Characterizing the Risk Profiles of Intensive Care Units

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new method to evaluate the performance of individual ICUs through the calculation and visualisation of risk profiles. METHODS: The study included 102,561 patients consecutively admitted to 77 ICUs in Austria. We customized the function which predicts hospital mortality (using SAPS II) for each ICU. We then compared the risks of hospital mortality resulting from this function with the risks which would be obtained using the original function. The derived risk ratio was then plotted together with point-wise confidence intervals in order to visualise the individual risk profile of each ICU over the whole spectrum of expected hospital mortality. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We calculated risk profiles for all ICUs in the ASDI data set according to the proposed method. We show examples how the clinical performance of ICUs may depend on the severity of illness of their patients. Both the distribution of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test statistics and the histogram of the corresponding P values demonstrated a good fit of the individual risk models. CONCLUSIONS: Our risk profile model makes it possible to evaluate ICUs on the basis of the specific risk for patients to die compared to a reference sample over the whole spectrum of hospital mortality. Thus, ICUs at different levels of severity of illness can be directly compared, giving a clear advantage over the use of the conventional single point estimate of the overall observed-to-expected mortality ratio.

Magnesium – association with inflammation and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Introduction: Recent studies suggest that magnesium deficiency may play a role in inflammation. In diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, conditions with a component of chronic inflammation, C–reactive protein levels are higher and associated with low serum magnesium. The objective of this study is to evaluate serum magnesium levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its potential association with inflammation and renal manifestations. Methods: All patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed in a Systemic Immune Diseases Unit, from January 2012 until January 2014, were included in this cross sectional analysis. Patients with infection, neoplasia, liver failure and chronic kidney disease (stage > 3) were excluded. Clinical information and laboratory results (serum magnesium, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum creatinine and spot urine test) were collected. A multivariate analysis was performed to explore possible predictive factors for hypomagnesaemia. Results: One hundred and two patients were included (94.1% female, 21-86 years). 33.4% had hypertension, 8.8% had diabetes and 20.6% had hypomagnesaemia (< 1.8mg/dL). There were no significant differences between the inflammatory parameters of patients with hypomagnesaemia or normomagnesaemia. Serum magnesium was significantly lower with increasing comorbidities (p = 0.01). Leukocyturia was significantly higher in the hypomagnesaemia group (p = 0.03) and haematuria had a negative correlation with serum magnesium (-0.23, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with hypertension and diabetes had higher risk of hypomagnesaemia: OR 42.29 (95% CI, 1.43-1249.31). Leukocyturia was also individually and independently associated with hypomagnesaemia: OR 8.37 (95% CI, 1.40-49.97). Conclusion: The presence of hypomagnesaemia in our patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was high. There was no association between the levels of serum magnesium and the inflammatory parameters. Increasing comorbidities and leukocyturia were independent predictors of lower serum magnesium. Finally, the association of leukocyturia and haematuria with lower serum magnesium may suggest a relationship with a higher disease activity.

Ponseti Method: Does Age at the Beginning of Treatment Make a Difference?

The Ponseti method is reportedly effective for treating clubfoot in children up to 9 years of age. However, whether age at the beginning of treatment influences the rate of successful correction and the rate of relapse is unknown. We therefore retrospectively reviewed 68 consecutive children with 102 idiopathic clubfeet treated by the Ponseti technique in four Portuguese hospitals. We followed patients a minimum of 30 months (mean, 41.4 months; range, 30–61 months). The patients were divided into two groups according to their age at the beginning of treatment; Group I was younger than 6 months and Group II was older than 6 months. All feet(100%) were initially corrected and no feet required extensive surgery regardless of age at the beginning of treatment. There were no differences between Groups I and II in the number of casts, tenotomies, success in terms of rate of initial correction, rate of recurrence, and rate of tibialis anterior transference. The rate of the Ponseti method in avoiding extensive surgery was 100% in Groups I and II; relapses occurred in 8% of the feet in younger and older children. Level of Evidence: Level II, prognostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC Escherichia coli AND Campylobacter jejuni IN FERAL PIGEONS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN THE CITY OF LIMA, PERU

SUMMARY Feral pigeons (Columbia livia) live in close contact with humans and other animals. They can transmit potentially pathogenic and zoonotic agents. The objective of this study was to isolate and detect strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuniof urban feral pigeons from an area of Lima, Peru. Fresh dropping samples from urban parks were collected for microbiological isolation of E. coli strains in selective agar, and Campylobacterby filtration method. Molecular identification of diarrheagenic pathotypes of E.coliand Campylobacter jejuni was performed by PCR. Twenty-two parks were sampled and 16 colonies of Campylobacter spp. were isolated. The 100% of isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Furthermore, 102 colonies of E. coli were isolated and the 5.88% resulted as Enteropathogenic (EPEC) type and 0.98% as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The urban feral pigeons of Lima in Peru can act as a reservoir or carriers of zoonotic potentially pathogenic enteric agents.

First Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Study in Portugal: RETINODIAB Study-Evaluation of the Screening Programme for Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In Portugal, so far, there is no study or even accurate data on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), based on a large representative sample and on a long-term follow-up. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of DR based on a national screening community-based programme. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective analysis of the RETINODIAB screening programme results was implemented in Lisbon and Tagus Valley area between July 2009 and October 2014. We estimated the prevalence of retinopathy for all patients with type 2 diabetes and studied the association between known risk factors and retinopathy emergence at their first screening. RESULTS: Throughout this period, from a total of 103 102 DR readable screening examinations, 52 739 corresponded to patients who attended RETINODIAB screening at entry. Globally, DR was detected in 8584 patients (16.3%). Of these, 5484 patients (10.4%) had mild non-proliferative (NP) DR, 1457 patients (2.8%) had moderate NPDR and 672 (1.3%) had severe NPDR. Finally, 971 patients (1.8%) had proliferative DR requiring urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. The presence of any DR, non-referable DR or referable DR was strongly associated with increasing duration of diabetes and earlier age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of DR in our study (16.3%) was slightly lower than other published international data. The RETINODIAB network proved to be an effective screening programme as it improved DR screening in Lisbon and Tagus Valley surrounding area

Intravenous Busulfan for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: a Survey of 952 Patients on Behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Oral busulfan is the historical backbone of the busulfan+cyclophosphamide regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation. However intravenous busulfan has more predictable pharmacokinetics and less toxicity than oral busulfan; we, therefore, retrospectively analyzed data from 952 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who received intravenous busulfan for autologous stem cell transplantation. Most patients were male (n=531, 56%), and the median age at transplantation was 50.5 years. Two-year overall survival, leukemia-free survival, and relapse incidence were 67±2%, 53±2%, and 40±2%, respectively. The non-relapse mortality rate at 2 years was 7±1%. Five patients died from veno-occlusive disease. Overall leukemia-free survival and relapse incidence at 2 years did not differ significantly between the 815 patients transplanted in first complete remission (52±2% and 40±2%, respectively) and the 137 patients transplanted in second complete remission (58±5% and 35±5%, respectively). Cytogenetic risk classification and age were significant prognostic factors: the 2-year leukemia-free survival was 63±4% in patients with good risk cytogenetics, 52±3% in those with intermediate risk cytogenetics, and 37 ± 10% in those with poor risk cytogenetics (P=0.01); patients ≤50 years old had better overall survival (77±2% versus 56±3%; P<0.001), leukemia-free survival (61±3% versus 45±3%; P<0.001), relapse incidence (35±2% versus 45±3%; P<0.005), and non-relapse mortality (4±1% versus 10±2%; P<0.001) than older patients. The combination of intravenous busulfan and high-dose melphalan was associated with the best overall survival (75±4%). Our results suggest that the use of intravenous busulfan simplifies the autograft procedure and confirm the usefulness of autologous stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia. As in allogeneic transplantation, veno-occlusive disease is an uncommon complication after an autograft using intravenous busulfan.

Dominant and Recessive RYR1 Mutations in Adults with Core Lesions and Mild Muscle Symptoms

INTRODUCTION: Ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) mutations have been associated with central core disease (CCD), multiminicore/minicore/multicore disease (MmD), and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). METHODS: Patients with muscle symptoms in adulthood, who had features compatible with CCD/MmD, underwent clinical, histological, and genetic (RYR1 and SEPN1 genes) evaluations. Published cases of CCD and MmD with adult onset were also reviewed. RESULTS: Eight patients fulfilled the criteria for further analysis. Five RYR1 mutations, 4 of them unreported, were detected in 3 patients. Compound heterozygosity was proven in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the only report of adult onset associated with recessive RYR1 mutations and central core/multiminicores on muscle biopsy. Although adult patients with CCD, MmD, and minimally symptomatic MH with abnormal muscle biopsy findings usually have a mild clinical course, differential diagnosis and carrier screening is crucial for prevention of potentially life-threatening reactions to general anesthesia.

Sintomatologia intestinal na fase crônica da esquistossomose mansoni

Com o objetivo de investigar os sintomas intestinais na fase crônica da esquistossomose mansoni, estudamos 102 indivíduos na faixa etária de nove a dezenove anos, dos 144previamente selecionados entre os moradores autóctones dos distritos de Lagoa Redonda e Menezes, portadores de Schistosoma mansoni. Todos foram submetidos a uma anamnese segmentar com a finalidade de detectara presença de cinco sintomas intestinais: dor abdominal, diarréia, muco e rajas de sangue nas fezes e enterorragia. Metade dos pacientes foi medicada com mebendazole e posteriormente com oxamniquine, constituindo-se no grupo caso, enquanto a outra metade, tratada apenas com mebendazole, constituiu-se no grupo controle. Os resultados mostram que a esquistossomose é provavelmente a responsável pelas queixas de muco e/ou rajas de sangue nas fezes, ocorrendo uma redução dessas queixas, estatisticamente significante, após a terapêutica específica.

Avaliação da qualidade do ar a longo prazo da cidade de Lisboa

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Ordenamento do Território e Impactes Ambientais

Gastrointestinal symbionts of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau with respect to habitat fragmentation

One of the major factors threatening chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea-Bissau is habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation may cause changes in symbiont dynamics resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, changes in host specificity and virulence. We monitored gastrointestinal symbiotic fauna of three chimpanzee subpopulations living within Cantanhez National Park (CNP) in Guinea Bissau in the areas with different levels of anthropogenic fragmentation. Using standard coproscopical methods (merthiolate-iodine formalin concentration and Sheather's flotation) we examined 102 fecal samples and identified at least 13 different symbiotic genera (Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnili, Bertiella sp., Probstmayria gombensis, unidentified strongylids, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Trichuris sp.). The symbiotic fauna of the CNP chimpanzees is comparable to that reported for other wild chimpanzee populations, although CNP chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of Trichuris sp. Symbiont richness was higher in chimpanzee subpopulations living in fragmented forests compared to the community inhabiting continuous forest area. We reported significantly higher prevalence of G. intestinalis in chimpanzees from fragmented areas, which could be attributed to increased contact with humans and livestock.

Teste de aglutinação direta no sorodiagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral no estado do Pará

Avaliou-se o teste de aglutinação direta (TAD) no sorodiagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral (LV) humana e de canídeos (cão e raposa Cerdocyon thous), sendo os resultados comparados com aqueles obtidos em imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) e ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Utilizaram-se soros: humanos (303): indivíduos com LV confirmada (16), suspeitos de LV (65), em outras condições (102), controles negativos (15), indivíduos em área endêmica (105): de cães (82): de área endêmica (68), Salvaterra/Marajó/PA. (21 parasitologicamente positivos), e controles negativos (14), de Belém; de raposas (9): espécimes capturados na Ilha do Marajó. Antígenos para o TAD foram preparados a partir de promastigotas de Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani e L. (L.) chagasi. Aqueles utilizados em ELISA e IFI, respectivamente, de promastigotas (antígeno solúvel) e amastigotas deL. (L.) chagasi. Em humanos, a especificidade e sensibilidade do TAD, utilizando-se antígeno deL. (L.) donovani, foram altas (98,4% e 100%, respectivamente) e comparáveis às de IFI (97,5% e 100%). ELISA foi menos específico (84,8%), embora igualmente sensível. Em cães, o TAD foi mais específico com antígeno de L. (L.) donovani do que com aquele preparado a partir de L. (L.) chagasi. Entretanto, ELISA e TAD foram menos sensíveis (ambos 71,4%) que IFI (100%). Essa diferença foi reflelida nos resultados de cães de área endêmica, 87% dos quais foram positivos para IFI, mas somente 54% para ELISA e 49% para o TAD. Resultados similares foram observados com raposas, quando todos os 9 soros foram positivos para IFI, 7 de 9 (78% ) positivos para ELISA, enquanto que o TAD não revelou nenhum resultado positivo. Concluiu-se que o TAD, usando antígeno de L. (L.) donovani é um teste útil para LV humana; sua utilização em ampla escala é indicada, desde que monitorada por um laboratório de referência que garanta qualidade dos antígenos. Contudo, não é a melhor opção em inquéritos sorológicos caninos, já que foi menos específico que ELISA e, especialmente, IFI, na detecção de anticorpos em casos infecção canina.

Paracoccidioidomicose em crianças em Belém do Pará

No período janeiro de 1985 e julho de 1996 foram observados 102 casos de paracoccidioidomicose em hospital de Belém, PA. Treze pacientes eram crianças entre 3 e 13 anos de idade, com predomínio do sexo feminino (8:5). Todos apresentavam a forma disseminada subaguda da micose. É comentada a alta prevalência da micose em crianças em áreas endêmicas da Região Amazônica.

La enfermedad de Chagas congenita en la Provincia de Salta, Argentina, años 1980-1997

Se presenta la experiencia de 18 años en la provincia de Salta en el manejo de recién nacidos con enfermedad de Chagas congénita. Desde distintos ámbitos del sistema provincial de salud, el Hospital Materno-infantil de la ciudad de Salta, hospitales del interior y la atención ambulatoria se detectaron y diagnosticaron 102 recién nacidos (RN) y lactantes con infección congénita. Los RN se dividieron en dos grupos mayores, el último subdivido, de acuerdo a la oportunidad diagnóstica. Se describe la metodología diagnóstica, presentación clínica, tratamiento y el seguimiento posterior de los niños tratados. Se analizan las características de la experiencia y se discuten las condiciones específicas del diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de los niños estudiados. Se describen las recomendaciones empleadas en la provincia en el programa de control de Chagas perinatal así como las conclusiones derivadas de esta experiencia.

Vigilância da peste no Estado do Ceará: 1990-1999

As atividades de vigilância sorológica da peste nos focos do Estado do Ceará detectaram elevação do número de animais indicadores/sentinela com anticorpos antipestosos a partir de 1995, com pico em 1997 evidenciando aumento da circulação do bacilo pestoso em todos os focos investigados. De um total de 110.725 amostras de soro obtidas de roedores (7.873) e carnívoros domésticos (102.852) analisadas pela técnica de hemaglutinação (HA) para detecção de anticorpos contra o antígeno F1 da Yersinia pestis, 905 revelaram-se positivas, sendo 15 de roedores (4 Rattus rattus e 11 Galea spp), 720 de cães e 170 de gatos. Dos 652 casos humanos suspeitos e contatos investigados apenas dois foram positivos pela HA e um terceiro paciente foi positivo por hemocultura. A cepa isolada revelou-se altamente patogênica para animais de laboratório e mostrou sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos usados no tratamento dos doentes.

Efeito da adição de metabólitos secundários em componentes de produção de soja, inoculada com Bradyrhizobium e coinoculada com Azospirillum.

A eficiência da fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) em soja (Glycine max) tem possibilitado altos rendimentos de grãos à cultura, sem a necessidade de aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado. Devido à importância desse processo biológico para a cultura da soja, o emprego de técnicas que possam garantir os benefícios da FBN torna-se necessário. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de metabólitos secundários (Fatores Nod, oligossacarídeos lipoquitínicos) nos componentes de produção em soja inoculada com Bradyrhizobium e coinoculada com Azospirillum. Foi conduzido um experimento a campo na Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR (23°12' S e 51°11' W, altitude de 585 m e clima Cfa, segundo Köppen), durante a safra 2013/2014. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 ? Controle (sem inoculação - SI e sem N); T2 ? Controle nitrogenado (SI e com N: 100 kg ha-1 na semeadura e 100 kg ha-1 no florescimento); T3 ? Inoculado com Bradyrhizobium; T4 ? Coinoculação (Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum); T5 ? Coinoculação + Fatores Nod; T6 ? Inoculado com Bradyrhizobium + Fatores Nod. Ao final do ciclo da cultura, avaliou-se a altura de plantas (AP), o número de vagens por planta (NVP), o número de grãos por planta (NGP) e o peso de 100 grãos (PCG). Todas as variáveis analisadas apresentaram diferenças significativas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). O T2 apresentou maior AP (média de 90 cm), apenas em relação ao T4 (média de 74 cm), sem diferir estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos. Os maiores valores médios de NVP foram encontrados no T3 (102 cm) e no T6 (95 cm), diferindo apenas do T2. O T4 e o T6 apresentaram as maiores médias de NGP, sendo 10% maior que no T3, mas diferindo apenas do T1. A maior média de PCG foi observada no T2 (13,6 g), que não diferiu estatisticamente dos T5 (com 13,3 g) e T6 (com 13,2 g). A adição dos metabólitos secundários aumentou o NGP e PCG, em relação ao T3. Além disso, a coinoculação com Azospirillum promoveu aumento do NGP. Dessa forma, a utilização dessas estratégias pode ser benéfica para FBN e, por consequência, elevar a produtividade.