HIV蛋白酶抑制剂与细胞凋亡

　HIV 感染人体后造成大量CD4 + T 淋巴细胞的凋亡, 从而破坏免疫系统,使机体无法抵抗病毒的入侵,导致免疫 缺陷。目前的药物靶点都针对病毒本身,无法清除体内储存 病毒的感染细胞,而HIV 蛋白酶抑制剂治疗HIV/ AIDS 患 者后可以减少HIV 感染引起的细胞凋亡,帮助机体恢复免 疫功能,并且这种作用与其抑制病毒的作用是相独立的,这 提示了可以通过免疫重建的策略来治疗AIDS。本文综述了 HIV 蛋白酶抑制剂的研究和发展概况,其作用特点以及对细 胞凋亡的影响。明确HIV 蛋白酶抑制剂与细胞凋亡的关 系,可以启发新的思路从细胞着手,通过恢复机体的免疫能 力来对抗病毒,从根本上治疗AIDS。

HIV感染中的细胞凋亡

HIV感染以后,病毒蛋白的持续性产出导致免疫系统的持续性激活,引起Th1细胞的丢失,Th1细胞通过合成Ⅰ型细胞因子,抑制淋巴细胞的自发凋亡。另外,病毒蛋白或其他因素能够使CD4~(+)、CD8~(+) T细胞和APC转化为凋亡的效应细胞,通过Fas/FasL或其他途径引起细胞凋亡。HIV感染人体后凋亡细胞不仅有CD4~(+) T细胞,还包括B细胞、NK细胞、粒细胞、神经细胞和单细胞。凋亡作为机体的自我防护措施,在清除感染细胞的同时,并没有抑制HIV在单细胞/巨噬细胞内的复制,反而造成大量未感染细胞的凋亡,导致对HIV复制的失控,发展为严重的免疫缺陷,引起AIDS相关的机会性感染。

半乳糖神经酰胺脂质体对HIV-1感染性的影响

目的研究体外空白及包封抗HIV药物和PFA的GalCer脂质体对HIV-1复制的影响。方法通过HIV p24抗原测定、合胞体抑制实验、融合阻断实验和对HIV感染细胞的保护作用实验等，观察了空白GalCer脂质体、AZT-GalCer脂质体和PFA-GalCer脂质体对HIV-1复制的影响。结果空白GalCer脂质体预处理细胞，能促进HIV-1感染CD4＋细胞；空白GalCer脂质体预处理HIV-1，则抑制了病毒吸附和结合宿主细胞；GalCer脂质体还具有阻断HIV-1感染细胞与正常CD4＋细胞间的融合作用；GalCer脂质体包封AZT或PFA不能显著提高药物体外抗HIV-1活性。结论空白GalCer脂质体预处理细胞，能促进HIV-1感染性；预处理HIV-1，则抑制了病毒的感染。

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF A CAPTIVE MACAQUE COLONY IN CHINA FOR ANTIBODIES TO SIMIAN TYPE-D RETROVIRUSES

Sera from 510 macaques consisting of Macaca mulatta, Macaca assamensis, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca arctoides were investigated for antibodies to simian AIDS type D retrovirus (SRV) by ELISA and Western blot with viral antigens purified from supernatants of SRV-1 infected cell cultures. Of these monkeys, 104 were seropositive by ELISA; only 23 were confirmed by Western blot. The true positive reaction to SRV was found in 15 of 463 (3.2%) M. mulatta and eight of eleven (72.7%) M. assamensis.

猪-猕猴延迟性异种移植排斥反应的发生机制

　目的:探讨猪2猕猴延迟性异种移植排斥反应(DXR) 的发生机制。方法:建立湖北白猪2云南猕猴的腹腔异位心 脏移植模型,应用中华眼镜蛇毒因子(Y2CVF) 完全清除受者体内补体,并应用环孢素A(CsA) 、环磷酰胺(CTX) 和甲泼尼龙(M. P) 三联免疫抑制治疗。检测血清C3、C4、抗猪内皮细胞天然抗体,免疫组化方法染色检测移植物中C3、C5b29、IgG、IgM、细胞间 黏附分子21 ( ICAM21) 、肿瘤坏死因子2α(TNF2α) 、单核巨噬细胞(CD68) 、NK细胞(CD57) 、CD4 + T 细胞和CD8 + T 细胞的表达。 结果:移植心存活时间分别为8、10、13 和13 天,血清C3 和补体总活性均下降为0 ,抗猪内皮细胞天然抗体水平在移植后则有 一个更为明显的下降,在移植心失功前2～4 天开始天然抗体稍有回升,但较术前正常时仍明显偏低。移植心有程度不等的 C3、C4、C5b29、IgG及IgM 沉积,大量的单核细胞(50 %) ,少量的NK细胞(8 %～10 %) 、CD4 + T 细胞(15 %) 和CD8 + T 细胞 (25 %) 。移植物血管内皮细胞表面出现ICAM21 的表达上调,移植物间质中出现TNF2α的表达增加。结论:体液免疫和细胞免 疫参与猪2猕猴DXR 排斥反应的发生。

单核细胞、N K细胞和T 细胞在猪-猕猴延迟性异种移植排斥反应中的作用

　目的　观察单核细胞、NK细胞和T 细胞在猪2猕猴延迟性异种移植排斥反应(DXR) 中的作用。方法　建立湖北白猪2云南猕猴的腹腔异位心脏移植模型,实验分为2 组:对照组( n = 5) ,不使用中华眼睛蛇毒因( Y2CVF) ;实验组( n = 4) 应用Y2CVF 完全清除受者体内补体。2 组受 体猴均采用环孢素A(CsA) ,环磷酰胺(CTX) 和甲基强的松龙(MP) 三联免疫抑制治疗。免疫组织 化学方法检测移植心组织中细胞间黏附分子( ICAM)21 、肿瘤坏死因子( TNF)2α、单核细胞、NK 细 胞和T 细胞的表达。结果　对照组3 个移植心在15～60 min 内发生超急性排斥反应(HAR) ,另2 个分别存活22 h 及6 d ,移植心均未见明显的炎性细胞浸润及ICAM21 和TNF2α的表达。实验组 移植心存活时间分别为8 、10 、13 和13 d ,移植物浸润细胞中可见大量的单核细胞(50 %) ,少量的 NK细胞(8 %～10 %) ,CD4 + T 细胞(15 %) 和CD8 + T 细胞(25 %) 。移植物血管内皮细胞表面出现 ICAM21 的表达上调,移植物间质中出现TNF2α的表达增加。结论　单核细胞、NK细胞和T 细胞 介导的移植物损伤,在应用Y2CVF 处理的猪2猕猴DXR 发生中发挥重要作用　

蛇毒因子消耗补体对大鼠同种心脏移植急性排斥反应的影响

探讨蛇毒因子(CW)消耗补体对大鼠同种心脏移植急性排斥反应的影响。方法建立Wistar至sD大 鼠同种异位心脏移植模型，实验组经静脉注射CVF以消耗受体血清中补体，观察移植心存活时间，并从实验组和对照组中分别 抽取5只大鼠于术后1、3、5、6、7 d定时活杀，对比观察移植心急性排斥反应程度，血清补体活性以及CIM+、CD8+T细胞浸润程 度。结果使用CVF的实验组，其移植一fi,存活时间显著延长，平均达(32．39±23．82)d，部分移植心甚至达到长期存活，而对照 组为(6．60±0．65)d(P<0．01)，病理检查及免疫组化证实实验组急性排斥反应程度、组织内C3沉积情况和CD4+、CD8+T细胞 浸润程度均较同期对照组明显减轻。结论CVF清除补体可抑制大鼠同种心脏移植急性排斥反应，显著延长移植心存活 时间。

猪到猕猴异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应的免疫学及病理学变化

　观察猪到猕猴异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应时的免疫学及病理学变化。方法　 采用猪到猕猴腹腔内异位心脏移植模型,检测发生超急性排斥反应者的血液中补体、天然抗体及T 淋巴细胞亚群的变化,并对移植心脏进行免疫组化(测定C3 、C4 、C5b29 、IgG及IgM 的沉积) 及病理学 分析。结果　发生超急性排斥反应时,血清补体C3 、C4 的含量、总补体活性及抗猪内皮细胞天然抗 体均有一定程度的下降;CD4 + / CD8 + T 淋巴细胞的比率也有所下降;移植心脏中均有补体C3 、C4 、 C5b29 的沉积, IgG及IgM 也均有沉积,但IgG和IgM 沉积强度的差异无统计学意义;病理学改变主 要为心肌间质弥漫性出血、水肿,毛细血管内普遍淤血。结论　补体通过经典途径激活参与猪到猕猴 异种心脏移植超急性排斥反应;超急性排斥反应时受者血中天然抗体水平明显下降;CD4 + T 淋巴细 胞可能参与异种移植超急性排斥反应过程并有所消耗;发生超急性排斥反应的移植物突出病理表现 为间质出血。

树ju免疫细胞体外感染Ⅰ型人免疫缺陷病毒的实验研究

报告以不同的HIV-1病毒株体外感染树ju免疫细胞的实验研究,结果表明树ju的这些免疫细胞在体外未能感染上HIV-1,可能的原因是树ju的这些免疫细胞的HIV-1受体(CD4)和辅助受体(CCR5或CXCR4)与人的免疫细胞差别较大。

SECRETORY MONOCLONAL IGA ANTIBODY TO HUMAN SPERM PRODUCED BY GASTROINTESTINAL IMMUNIZATION INHIBITS HUMAN SPERM ACTIVITY AND MOUSE INVITRO FERTILIZATION

BALB/c mice were immunized intragastrically with human sperm. Cells from the Peyer's patches and spleens of the immunized mice were for the preparation of hybridomas secreting antisperm monoclonal IgA (mcIgA). The specific ratio of IgA-secreting cells in Peyer's patches was much higher than that in spleen. The binding site on human sperm of 9 of 19 mcIgA was in the post-acrosomal region using an immunofluorescent assay. Two of eight selected mcIgA caused strong human sperm agglutination and three of them produced significant inhibition of mouse in vitro fertilization. No mcIgA tested caused obvious human sperm immobilization or inhibited mouse in vivo fertilization. In vitro assembly of selected mcIgA in ascites with mouse secretory component (SC) caused no significant changes in effects on sperm function and in vitro fertilization. By use of Western blotting, dimer or higher polymers were demonstrated in all selected mcIgAs and corresponding protein antigens in 6 of 8 selected mcIgAs. These results suggest that human sperm function may be inhibited and fertilization rate reduced by specific secretory IgA to human sperm and that secretory immunity to protein antigens of human sperm could be induced by intragastrointestinal immunization.

草鱼、中华鳖T淋巴细胞表面抗原的研究

以草鱼脑组织、中华鳖脑组织和胸腺细胞为抗原制备兔抗草鱼脑血清 (RACBS)、兔抗中华鳖脑血清 (RATBS)和兔抗中华鳖胸腺细胞血清 (RATTS)。补体依赖性细胞毒试验和不同组织对RATBS、RATTS的吸收试验结果表明 :中华鳖胸腺细胞和脑组织均存在Thy1抗原(亦称脑组织抗原或胸腺 -脑组织T细胞抗原 ) ;草鱼脑组织缺乏Thy1抗原。应用间接酶标免疫组化染色技术显示 :Thy1抗原阳性反应物沉淀于中华鳖胸腺细胞和外周一部分淋巴细胞表面。进一步用抗人白细胞分化抗原CD4、CD8单克隆抗体进行免疫组

Establishment of a Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis tail-fin cell line and its susceptibility to frog iridovirus

Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis, a cartilaginous ganoid, is a 'living fossil' on a deeply isolated evolutionary branch. A cell line was established from Chinese sturgeon tail-fin tissue (CSTF) . These epithelial CSTF cells grew well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium at 25 degrees C. Karyotypic analysis revealed a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 264 and large numbers of punctate chromosomes. A strain of frog iridoviruses [Rana grylio virus (RGV)] was used to test the susceptibility of this cell line to infection. Infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence and electron-microscope observations, which detected the viral antigens or particles in the cytoplasm of RGV-infected cells. Molecular analysis further suggested that c. 550 bp DNA fragment could be cloned from the RGV-infected CSTF cells' DNA with major capsid protein gene polymerase chain reaction primers. Furthermore, after transfection with pEGFP vector DNA, the CSTF cell line produced significant fluorescent signals indicating its utility in exogenous studies.

Detection of cutaneous antibodies in excised skin explants from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus

This study determined whether cutaneous antibodies were present in excised skin explants of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV). Culture fluid from immune skin explants were assayed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), Western blot, indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and flow cytometry (FCM). iELISA showed that cutaneous antibody titres were much lower (1:12) than antiserum titres (1:1458) from intraperitoneally immunized grass carp. The phosphoprotein and matrix protein antigens of purified SMRV proteins were recognized by cutaneous antibodies from skin culture fluid using Western blot. The skin culture fluid produced staining signals in viral assembly sites and cytoplasm of SMRV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells by IFA. FCM showed that 4.39% SMRV-infected EPC cells were detected, while non-specific reaction was seen in 2% of control cells. This is the first description of cutaneous antibodies against SMRV in grass carp.

Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to spring viraemia of carp virus

Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against spring viraemia of carp (SVCV0504, isolated from common carp in China) were produced from mice immunized with purified virus preparations. The virion of SVCV contains five structural proteins, representing the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Q. Western blotting analysis revealed that three mAbs (1145, IE10, and 11-17) recognized specifically to a single protein of 47 kDa (N), the mAb 3G4 reacted with, two SVCV0504 proteins of 69 kDa (G) and 47 kDa (N), while the mAb 1A9 reacted with three SVCV0504 proteins of 69 kDa (G), 50 kDa (P), and 47 kDa (N). By indirect ELISA, two mAbs (1H5 and 11-17) showed cross-reactivity with pike fry rhabdovirus (PFRV), but no cross-reactions with the Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV), Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus (PoRV) were demonstrated with the five mAbs. Indirect immunofluorescence showed intense fluorescence in the cytoplasm of the SVCV0504-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells in areas corresponding to the location of granular structures. The sucrose gradient-purified SVCV0504 particles could be detected successfully by these mAbs using immunodot blotting. mAb 1A9 could completely neutralize 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) of SVCV0504 at a dilution of 1:8. This is the first report of development of the neutralizing mAbs against SVCV. The mAb 1A9 was analyzed further and could be used to successfully detect viral antigens in the infected-EPC cell cultures or in cryosections from experimentally infected crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by immunohistochemistry assay. Furthermore, a flow cytometry procedure for the detection and quantification of cytoplasmic SVCV0504 in cell cultures was developed with mAb 1A9. At 28 h after inoculation with the virus (0.01 PFU/cell), 10.12% of infected cells could be distinguished from the uninfected cells. These mAbs will be useful in diagnostic test development and pathogenesis studies for fish rhabdovirus. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus

Two MAbs (3C7 and 3C9) against flounder Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus (PORV) were generated with hybridoma cell fusion technology and characterized by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, isotype test, Western blot and immunodot analysis and immunofluorescence assay. Isotyping tests demonstrated that both of the two MAbs belonged to IgM subclass. Western blot analysis showed the MAbs reacted with 42, 30, and 22 kDa viral proteins, which were localized within the cytoplasm of PORV-infected grass carp ovary (GCO) cells analyzed by indirect immunofluorescences tests. The MAb 3C7 was also selected at random for detecting virus antigens in the inoculated grass carp tissues by immunohistochemistry assay. Flow cytometry tests showed that at the 36 h postinfection (0.25 PFU/cell), the 23% PORV-infected GCO cells could be distinguished from the uninfected cells with the MAb 3C7. Such MAbs could be useful for diagnosis and potential treatment of viral infection. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.