coronary vessel wall imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A navigator-gated free-breathing T2-prepared 3D SSFP sequence (TR = 6.1 ms, TE = 3.0 ms, flip angle = 120 degrees, field-of-view = 360 mm(2)) with radial k-space sampling (384 radials) was implemented for coronary MRA. For projection coronary MRA, this sequence was combined with a 2D selective aortic spin tagging pulse. Coronary vessel wall imaging was performed using a high-resolution inversion-recovery black-blood 3D radial SSFP sequence (384 radials, TR = 5.3 ms, TE = 2.7 ms, flip angle = 55 degrees, reconstructed resolution 0.35 x 0.35 x 1.2 mm(3)) and a local re-inversion pulse. Six healthy volunteers (two for each sequence) were investigated. Motion artifact level was assessed by two radiologists. Results: In coronary MRA, the coronary lumen was displayed with a high signal and high contrast to the surrounding lumen. Projection coronary MRA demonstrated selective visualization of the coronary lumen while surrounding tissue was almost completely suppressed. In coronary vessel wall imaging, the vessel wall was displayed with a high signal when compared to the blood pool and the surrounding tissue. No visible motion artifacts were seen. Conclusion: 3D radial SSFP imaging enables coronary MRA, coronary projection MRA and coronary vessel wall imaging with a low motion artifact level.

Violence and displacement. Evidence from the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

This paper explores the relationship between violence and displacement during civil war focusing on two different forms of population movements (i.e. incoming and outgoing), and two different forms of violence (i.e. direct and indirect). The paper explores the relationship between displacement and violence at the local level in the context of a civil war fought conventionally using fine-grained data from 1,062 municipalities of the region of Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). First, the paper suggests that exogenous and endogenous to the war factors combine to generate patterns of resettlement. Second, the evidence indicates that, in acivil war context, refugee flows and violence are interrelated in multiple ways: the arrival of internal refugees in a locality promotes the perpetration of direct violence against civilians; this, in turn, triggers the departure of people from the locality when the other group approaches. Third, indirect violence (i.e. bombings) shows to be the most significant factor accounting for external displacement at the local level, suggesting that bombing can serve as a strong signal for civilians of the type of armed group they are facing. Finally, the Spanish case suggests that the demographic changes provoked by displacement, combined with the lethality of the conflict, are likely to have long-term political consequences.

Análise do sistema eletrônico de compras do governo federal brasileiro sob a perspectiva da criação de valor público

O sistema de compras públicas do Governo Federal tem como um de seus objetivos a busca da eficiência. Esse conceito, contudo, amplia-se na medida em que são discutidos na Administração Pública aspectos complexos da criação de valor público, como expressão mais próxima do interesse do cidadão. Buscou-se na literatura identificar categorias que expressam o valor público para, então, analisar o sistema eletrônico de compras do Governo Federal brasileiro. As categorias encontradas foram: eficiência, transparência, accountability e interesse público. Na estratégia de pesquisa adotada, foram empregados os conceitos do pensamento sistêmico-complexo na elaboração de um instrumento de diagnóstico que permite a consideração de inter-relações entre categorias de análise, já aplicado no Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (MPOG), órgão responsável pela gestão do sistema eletrônico de compras no Governo Federal brasileiro. Os resultados demonstraram que a categoria eficiência destaca-se das demais. Contudo, existem perspectivas para o desenvolvimento das demais categorias. O uso do instrumento de diagnóstico permitiu a percepção de novas possibilidades que podem contribuir para o sistema alcançar objetivos mais amplos no âmbito das compras do Governo Federal, dentre eles a criação de valor público.

Valoració de l’impacte i repercussió de les drogues de disseny en el medi judicial. Aspectes forenses en els àmbits civil i penal

Les rogues de disseny són utilitzades hores d’ara amb major intensitat encara que no suposen un problema tan greu, a nivell assistencial o clínic, com les drogues més clàssiques. La seva prevalença no ha estat molt estudiada des del punt de vista legal i la seva implicació en procediments civils o penals no és ben coneguda. La recerca pretén obtenir dades del consum de drogues de disseny, avaluar la seva associació amb dades sociodemogràfiques, mèdiques i amb els delictes comesos per la població d’estudi, valorar aspectes forenses, intoxicació i morts degudes al seu consum, revisar sentències i repercussió als àmbits civil i penal en relació amb aquestes drogues, a través de l’estudi d’una mostra de 175 subjectes que es troben detinguts al Jutjat de Guàrdia de Barcelona i de subjectes interns al Centre Penitenciari de Joves de Barcelona.

La conveniència d'ampliar la competència del TSJC pel que fa al coneixement de la revisió civil de la sentència ferma

Anàlisi de la regulació estatal i autonòmica, així com la jurisprudència del Tribunal Suprem i els tribunals superiors de justícia, per tal d’examinar la necessària ampliació de la competència de la Sala Civil i Penal del Tribunal Superior de Catalunya pel que fa al coneixement de la revisió de la sentència ferma.