Zinco para arroz e soja: doses, aproveitamento pelas culturas, fitodisponibilidade e formas desse elemento no solo

A deficiência de Zn no solo causa efeitos indesejáveis na produção agrícola, pois a baixa disponibilidade deste micronutriente para as plantas promove a diminuição da atividade enzimática, além da deficiência deste elemento na alimentação, que pode levar ao estado de subnutrição. Tendo em vista a problemática do Zn no sistema solo-planta e suas variações nos compartimentos do solo, é importante a avaliação de sua fitodisponibilidade e as frações do solo que este elemento está associado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitodisponibilidade e a compartimentalização de Zn no solo, para as culturas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) e avaliar o efeito das doses de Zn sobre a nutrição e exportação deste nutriente pela cultura. Utilizou-se como plantas teste as culturas de arroz e soja para avaliar o efeito das doses de Zn sobre a nutrição e translocação deste nutriente até os grãos. Para tanto, uma amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho, textura argilosa da região de Piracicaba (SP) foi utilizada e ZnCl2 (marcado com 65Zn) como fonte. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em DIC, com cinco doses de Zn (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido até a formação de grãos e foi realizada determinação de Zn por Espectrômetria de Absorção Atômica após digestão nitroperclórica e contagem do 65Zn nas partes da planta: parte aérea (PA) e panícula (P), para arroz e PA, vagem (V) e grão (G), para soja. Calculou-se a quantidade de Zn proveniente da fonte (Znpf) nas partes das plantas e o aproveitamento do Zn da fonte pelas culturas (Ap). Nas amostras de solo foram realizadas extrações por DTPA (ZnDTPA) e Mehlich-1 (ZnM1) em duas subamostragens (t1 e t2), antes da semeadura e florescimento, respectivamente. O fracionamento de Zn foi realizado em amostras de t2 nas frações: trocável (ZnTroc); ligado a carbonatos (ZnCarb); a matéria orgânica (ZnMO); a óxidos (ZnOxi) e residual (Znres). Adicionalmente, foi realizada análise do teor pseudo-total de Zn (ZnPST). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste-F a 95 % de probabilidade, ajuste das variáveis em função das doses por regressões e teste de média e análises de correlações entre as principais variáveis respostas. O Zn acumulado total na planta se ajustou à regressão linear em função do aumento das doses, entretanto ao analisar as partes separadamente, só houve diferença entre as doses para a variável PA em ambas as culturas. O Znpf total nas plantas apresentou incremento com a adição das doses crescentes de Zn ao solo, entretanto, eu aproveitamento foi baixo, 12 e 8,75 % para arroz e soja, respectivamente. As doses de ZnCl2 adicionadas ao solo, aumentaram a concentração de Zn presente nas frações ZnTroc > ZnMO > ZnCarb, em ordem decrescente. O Zn total acumulado nas plantas de arroz e soja apresentam correlações crescentes para os extratores DTPA e M1 nas duas subamostragens (t1 e t2), em função das doses avaliadas. O Zn extraído pelo DTPA ou M1, apresentaram correlação significativa com o Zn extraído nas frações, na ordem decrescente, ZnTroc > ZnCarb > ZnMO

Cultivo del arroz anegado y de secano o de monte : y de usos en la economia doméstica, en la medicina y en las artes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Ensayos que, para la aclimatación y el cultivo del arroz nombrado de secano se han practicado en el Vergel de las Delicias de esta ciudad /

Mode of access: Internet.

Rao zhu shan fang shi gao : 10 juan, shi yu 1 juan, xu gao 14 juan /

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On the equivalence of weighted Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) Method and the Rao-System for multilateral price comparisons

The country-product-dummy (CPD) method, originally proposed in Summers (1973), has recently been revisited in its weighted formulation to handle a variety of data related situations (Rao and Timmer, 2000, 2003; Heravi et al., 2001; Rao, 2001; Aten and Menezes, 2002; Heston and Aten, 2002; Deaton et al., 2004). The CPD method is also increasingly being used in the context of hedonic modelling instead of its original purpose of filling holes in Summers (1973). However, the CPD method is seen, among practitioners, as a black box due to its regression formulation. The main objective of the paper is to establish equivalence of purchasing power parities and international prices derived from the application of the weighted-CPD method with those arising out of the Rao-system for multilateral comparisons. A major implication of this result is that the weighted-CPD method would then be a natural method of aggregation at all levels of aggregation within the context of international comparisons.

Cramer-Rao bound analysis of location estimation in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

Location estimation is important for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. In this paper we propose a Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) based analytical approach for two centralized multi-hop localization algorithms to get insights into the error performance and its sensitivity to the distance measurement error, anchor node density and placement. The location estimation performance is compared with four distributed multi-hop localization algorithms by simulation to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed analytical approach. The numerical results demonstrate the complex tradeoff between the centralized and distributed localization algorithms on accuracy, complexity and communication overhead. Based on this analysis, an efficient and scalable performance evaluation tool can be designed for localization algorithms in large scale WSNs, where simulation-based evaluation approaches are impractical. © 2013 IEEE.

Avaliação da influência de cinza da casca de arroz em cimentos para poços de petróleo submetidos à injeção de vapor

Reservoirs that present highly viscous oils require methods to aid in their recovery to the surface. The elev ated oil viscosity hinders its flow through porous media and conventional recovery methods have not obtained significant efficiency. As such, the injection of steam into the reservoir through an injection well has been the most widely used method of therma l recovery, for it allows elevated volumes of recovery due to the viscosity reduction of the oil, facilitating the oil’s mobility within the rock formation and consequently into the production well where it will be exploited. On the other hand, the injecti on of vapor not only affects the fluids found in the rock pores, but the entire structure that composes the well where it is injected due to the high temperatures used in the process. This temperature increment is conducted to the cement, found in the annu lus, responsible for the isolation of the well and the well casing. Temperatures above 110 ̊C create new fazes rich in calcium in the cement matrix, resulting in the reduction of its permeability and the consequential phenomenon of mechanical resistance ret rogression. These alterations generate faults in the cement, reducing the well’s hydraulic isolation, creating insecurity in the operations in which the well will be submitted as well as the reduction of its economic life span. As a way of reducing this re trograde effect, this study has the objective of evaluating the incorporation of rice husk ash as a mineral additive substitute of silica flour , commercially utilized as a source of silica to reduce the CaO/SiO 2 ratio in the cement pastes submitted to high temperatures in thermal recovery. Cement pastes were formulated containing 20 and 30% levels of ash, apart from the basic paste (water + cement) and a reference paste (water + cement + 40% silica flour) for comparison purposes. The tests were executed th rough compression resistance tests, X - Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical anal ysis BY X - ray fluorescence (EDS) on the pastes submitted to cure at low temperatures (45 ̊C) for 28 days following a cure at 280 ̊C and a pressure of 2,000 PSI for 3 days, simulating vapor injection. The results obtained show that the paste containing 30% r ice shell ash is satisfactory, obtaining mechanical resistance desired and equivalent to that of the paste containing 40% silica flour, since the products obtained were hydrated with low CaO/SiO 2 ratio, like the Tobermorita and Xonotlita fases, proving its applicability in well subject to vapor injection.

Caldo de cana desidratado na ração de codornas de corte

In order to evaluate the effect of levels of dehydrated cane juice sugar (DCJS) (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) in the diet of European quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) on performance on performance, carcass characteristics and economical at 22 days of age indices, 192 quails cutting, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates of eight birds each There was no significant difference to the performance of quail in any of the periods. Quadratic effects of levels of DCJS on carcass weight (y = 173.71 + 4.2767x – 1.2644x², R² = 0.99), thigh-thigh more about (y = 36,055 + 1,1263x – 0,2256x², R² = 0.91) and abdominal fat (y = 3,3295 - + 0.8903x 0,19x2, R ² = 0,97) where the optimum levels were estimated 1,69; 2.50 and 2.34%, respectively. There was a linear effect descending of DCJS levels on weight breast with skin (y = 66.267 – 0.5653x, R² = 0.83) and without skin (y = 60.286 – 0.7193x, R² = 0.58). In economic analysis, one can observe higher profit to the producer with the use of conventional feed. However, between the levels of inclusion of sugar cane juice is observed that the level of 1.5% DCJS obtained the best results in economic analysis, obtaining only a difference of relative gross margin of 0.47% compared to conventional. It is recommended 1.69 and 2.50% DCJS for higher carcass, thigh + drumstick weight and lower percentage of abdominal fat quails, respectively.

Utilização da cinza da casca de arroz em cimentação de poços de petróleo

Pozzolanic materials such as rice husk ash are widely used to substitute part of cement, because they react with calcium hydroxide (CH) producing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), which aggregate better physical, chemical and mechanical properties to the cement slurry. The usage of rice husk biomass ash from agribusiness in addition to or partially replacing cement is a noble purpose and a good way of sustainable development which currently is an obsession around the world. The ashes utilized in this study were characterized by: scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and BET method. The pozzolanic activity of RHA and WRHA in cement slurries was evaluated by: thermal-gravimetric technique and derivative thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Compressive Strength. The slurries formulated with additions of 10% and 20% of RHA and WRHA were cured for 28 days at 58 °C. The results of thermal analysis demonstrated that a 20% WRHA addition caused a reduction of approximately 73% of Portlandite (calcium hydroxide – CH) phase related to standard slurry (STD). The XRD scans also demonstrated the reduction of the Portlandite peaks’ intensity for each slurry compared with STD slurry. The RHA and WRHA react chemically with Portlandite producing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), confirming their effect as a pozzolanic agent. The WRHA presented the best results as a pozzolanic material.