Tolerância de espécies de Mucuna a herbicidas utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar

Os fluxos de emergência de Mucuna em canaviais, mesmo após a aplicação dos herbicidas para o manejo de plantas daninhas, permitiu elaborar a hipótese de que essas plantas são tolerantes aos herbicidas comumente utilizados na cultura. Para comprovar a hipótese, objetivou-se estudar a tolerância de Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea e Mucuna deeringiana a herbicidas de diferentes mecanismos de ação aplicados em pré e pós-emergência. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos, em cinco repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x3, mais testemunhas. Na pré-emergência, o primeiro fator foi constituído pelos herbicidas sulfentrazone (800 g ha-1), imazapic (245 g ha-1) e amicarbazone (1.400 g ha-1), e o segundo, pelas três espécies de Mucuna, além de uma testemunha para cada espécie estudada. Na pós-emergência, alteraram-se os herbicidas para clomazone (1.100 g ha-1), ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1.463 + 37 g ha-1) e 2,4-D (1.209 g ha-1). No manejo químico em pré-emergência, verificou-se que as espécies foram sensíveis ao herbicida amicarbazone, seguido de sulfentrazone, e tolerantes ao imazapic. Na pós-emergência, todas as espécies foram sensíveis ao ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium e 2,4-D, mas tolerantes ao clomazone.

Lapset lukijoina 1700-luvulta 1900-luvulle

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Ein aktuelles Kompendium über die Saamen und ihre Kultur

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Hepatitis C virus infection among Brazilian hemophiliacs: a virological, clinical and epidemiological study

We determined and analyzed risk factors of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Brazilian hemophiliacs according to their virological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics. A cross-sectional and retrospective study of 469 hemophiliacs was carried out at a Brazilian blood center starting in October 1997. The prevalence of HCV infection, HCV genotypes and factors associated with HCV RNA detection was determined. The seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies (ELISA-3.0) was 44.6% (209/469). Virological, clinical and epidemiological assessments were completed for 162 positive patients. There were seven (4.3%) anti-HCV seroconversions between October 1992 and October 1997. During the same period, 40.8% of the positive anti-HCV hemophiliacs had abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Plasma HCV RNA was detected by nested-RT-PCR in 116 patients (71.6%). RFLP analysis showed the following genotype distribution: HCV-1 in 98 hemophiliacs (84.5%), HCV-3 in ten (8.6%), HCV-4 in three (2.6%), HCV-2 in one (0.9%), and not typeable in four cases (3.4%). Univariate analysis indicated that older age (P = 0.017) and abnormal ALT levels (P = 0.010) were associated with HCV viremia, while the presence of inhibitor antibodies (P = 0.024) and HBsAg (P = 0.007) represented a protective factor against the presence of HCV RNA. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between HCV infection and hemophilia.

Effect of cocaine on periadolescent rats with or without early maternal separation

Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and weight loss were investigated in periadolescent Wistar rats kept with their mothers or subjected to repeated maternal separation. Litters allocated to the separation procedure were placed in a temperature-controlled (33ºC) chamber for 3 h per day from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P20. Non-handled rats were left undisturbed until weaning. Treatments were started on P30-31 and the test was performed on P36-37. Animals received injections of saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg, sc) twice daily for 5 days. On day 6 all animals received saline. On day 7 animals were challenged with 10 mg/kg cocaine and their locomotion was evaluated in activity cages. A third group received saline throughout the 7-day period. Body weights were recorded on P30-31 and P36-37. Two-way ANOVA on body weights showed a main effect of treatment group (F(1,35) = 10.446, P = 0.003; N = 10-12). Non-handled rats treated with cocaine for 5 days gained significantly less weight, while no significant effect was observed in maternally separated rats. Two-way ANOVA revealed a main effect of drug treatment on locomotor activity (F(2,32) = 15.209, P<0.001; N = 6-8), but not on rearing condition (F(1,32)<0.001, P = 0.998). Animals pretreated with cocaine showed a clear behavioral sensitization relative to the saline group. No difference in the magnitude of sensitization was found between separated and non-handled animals. Only the effect of cocaine on weight gain was significantly affected by repeated episodes of early maternal separation during the pre-weaning period.

Pedersören liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma 2014

Pedersören liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma on laadittu seudun kuntien ja Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskuksen yhteistyönä. Suunnitelmassa on selvitetty liikenneturvallisuuden, liikkumisen, toimintaympäristön ja liikennejärjestelmän nykytilaa sekä kartoitettu liikenneturvallisuusongelmia erilaisten analyysien ja kyselyiden avulla. Nykytila-analyysin pohjalta on asetettu liikenneturvallisuustyön visio ja tavoitteet sekä määritetty toimenpide-ehdotukset. Tavoitteisiin pääsemistä tukevat liikenneympäristön parantamistoimenpiteiden ohjelma, hallintokuntien liikenneturvallisuustyölle kootut toimintasuunnitelmat sekä liikkumisen ohjauksen toimintaohjelma. Onnettomuusanalyysin perusteella liikenneturvallisuuden tila oli Pietarsaaren seudulla hieman koko Suomen keskiarvoa huonompi. Pietarsaaren, Pedersören ja Uudenkaarlepyyn seudulla tapahtuneissa onnettomuuksissa kuoli tai loukkaantui koko maan keskiarvoa enemmän mopoilijoita. Moottoripyöräilijöitä kuoli ja loukkaantui yhtä paljon kuin kokomaassa, mutta muissa kulkumuodoissa kuolleiden ja loukkaantuneiden määrä oli maan keskiarvoa alhaisempi. Eniten henkilövahinkoja aiheutui yksittäisonnettomuuksista. Vakavimpia onnettomuuksia olivat jalankulkijaonnettomuudet, sillä niistä suurin osa johti henkilövahinkoon. Lukumäärällisesti eniten onnettomuuksia tapahtui 18–20-vuotiaille, mutta myös 15–16-vuotiaille tapahtui paljon henkilövahinkoon johtaneita onnettomuuksia. Seudulla tapahtuneista liikenneonnettomuuksista aiheutui vuosittain keskimäärin 22,1 miljoonan euron kustannukset, josta kuntien osuus oli vuosittain yhteensä noin 3,8 miljoonaa euroa. Asukaskyselyn tulosten perusteella henkilöautolla liikkuminen on yleisin kulkumuoto Pietarsaaren seudulla. Matkojen lukumäärällä mitattuna kesällä kolmannes ja talvella neljännes matkoista tehdään Pietarsaaren seudulla kävellen tai pyörällä. Kyselyn mukaan koululaisia pidettiin turvattomimpana tienkäyttäjäryhmänä, ja kävelyä sekä pyöräilyä turvattomimpina kulkutapoina. Liian suuria ajonopeuksia ja puhelimessa puhumista pidettiin merkittävimpänä syynä erilaisiin liikennerikkomuksiin ja tärkeimmäksi kehittämistarpeeksi nousi teiden ja katujen kunnossapito ja laatu. Onnettomuusanalyysin ja valtakunnallisten sekä alueellisten tavoitteiden pohjalta Pietarsaaren seudulle asetettiin liikenneturvallisuustyön tavoitteet. Valtakunnallisen tavoitteen mukaan liikennekuolemien määrä tulee puolittaa ja loukkaantuneiden määrää vähentää neljänneksellä vuoden 2010 tasosta vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Määrällinen liikenneonnettomuuksien vähentämistavoite suhteutettiin kullekin kunnalle Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskuksen tavoitteesta. Tavoitteiden saavuttaminen suunnitelmakauden aikana on haasteellista, koska pelkkä toimenpideohjelman toteuttaminen ei tuo laskennallisesti tarvittavaa onnettomuusvähenemää. Tavoitteeseen voidaan kuitenkin päästä tehokkaan yhteistyön avulla eri tahojen välillä. Tavoitteeseen tulee pyrkiä laajaa keinovalikoimaa käyttäen. Suunnitelmatyön aikana aktivoitiin kuntien liikenneturvallisuusryhmät, joiden toiminnan tueksi laadittiin toimintasuunnitelmat sekä vuosikello työn eri vaiheista. Ryhmät vastaavat suunnitelman toteuttamisesta, toteutumisen seurannasta ja tarvittaessa päivittämisestä.

Clinical features of panic patients sensitive to hyperventilation or breath-holding methods for inducing panic attacks

Our aim was to compare the clinical features of panic disorder (PD) patients sensitive to hyperventilation or breath-holding methods of inducing panic attacks. Eighty-five PD patients were submitted to both a hyperventilation challenge test and a breath-holding test. They were asked to hyperventilate (30 breaths/min) for 4 min and a week later to hold their breath for as long as possible, four times with a 2-min interval. Anxiety scales were applied before and after the tests. We selected the patients who responded with a panic attack to just one of the tests, i.e., those who had a panic attack after hyperventilating (HPA, N = 24, 16 females, 8 males, mean age ± SD = 38.5 ± 12.7 years) and those who had a panic attack after breath holding (BHPA, N = 20, 11 females, 9 males, mean age ± SD = 42.1 ± 10.6 years). Both groups had similar (chi² = 1.28, d.f. = 1, P = 0.672) respiratory symptoms (fear of dying, chest/pain disconfort, shortness of breath, paresthesias, and feelings of choking) during a panic attack. The criteria of Briggs et al. [British Journal of Psychiatry, 1993; 163: 201-209] for respiratory PD subtype were fulfilled by 18 (75.0%) HPA patients and by 14 (70.0%) BHPA patients. The HPA group had a later onset of the disease compared to BHPA patients (37.9 ± 11.0 vs 21.3 ± 12.9 years old, Mann-Whitney, P < 0.001), and had a higher family prevalence of PD (70.8 vs 25.0%, chi² = 19.65, d.f. = 1, P = 0.041). Our data suggest that these two groups - HPA and BHPA patients - may be specific subtypes of PD.

Control of the rat angiotensin I converting enzyme gene by CRE-like sequences

We characterized the role of potential cAMP-responsive elements (CRE) in basal and in induced angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene promoter activity in order to shed light on the regulation of somatic ACE expression. We identified stimulators and repressors of basal expression between 122 and 288 bp and between 415 and 1303 bp upstream from the transcription start site, respectively, using a rabbit endothelial cell (REC) line. These regions also contained elements associated with the response to 8BrcAMP. When screening for CRE motifs we found pCRE, a proximal sequence between 209 and 222 bp. dCRE, a distal tandem of two CRE-like sequences conserved between rats, mice and humans, was detected between 834 and 846 bp. Gel retardation analysis of nuclear extracts of REC indicated that pCRE and dCRE bind to the same protein complexes as bound by a canonical CRE. Mutation of pCRE and dCRE in REC established the former as a positive element and the latter as a negative element. In 293 cells, a renal cell line, pCRE and dCRE are negative regulators. Co-transfection of ATF-2 or ATF-2 plus c-Jun repressed ACE promoter activity, suggesting that the ACE gene is controlled by cellular stress. Although mapping of cAMP responsiveness was consistent with roles for pCRE and dCRE, mutation analysis indicated that they were not required for cAMP responsiveness. We conclude that the basal activity of the somatic ACE promoter is controlled by proximal and distal CREs that can act as enhancers or repressors depending on the cell context.

Sweden and Norway according to the newest observations by H. Moll geographer.

D. east from London = 0-meridiaani: Lontoo. - Koordinaattiasteikko: [W5°] E5-45°, N[70°]65-55°.

Endothelium-dependent and -independent hepatic artery vasodilatation is not impaired in a canine model of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury

We investigated whether hepatic artery endothelium may be the earliest site of injury consequent to liver ischemia and reperfusion. Twenty-four heartworm-free mongrel dogs of either sex exposed to liver ischemia/reperfusion in vivo were randomized into four experimental groups (N = 6): a) control, sham-operated dogs, b) dogs subjected to 60 min of ischemia, c) dogs subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion, and d) animals subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. The nitric oxide endothelium-dependent relaxation of hepatic artery rings contracted with prostaglandin F2a and exposed to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, calcium ionophore A23187, sodium fluoride, phospholipase-C, poly-L-arginine, isoproterenol, and sodium nitroprusside was evaluated in organ-chamber experiments. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by malondialdehyde activity in liver tissue samples and by blood lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. No changes were observed in hepatic artery relaxation for any agonist tested. The group subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion presented marked increases of serum aminotransferases (ALT = 2989 ± 1056 U/L and AST = 1268 ± 371 U/L; P < 0.01), LDH = 2887 ± 1213 IU/L; P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde in liver samples (0.360 ± 0.020 nmol/mgPT; P < 0.05). Under the experimental conditions utilized, no abnormal changes in hepatic arterial vasoreactivity were observed: endothelium-dependent and independent hepatic artery vasodilation were not impaired in this canine model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. In contrast to other vital organs and in the ischemia/reperfusion injury environment, dysfunction of the main artery endothelium is not the first site of reperfusion injury.

Influence of the polymorphisms of the α-major regulatory element HS-40 on in vitro gene expression

The α-MRE is the major regulatory element responsible for the expression of human α-like globin genes. It is genetically polymorphic, and six different haplotypes, named A to F, have been identified in some population groups from Europe, Africa and Asia and in native Indians from two Brazilian Indian tribes. Most of the mutations that constitute the α-MRE haplotypes are located in flanking sequences of binding sites for nuclear factors. To our knowledge, there are no experimental studies evaluating whether such variability may influence the α-MRE enhancer activity. We analyzed and compared the expression of luciferase of nine constructs containing different α-MRE elements as enhancers. Genomic DNA samples from controls with A (wild-type α-MRE) and B haplotypes were used to generate C-F haplotypes by site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, three other elements containing only the G→A polymorphism at positions +130, +199, and +209, separately, were also tested. The different α-MRE elements were amplified and cloned into a plasmid containing the luciferase reporter gene and the SV40 promoter and used to transiently transfect K562 cells. A noticeable reduction in luciferase expression was observed with all constructs compared with the A haplotype. The greatest reductions occurred with the F haplotype (+96, C→A) and the isolated polymorphism +209, both located near the SP1 protein-binding sites believed not to be active in vivo. These are the first analyses of α-MRE polymorphisms on gene expression and demonstrate that these single nucleotide polymorphisms, although outside the binding sites for nuclear factors, are able to influence in vitro gene expression.