Design and development of a self-supported polymer electrolyte fuel cell system with anodic dead-end operation

Design and operational details for a self-supported polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) system with anodic dead-end fuel supply and internally humidified cathodic oxidant flow are described. During the PEFC operation, nitrogen and water back diffuse across the Nafion membrane from the cathode to the anode and accumulate in the anode flow channels affecting stack performance. The accumulated inert species are flushed from the stack by purging the fuel cell stack with a timer-activated purge valve to address the aforesaid problem. To minimize the system complexity, stack is designed in such a way that all the inert species accumulate in only one cell called the purge cell. A pulsed purge sequence comprises opening the valve for purge duration followed by purge-valve closing for the hold period and repeating the sequence in cycles. Since self-humidification is inadequate to keep the membrane wet, the anodic dead-end-operated PEFC stack with composite membrane comprising perflourosulphonic acid (Nafion) and silica is employed for keeping the membrane humidified even while operating the stack with dry hydrogen and internally humidified air.

Reaction of normal and pseudo 2-formylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides with amines:experimental and theoretical studies on the structure of 2-formyl benzenesulfonamides in solid, solution and gas phases

The reaction of 2-formylbenzenesulfonyl chloride 1 and its pseudo isomer 2 with primary amines give either the corresponding sulfonamido Schiff bases or the corresponding 2-formylbenzenesulfonamide depending on the concentration of the amine used. The derivatives exist as an equilibrium mixture of the corresponding sulfonamide and 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy(or 3-aminoalkyl)-benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide. Spectroscopic studies suggest that 2-formylbenzenesulfonamides exist as benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxides in the solid state, as a mixture of 2-formylbenzenesulfonamide and the corresponding benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide in solution and as 2-formyl-benzenesulfonamides in the gas phase.

Soft-chemical routes to synthesis of solid oxide materials

We describe three different families of metal oxides, viz., (i) protonated layered perovskites, (ii) framework phosphates of NASICON and KTiOPO4 (KTP) structures and (iii) layered and three-dimensional oxides in the H-V-W-O system, synthesized by 'soft-chemical' routes involving respectively ion-exchange, redox deinteracalation and acid-leaching from appropriate parent oxides. Oxides of the first family, HyA2B3O10(A = La/Ca; B = Ti/Nb), exhibit variable Bronsted acidity and intercalation behaviour that depend on the interlayer structure. V2(PO4)3 prepared by oxidative deintercalation from Na3V2(PO4)3 is a new host material exhibiting reductive insertion of lithium/hydrogen, while K0.5Nb0.5 M0.5OPO4(M = Ti, V) are novel KTP-like materials exhibiting second harmonic generation of 1064 nm radiation. HxVxW1-xO3 for x = 0.125 and 0.33 possessing alpha-MoO3 and hexagonal WO3 structures, prepared by acid-leaching of LiVWO6, represent functionalized oxide materials exhibiting redox and acid-base intercalation reactivity.