Comportamento de bugios (Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940) na Ilha Grande, RJ

Alouatta clamitans é uma espécie endêmica da Mata Atlântica, bioma que vem sendo continuamente reduzido, o que torna de extrema urgência o conhecimento sobre a espécie. No Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sua área de ocorrência abrange a região da Ilha Grande, município de Angra dos Reis. A Ilha Grande possui uma extensa área de preservação, o Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, que atua na conservação de cerca de 62,5% da sua extensão. O isolamento das espécies em ilhas pode provocar o desenvolvimento de características morfológicas e comportamentais diferentes das espécies do continente. No entanto, não existem trabalhos sistematizados sobre a ecologia e o comportamento da espécie no local. Este estudo objetivou analisar aspectos do comportamento de Alouatta clamitans na Ilha Grande, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão sobre a biologia da espécie. Durante nove meses foram registrados dados de composição social e comportamento de grupos da espécie através da amostragem por varredura instantânea e todas as ocorrências. Observou-se que o tamanho médio dos grupos foi de cinco indivíduos e a composição social por grupo foi representada por um a dois machos adultos, uma a três fêmeas adultas e imaturos de diferentes classes etárias, com predominância de grupos unimacho. Em média, os grupos eram compostos por 22% de machos adultos, 38% de fêmeas adultas, 4% de machos subadultos, 27% de juvenis e 9% de infantes. O comportamento mais observado foi o repouso (45,2%), seguido da alimentação (28%), movimentação (21,7%) e comportamento social (5,1%), e dentre os comportamentos sociais, o mais exibido foi a vocalização (45,8%), seguido dos comportamentos de catação (33,7%), agonístico (7,9%), brincadeira (5,8%), marcação (4,2%) e comportamento sexual (2,6%). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nestas atividades entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. As vocalizações foram predominantemente emitidas por machos e adultos e estiveram relacionadas ao encontro de grupos. O comportamento de catação teve as fêmeas adultas como principais iniciadoras e os machos adultos, principais receptores, sendo realizado durante o comportamento de repouso, após a cópula, após e durante encontro de grupos e após perseguições. Os comportamentos agonísticos tiveram relação com o encontro de grupos em 40% dos registros e em 33,3% destes ocorreu entre fêmeas e pareceu estar associado à disputa por alimento e espaço, mas não houve registros de agressão física. O comportamento de marcação envolveu a utilização da garganta e das costas e esteve relacionado com encontros inter-grupais e com a ocorrência de chuvas. Cinco cópulas foram registradas no período de estudo nos meses de setembro, outubro e fevereiro e tiveram duração menor que um minuto. Nos encontros com primatas de outras espécies, os bugios pareceram neutros em relação aos estímulos. Os dados obtidos sobre a composição dos grupos, padrão de atividades e comportamentos sociais observados na Ilha Grande, de maneira geral, mostraram-se semelhantes aos resultados obtidos em outros trabalhos sobre a espécie e o gênero, de maneira que podemos concluir que os grupos, mesmo residentes em ilha, não demonstraram modificações comportamentais significativas que possam diferenciar-lhes de populações estudadas no continente.

Carga de trabalho de enfermeiros: uma análise do Nursing Activities Score (NAS)

Este estudo tem como objeto a carga de trabalho de enfermeiros que trabalham em unidades de cuidados semi-intensivos. Seu objetivo geral foi identificar e analisar a percepção dos enfermeiros de uma unidade semi-intensiva acerca do instrumento Nursing Activities Score - NAS, tendo como foco o conceito de carga de trabalho. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar domínios do NAS considerados pelos enfermeiros como capazes de avaliar a carga de trabalho; identificar os itens que os enfermeiros consideram relevantes e manteriam no instrumento, os itens que excluiriam e os que acrescentariam; identificar itens que os enfermeiros consideram subdimensionados, para os quais aumentariam a pontuação, os superdimensionados, para os quais diminuiriam a pontuação; e, ao final, discutir implicações dessa avaliação para a organização do trabalho e seus impactos na saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem. Estudo de abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritivo exploratória, com breve aporte qualitativo, utilizando a triangulação metodológica. O local de estudo foi uma unidade de média complexidade com 35 leitos em um hospital privado do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 28 enfermeiros e os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário com perguntas fechadas e abertas no período de abril a maio de 2008. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado com apoio do software Excel, utilizando estatística descritiva. O material qualitativo foi organizado em categorias, usando elementos da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Entre os domínios, verificou-se que os enfermeiros consideram o que mais avalia a carga real de trabalho o Suporte Ventilatório, com 89%, e o domínio que não avalia a carga de trabalho foi o Suporte Neurológico, com 25%. Os três domínios mais citados para serem acrescidos de atividades foram o Suporte Renal, com 25%, seguido Intervenção Especificas, com 21%, e Suporte Metabólico, respectivamente. Quanto à exclusão de atividades, só dois domínios foram mencionados: Suporte Ventilatório, com 25%, e Atividade Básica, com 21%. Os enfermeiros acham que 69% da pontuação era adequada aos itens e 31% acreditam não estar adequada. No grupo, 27% aumentariam a pontuação em alguns itens e 4% diminuiriam a pontuação. Sobre a mensuração da carga de trabalho, acreditam que essa colabora no processo de trabalho, 79%, e 57% acham que mensurar a carga de trabalho através do NAS pode auxiliar na preservação de sua saúde. Concluímos que esse instrumento mensura a carga de trabalho na opinião dos enfermeiros, mas precisa ser adaptado à realidade da unidade onde está sendo aplicada. Além disso, os enfermeiros alteraram mais os itens relacionados à carga física sem identificar a carga psíquica de trabalho como relevante, evidenciando que o trabalho de enfermagem precisa ser mais bem conhecido pelos enfermeiros no que se refere às dimensões de impacto na sua saúde.

A photographic record of a pre- and post-lake creation event from World War II at Valley, Isle of Anglesey, UK

The article compares a recent aerial photograph of the lowlands of the Isle of Anglesey area with a German surveillance photograph from 1941. The authors aim to infer the environmental changes made to this sand dune and lake system as a direct consequence of constructing the airfield. Part of Tywyn Trewan, the extensive sand dune system, was completely destroyed in order to create runways and the technical and domestic accommodation to house a strategic airfield. As part of the dredging, six new water bodies with a combined surface area of approximately 6 ha were created.

Structural and clumped-isotope constraints on the mechanisms of displacement along low-angle detachments

Despite years of research on low-angle detachments, much about them remains enigmatic. This thesis addresses some of the uncertainty regarding two particular detachments, the Mormon Peak detachment in Nevada and the Heart Mountain detachment in Wyoming and Montana.

Constraints on the geometry and kinematics of emplacement of the Mormon Peak detachment are provided by detailed geologic mapping of the Meadow Valley Mountains, along with an analysis of structural data within the allochthon in the Mormon Mountains. Identifiable structures well suited to constrain the kinematics of the detachment include a newly mapped, Sevier-age monoclinal flexure in the hanging wall of the detachment. This flexure, including the syncline at its base and the anticline at its top, can be readily matched to the base and top of the frontal Sevier thrust ramp, which is exposed in the footwall of the detachment to the east in the Mormon Mountains and Tule Springs Hills. The ~12 km of offset of these structural markers precludes the radial sliding hypothesis for emplacement of the allochthon.

The role of fluids in the slip along faults is a widely investigated topic, but the use of carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry to investigate these fluids is new. Faults rocks from within ~1 m of the Mormon Peak detachment, including veins, breccias, gouges, and host rocks, were analyzed for carbon, oxygen, and clumped-isotope measurements. The data indicate that much of the carbonate breccia and gouge material along the detachment is comminuted host rock, as expected. Measurements in vein material indicate that the fluid system is dominated by meteoric water, whose temperature indicates circulation to substantial depths (c. 4 km) in the upper crust near the fault zone.

Slip along the subhorizontal Heart Mountain detachment is particularly enigmatic, and many different mechanisms for failure have been proposed, predominantly involving catastrophic failure. Textural evidence of multiple slip events is abundant, and include multiple brecciation events and cross-cutting clastic dikes. Footwall deformation is observed in numerous exposures of the detachment. Stylolitic surfaces and alteration textures within and around “banded grains” previously interpreted to be an indicator of high-temperature fluidization along the fault suggest their formation instead via low-temperature dissolution and alteration processes. There is abundant textural evidence of the significant role of fluids along the detachment via pressure solution. The process of pressure solution creep may be responsible for enabling multiple slip events on the low-angle detachment, via a local rotation of the stress field.

Clumped-isotope thermometry of fault rocks associated with the Heart Mountain detachment indicates that despite its location on the flanks of a volcano that was active during slip, the majority of carbonate along the Heart Mountain detachment does not record significant heating above ambient temperatures (c. 40-70°C). Instead, cold meteoric fluids infiltrated the detachment breccia, and carbonate precipitated under ambient temperatures controlled by structural depth. Locally, fault gouge does preserve hot temperatures (>200°C), as is observed in both the Mormon Peak detachment and Heart Mountain detachment areas. Samples with very hot temperatures attributable to frictional shear heating are present but rare. They appear to be best preserved in hanging wall structures related to the detachment, rather than along the main detachment.

Evidence is presented for the prevalence of relatively cold, meteoric fluids along both shallow crustal detachments studied, and for protracted histories of slip along both detachments. Frictional heating is evident from both areas, but is a minor component of the preserved fault rock record. Pressure solution is evident, and might play a role in initiating slip on the Heart Mountain fault, and possibly other low-angle detachments.

On the feeding of freshwater ostracods. [Translation of: Zoologicheskij zhurnal, 27(2), 1948, 125-136]

The present work appertains to a series of investigations in the field of trophodynamics of water bodies conducted by the department of hydrobiology ”Mosrybvtuza” under the leadership of Prof. Director N.S. Gaevska. Usually with quantitative collections of benthos ostracoda are hardly taken account of. But with the employment of special methods it is possible to be convinced that they are encountered in massive numbers. The role of ostracods in the nutrition of fish is recognised as important by many authors. On the question of the feeding of ostracods, in the literature there are only the fragmentary indications about the occurrence in the gut of ostracods of algae (diatoms, desmids) and detritus. The study of the feeding of ostracods was conducted both by the method of dissecting the guts of ostracods taken from natural waters, and by the method of feeding ostracods under laboratory conditions with a variety of food objects. Moreover, with a view to revision of obtained quantitative data, for determination of food requirements of ostracods the respiration method was applied.

On the nutrition of the predatory cladocerans Leptodora and Bythotrephes. [Translation of: Byulleten' Institute Biologii Vodokhranilishch 6, pp. 21-22, 1960]

Results of the investigation on certain problems of the nutrition of Leptodora and Bythotrephes in Rybinsk Reservoir (Russia) are reviewed. To clarify the composition of the food of Leptodora and Bythotrephes in this period, experiments were provided on their nutrition by cyclopids and rotifers.

集成光波导传感器的研究进展

集成光波导传感器是光纤传感器的有利补允，以其灵敏度高、不受外部电磁场干扰等优点吸引了科研工作者的注意。阐述了集成光波导传感器的原理、种类、应用及研究进展。

Mastigophora and Rhizopoda found in saline lakes Weissovo and Repnoie (near Slaviansk). Selected passages describing Ochromonas species and Pedinella. [Translation of: Trudy Obshch.Ispyt.Prir.imp.khar'kov.Univ. 21 119-140, 1888]

This translation includes selected passages of a longer paper on Mastigophora and Rhizopoda found in saline lakes Weissovo and Repnoie. The translation focuses on describing taxonomy and morphology of Ochromonas species and Pedinella. Plates and figures of the original paper are not included in the translation.

Desarrollo sostenible y Agenda 21 Local

Resumen (ESPAÑOL) En el presente trabajo se ha tratado de analizar la evolución, tanto del concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible, como de la herramienta Agenda 21 Local, verificando la creciente preocupación que se está extendiendo en la ciudadanía, en las instituciones y en las empresas, así como la irreversibilidad de la mayoría de los resultados alcanzados. En este marco, se han estudiado los casos concretos de la implantación de la Agenda 21 Local en Europa, España, Euskadi y Getxo, por ser este último el municipio en el que resido. Con este estudio, se confirma la hipótesis de que, aunque en la implantación de la Agenda 21 Local se aprecia un esfuerzo realizado notable, queda todavía mucho camino por recorrer en la senda hacia la sostenibilidad.

The possibilities and dangers in using malachite green in pisciculture.[Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.3 17-21, 1969.]

For many years a dye has been used in the practise of pisciculture and pond management, which is known by the name of malachite green, and is used to combat fungus on fish, fish eggs and external animal parasites on fish. The authors describe the problem of the application of malachite green in pisciculture and undertake special, complementary research.

Rhythms of division of some algae in situ and in laboratory culture. [Translation from: Studii Cerc.Biol.(Bot.) 21, 61-65, 1969. ]

The rhythm of division of 9 species belonging to different groups of algae were analysed in situ and in the laboratory. The research which developed in different environmental conditions attempted to establish the capacity for multiplication and assimilation of chlorophyll on the part of the algae under study with a view to placing them in a culture. The results obtained showed that the green multicellular algae (eg. Ulothrix) and the blue algae (eg. Lyngbya, Oscillatoria) are able to produce an appreciable quantity of dry matter, just as the unicellular algae. At the same time it arises that amongst the numerous factors of the environment, temperature plays one of the most important roles in the process of multiplication.

Evidence of algae in the excrement of ducks. [Translation from: Hydrobiologia 1 22-27, 1948. ]

In the extremely severe winter of 1946-47 the surface of the Pfaffikersee (near Zurich) lay under an unbroken seal of ice for a full three months. The number of wild ducks resting in this location was estimated to be about 400. Six samples of excrements of ducks were microscopically analysed and fragments of algae were identified. These analyses allow the expert to specify with definite certainty the feeding areas under investigation of the studied birds.

Bird migration and the spread of Crustacea. [Translation from: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 27, 311-316, 1963.]

The passive spread of a high percentage of freshwater organisms is one of the most important requirements in short-lived and insular communities for species to attai n and survive - and consequently to balance the lack of a topographical continuity of most inland waters. Unfortunately hardly anything is known about the amounts of seed material typical for any lake into which it is carried. The causes of passive dissemination - wind, water and animals as well as man - are confirmed by many examples. It has been assumed now for at least a hundered years that , among animals, birds play a prominent role, although also disappointingly few facts are at hand. The passage and spread through birds' intestines has up to now been supported only by some limited data. This paper reports on experimental research where the eggs of Daphnia magna, Triops cancriformis, Artemia salina, Diaptomus spinosus and Cypris pubera were introduced by means of gelatine capsules into the oesophagus of a drake. The bird's excrements were inspected under a microscope for eggs and resting stages, and these were transferred into corresponding cultures.

Holopedium gibberum - an indicator of soft-water lakes? [Translation from: Fauna 21 130-132, 1968.]

In fresh waters the planktonic Crustacea are represented mainly by the two large groups, the Copepoda and the Cladocera. This study focuses on Holopedium gibberum and examines if the plankton is an indicator of soft-water lakes. H. gibberum is found throughout the northern half of the globe but its distribution is scattered and irregular. The study is based on a literature review and samples taken from water bodies in Norway.

On the feeding of the larvae of Chironomidae during the planktonic period of life [Translation from: Nauch.Dokl.vyssh.Shk.Biol.Nauk 1 19-21, 1965]

It is known that the larvae of Chironomidae in the first stages of life after leaving the egg case, swim for a long time in a body of water. Positive reaction in light, the capability of directed swimming and passive floating in suspension allow the larvae to temporarily carry out a planktonic way of life. This study describes the behaviour of Chironomus dorsalis larvae after leaving the egg case. The feeding of chironomid larvae in the first stages of development was also described.