Effect of vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) on protein content of Labeo rohita (Ham.) fry

Increase in body protein concentration was noted in the fry of rohu fed vitamin E at 0.0 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg/kg of formulated diet. The protein content of fry was found to be significantly different between the different levels of vitamin E. It was found to be maximum (18.7%) in the case of vitamin E at 75 mg/kg diet followed by vitamin E at 100 mg/kg diet. On increasing of vitamin E above 100 mg per kilogram diet there was further decline in the protein content of the fry. The protein increase, from the initial value (12.5%), were recorded to be 14.4%, control; 21.6%, 25 mg level; 31.2%, 50 mg level; 49.6%, 75 mg level; 45.6%, 100 mg level; 14.4%, 150 mg level; 28% 200 mg level; 29.6%, 300 mg level and 13.6% for 400 mg level in different experimental groups.

葡萄浆果成熟与延迟采收期间糖酸变化特点的研究

连续2年对“京秀”ד亚历山大”（编号97-2）杂交后代10个单株和“京秀”ד香妃”（编号97-3）杂交后代10个单株成熟期和延迟采收期的糖酸组分含量进行测定，以了解葡萄浆果延迟采收内在品质的变化差异。第二年 对可长期挂果的亲本“京秀”、“亚历山大”和杂交后代单株“97-2-23”、“97-2-24”成熟期和延迟采收期糖酸组分动态变化进行测定，以了解葡萄浆果糖酸品质延迟采收期的动态变化规律。同时对以上四个单株的浆果中蔗糖代谢相关酶活性和浆果呼吸强度进行测定，以对不同蔗糖表现型的产生原因进行探讨。研究表明： 葡萄延迟采收，浆果内可溶性糖变化可分为积累型和稳定型两种类型。延迟采收3周，糖积累型的8个单株浆果 可溶性糖显著积累，而稳定型的12个单株的糖与成熟时不存在显著差异。浆果主要积累果糖和葡萄糖，这两种糖的 动态变化趋势基本一致，但果糖变化幅度较大。两种类型的有机酸含量在延迟采收期间变化不大，没有显著差异。 糖积累型的“京秀”和“97-2-23”延迟采收期间各蔗糖分解酶（酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶分解方 向）活性持续升高，但糖稳定型的“亚历山大”和“97-2-24”延迟采收第3周时急剧降低。此外，果实成熟和延迟 采收期间两种糖表现型浆果的呼吸速率也存在差异。浆果的蔗糖分解酶活性和呼吸速率存在的差异可能是两种类型 延迟采收期间糖含量存在差异的重要原因。

中国古牡丹资源调查及衰老相关研究

牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）是芍药科芍药属牡丹组植物，花大、色艳、型美、香郁、药用范围广、文化内涵丰富，被尊为“国色天香”、“花中之王”。我国植牡丹、赏牡丹有1600多年的历史，培育了许多价值高的品种，遗憾的是个别黄色、鲜红色、绿色等珍贵品种不断消失，而且现有的一些文化价值与观赏价值极高的古牡丹、著名的牡丹园的老牡丹均出现了衰弱现象，有的已奄奄一息。为了探索传统牡丹品种消失及牡丹衰老的原因，本研究在充分调查、整理国内品种资源的基础上，总结了牡丹品种的传承和消失情况，掌握了古牡丹的资源状况。通过连作土壤栽培试验证明了牡丹连作障碍的存在，并选定了生长在同一区域的5、10、15、20、25、30年生6个株龄的‘洛阳红（Luo Yang Hong）’为研究对象，从形态指标的调查、生理指标的测定、根际土壤及根系浸提液的化感成分分析三个方面着手，确定了牡丹开始衰老的时期;揭示了牡丹衰老机理;总结了古牡丹保留、复壮、养护办法;为牡丹专类园的管理及可持续性发展提供了理论和技术指导。本研究主要结果如下： 1、牡丹品种和古牡丹资源 通过对中国牡丹品种资源的文献查阅和实地考察，系统整理了我国不同时代的品种状况，调查结果表明：宋、元、明、清共有品种1109种，目前仅存143种，品种资源消失十分严重。收集整理了49处古牡丹资料，并据此绘制了我国目前古牡丹分布图;实地调查了17处24株古牡丹，详细介绍了部分品种的来历传说、生长状况和衰亡原因。5个优良传统品种在中国科学院植物研究所牡丹种质资源圃内得以保存，其中潞城古牡丹，植株最大（高2.3 m，冠径5.6 m），且生长旺盛;西溪牡丹属丰花品种，40年植株可开花811朵。 2、牡丹连作障碍 利用牡丹连作根际土壤及其浸出液栽培牡丹，结果表明，播种苗及分株苗的生长均受到了抑制;连作年限越久的处理抑制作用越强;根际土壤浸出液对牡丹生长的影响较大，对前期地下部和后期地上部都有很强的抑制作用，而且还抑制了上胚轴休眠的解除;根际土壤对后期株高和展叶幅的影响较大，对播种苗前期生根影响不大。牡丹存在连作障碍现象，连作障碍是牡丹衰弱的重要原因。 3、牡丹衰老时间及机理 通过对6 个株龄‘洛阳红’的形态、生理指标及根际土壤化感成分的比较得出，牡丹在同一地方大约栽植15 年后开始衰弱，20 年以内应该采取复壮措施。利用气相色谱—质谱联用技术（Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer, GC-MS）检测到根际土壤及根系浸提液中主要存在：烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醇、醚、酚醌、有机酸、醛、酮、酯、苯、胺等12 类有机物。对比分析得出有12 种物质可能是根系分泌物，根际土壤中可能具毒害作用的物质有40 种，栽植牡丹使土壤中增加的物质有24 种。 4、古牡丹复壮技术及应用 栽培基质中添加活性炭、沙子、麦饭石等均能有效的促进牡丹的生长，以活性炭的效果最好。对“汉牡丹”实施了综合复壮措施，效果明显。

MPC: A paradigm shift for automatic control

Model Predictive Control (MPC) represents a major paradigm shift in the field of automatic control. This radically affects synthesis techniques (illustrated by control of an unstable system) and underlying concepts (illustrated by control of a multivariable system), as well as lifting the control engineer's focus from prescriptions to specifications ('what' not 'how', illustrated by emulation of a conventional autopilot). Part of the objective of this paper is to emphasize the significance of this paradigm shift. Another part is to consider the fact that this shift was missed for many years by the academic community, and what this tells us about teaching and research in the field.

The Sundarbans fishers coping in an overly stressed mangrove estuary

The fishing community of the Sundarbans are the human group most at home in the mud-slush-water-forest environment of this famous mangrove estuary. Their skills, knowledge, and technique have developed in response to a challenging environment. Yet, of the countless studies on the various aspects of this eco-region, there are exceedingly few that have studied the Sundarbans fisher in his/her ecological, historical and demographic context—as a key stakeholder in an environment under considerable stress. The present study seeks to reduce this lacuna a little. Its object is not merely to examine and analyse, but also to identify means, both tradition-based and innovative, which might contribute to protect the environment, improve economic conditions, and usher in people-based governance of resources.

现代黄河三角洲湿地景观变化及其对水禽生境的影响

本文研究的开展主要源于国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目“渤海典型区域的海洋多过程数据整合研究”课题支撑。在湿地日益退化丧失的全球背景下，本文选择沉积年代较轻、生态环境比较脆弱，且当前人类活动不断加剧的现代黄河三角洲为研究区，采用1999、2001、2004和2008年的Landsat5 TM遥感影像，选择丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥为指示物种，结合野外实地调查和历史数据资料的整理和分析，以及黄河三角洲自然保护区对鸟类的监测记录结果，开展现代黄河三角洲湿地景观变化及其对水禽生境的影响研究。 论文的主要研究结果如下： 1、建立了服务于黄河三角洲湿地水禽生境保护的湿地景观分类体系 在系统分析研究区域湿地水禽生活习性和生态分布特征的基础上，从鸟类生境选择的概念出发，建立了服务于黄河三角洲湿地水禽生境保护的湿地景观分类体系。该分类体系一共分为4级，其中，第三级分类系统下天然湿地的划分是从鸟类选择的“大生境”角度出发，即根据区域地表类型，进一步将海洋/海岸湿地和内陆三角洲湿地划分成浅海水域、潮间淤泥滩、潮沟、河口水域、潮间盐沼、河流湿地和沼泽湿地7类。而第四级分类系统下天然湿地的划分则是从鸟类选择的“小生境”（即对水、食物、隐蔽物、干扰等的需求）角度出发，并按照水文和典型植被类型，进一步将天然湿地的三级类型划分为碱蓬沼泽、芦苇沼泽、柽柳灌丛沼泽等33类。 2、系统研究了现代黄河三角洲湿地景观格局的动态变化和影响因素 根据景观生态学理论，选取用于分析的景观格局指数，并从湿地景观类型的组成特征变化、面积变化、形状特征变化、空间配置特征变化四个方面分析在黄河断流前到其恢复正常行水至今的时间里三角洲湿地景观格局的动态变化，研究结果表明：在1999~2008年的9年间，天然湿地构成了现代黄河三角洲景观的主体，约占研究区域景观总面积的65%~75%，决定了该地区湿地的主要结构和功能。但随着人类对土地资源利用方式的不断改变和强度的提高，天然湿地景观呈萎缩退化趋势，9年内共减少338.44 km2，约占研究区景观总面积的8.90%。与此同时，盐田、养殖池塘等人工湿地和耕地等非湿地面积不断扩张，人工湿地面积增加量约为242.08km2，约占研究区景观总面积的6.37%，非湿地面积增加量约为96.36 km2，约占研究区景观总面积的2.53%。从一些重要的景观指数的计算结果来看，研究区域整体景观斑块数量呈增加趋势，平均斑块大小随之减小，景观边界密度大小、聚集度指数也呈下降趋势，表明从1999到2008年研究区域整体景观被边界分割的程度加深，整体景观中的斑块在空间分布上隔离程度加重，开始由大片连续分布向小块离散分布转变，景观的破碎化程度加重。 湿地景观格局变化的驱动机制分析表明，影响研究区湿地景观变化的主要因素包括三个方面，即：黄河水沙条件的驱动力、湿地自身演替驱动力和人为驱动力。在1999~2008年的9年间，黄河虽然恢复正常行水，不再断流，但入海泥沙量的明显减少使得除现行河口处沙嘴继续向海缓慢延伸外，黄河三角洲总体上处于侵蚀状态。湿地自身的演替主要体现在湿地由裸露淤泥质滩涂向发育典型湿地植物群落的顺向演替，以及发育有典型湿地植物群落的湿地向裸露淤泥质滩涂逆向演替两个方面。在1999~2008年间9年里，湿地顺向发育演替面积约130.64 km2，而逆向发育演替面积约为99.51 km2。人类活动一直以来都是影响黄河三角洲湿地景观变化不可忽视的营造力。大规模的滩涂围垦和养殖、农业用地的不断开垦和扩张，以及密集的油田开发活动不仅缩减了原本生长着芦苇茅草等植物的天然湿地资源，而且加重了三角洲湿地景观的破碎程度。 3、在整个研究区域尺度上深刻分析了丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥潜在生境的适宜性 根据黄河三角洲自然保护区关于鸟类的监测记录资料，在深入分析湿地水禽生活习性和分布特征的基础上，选择丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥为指示物种，从鸟类生境选择自身的特征出发，确定地表类型、水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰为影响两种鸟类类群进行生境选择的因素，并构建生境适宜性评价模型，在整个研究区域尺度上对两种鸟类类群的潜在生境进行适宜性评价和动态变化分析。研究结果表明，在不考虑居民地、油田作业用地和道路等干扰因子对生境产生的破碎化效应影响时，适宜丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥生存的生境类型在1999~2008年间占研究区整体景观总面积的比重均在30%以上，其中天然湿地约占适宜生境类型面积的95%，可利用的人工湿地比重极小，但呈缓慢增加趋势，且由于可利用的天然湿地生境类型的逐年减少使得适宜两种鸟类类群的生境类型总面积总体上呈萎缩趋势。在考虑居民地、油田作业用地和道路等干扰因子对生境产生的破碎化效应影响时，适宜丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥生存的生境类型在1999~2008年间占研究区域整体景观总面积的百分比由之前接近40%下降到20%以下，面积减少量均在600 km2以上。 4、系统分析了研究区湿地景观变化对水禽生境的影响 从研究区湿地景观基质的面积变化、形状和空间邻接关系变化、破碎化等三个方面分析了研究区湿地景观变化对丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥两种鸟类类群生境的影响，结果表明，湿地景观基质中天然湿地的变化与丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥适宜生境的大小和空间分布密切相关。在1999~2008年间，随着天然湿地面积的减少，适宜以上两种鸟类类群的生境面积也随之减少，两者呈正相关关系；在1999~2008年间，研究区天然湿地和人工湿地景观基质整体的形状指数均在1.0附近，表明湿地景观基质整体上的边缘效应较小，但建设用地、农林用地等非湿地景观与丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥适宜生境类型中的主导类型——潮间淤泥滩、潮间盐沼和沼泽湿地等三种景观类型的频繁邻接，对于保护两种鸟类类群十分不利，应积极采取相应的措施加强保护力度；在1999~2008年间，研究区景观整体，以及湿地景观基质结构的破碎化，导致鸟类可利用的天然湿地和人工湿地景观内部斑块之间的连接程度下降，从而使得丹顶鹤、黑嘴

重离子加速器高频电压幅度稳定装置

本实用新型涉及一种重离子加速器高频电压幅度稳定装置，该装置包括分压电容、检波器、参考电压、加法器、同步脉冲调制器、激励电平控制器、高频保护及转换电路等；在高频电压的输出上连接有分压电容，分压电容与检波器相连，检波器的信号与参考电压的信号在加法器相加后与校正网络相连，校正网络与高频电压前的电子衰减器相连；另外同步脉冲调制器和激励电平控制器均与高频电压前的电子衰减器相连；本实用新型的高频电压控制能力强、自动化程度高、功能齐全、稳定性和通用性高、操作简便、使用可靠。

A report on frame and catch assessment surveys on Nabugabo lakes, north west, Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

The Nabugabo lakes are an important source of affordable protein food in the form of fish, income, water for domestic and commercial purposes (aquaculture farm and Hotels), handcraft materials (mats, hats, roof thatch) and fishing floats and rafts. Nabugabo lakes provide employment, income and export earnings to Uganda that flow from the act of harvesting the fish. In Uganda the fisheries sector directly employs 350,000 people and indirectly 1.2 million people. In 2005, it is estimated that about 370,000 mt fish export (97-98% Nile perch) earned Uganda US $ 143 Million up from US $ 103 million in 2004 .and up from US $ 45 million in 1996. , making it almost become the first non' traditional export commodity. The Nabugabo lakes are also import for cultural values and fish species from these lakes are important in evolutionary studies. The fishery sector is therefore very important in Uganda's socio-economic life. Despite the above values to the communities and global biodiversity roles, the amount of fish caught and the number fishing fleets operating on the Nabugabo lakes to guide management of the lake are lacking. The fishery that exists in these lakes is largely for subsistence and commercial purposes specific for Lake Nabugabo based on introduced species (Nile perch and Nile Tilapia). The fish is caught using mainly gill nets and long line hooks.

Superconducting properties of Gd-Ba-Cu-O single grains processed from a new, Ba-rich precursor compound

Gd-Ba-Cu-O (GdBCO) single grains have been previously melt-processed successfully in air using a generic Mg-Nd-Ba-Cu-O (Mg-NdBCO) seed crystal. Previous research has revealed that the addition of a small amount of BaO 2 to the precursor powders prior to melt processing can suppress the formation of Gd/Ba solid solution, and lead to a significant improvement in superconducting properties of the single grains. Research into the effects of a higher Ba content on single grain growth, however, has been limited by the relatively small grain size in the earlier studies. This has been addressed by developing Ba-rich precursor compounds Gd-163 and Gd-143, fabricated specifically to enable the presence of greater concentrations of Ba during the melt process. In this study, we propose a new processing route for the fabrication of high performance GdBCO single grain bulk superconductors in air by enriching the precursor powder with these new Ba rich compounds. The influence of the addition of the new compounds on the microstructures and superconducting properties of GdBCO single grains is reported. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Phylogenetic relationships among two species of golden monkey and three species of leaf monkey inferred from rDNA variation

Restriction maps of rDNA repeats of five species of Colobinae and three outgroup taxa, Hylobates leucogenys, Macaca mulatta, and Macaca irus, were constructed using 15 restriction endonucleases and cloned 18S and 28S rRNA gene probes. The site variation between Rhinopithecus roxellana and Rhinopithecus bieti is comparable to that between Presbytis francoisi and Presbytis phayrei, implying that R. bieti is a valid species rather than a subspecies of R. roxellana. Phylogenetic analysis on the 47 informative sites supports the case for Rhinopithecus being an independent genus and closely related to Presbytis. Furthermore, branch lengths of the tree seem to support the hypothesis that the leaf monkeys share some ancestral traits as well as some automorphic characters.

Analyses of genetic structure of Tibeto-Burman populations reveals sex-biased admixture in southern Tibeto-Burmans

An unequal contribution of male and female lineages from parental populations to admixed ones is not uncommon in the American continents, as a consequence of directional gene flow from European men into African and Hispanic Americans in the past several c

Heliconema savala n.sp. (Nematoda:Physalopteridae) from marine fish Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier) (Trichiuridae) and Psettodes erumei (Schneider) new host (Pisces:Pettodidae) of Physalopterid Nematode, Bulbocephalus inglisi Rasheed, 1966 in Pakistan

Helicnonema savala, n.sp. obtained from the marine fish, Lepturacanthus savala in Sindh coast is distinguished from members of the genus processing in the male 10 tessellated longtitudinal ridges and a spicule ratio 1:15. Females have vulvular flap. Heliconema savala is a morphologically most closely related to Heliconema heliconema. The marine fish, Psettodes erumei is recorded as a new host of Bulbocephalus inglisi.

The behavior of a single pile under cyclic axial loads

Many piled foundations have been destroyed under significant cyclic loads in earthquakes. Centrifuge modelling of a single pile subjected to cyclic loads has been conducted to investigate the influence of cyclic loads on the axial performance of the single pile. Different pile installation procedures were applied to compare the axial behaviour of different piles under cyclic loads. Pile head permanent settlements accumulated due to cyclic axial loads, and these increased with the increasing load amplitude. Also the pile head axial secant stiffness decreased with the increasing number of axial load cycles, and with increasing amplitude. Furthermore, the axial pile performance is influenced significantly by different installation methods. © 2010 ASCE.

Reproductive biology, artificial propagation and larval rearing of two freshwater eels, Monopterus cuchia and Mastacembelus armatus

Studies on reproductive biology and artificial propagation including larval rearing of freshwater mud eel, Monopterus cuchia and spiny eel, Mastacembelus armatus were attempted. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of mud eel ranged from 0.41 (August) to 5.52 (June) in males and 0.53 (August) to 7.61 (June) in females. In both cases the GSI showed a peak in June. Fecundity ranged from 228 (TL - 396 mm; W - 78g) to 5510 (TL - 865 mm; W - 630 g). In case of spiny eel, the GSI varied from 0.65 (August) to 8.30 (July) in males and 0.70 (August) to 10.46 (July) in females. GSI showed single peak in July. Fecundity ranged from 570 (TL - 240 mm; W - 30 g) to 10870 (TL - 601; W - 350g). Histology of the testes and ovaries of the eels were carried out to investigate the gonadal development stages during the reproductive months (August to November 2003). In case of male M. cuchia, the secondary primordial germ cells, primary spermatogonium, some spermatogonia A and clone of spermatogonium B in testis were observed in September. In October-males different sized lobules having spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids were observed. In the ovary of M. cuchia, polygonal shaped oocytes were seen during September. The oogonia were reduced with dense and irregular shaped during October. Numerous pycnotic cells were visible during November. In male M. armatus numerous broken lobule walls were found in testes during September. In October, abundant primary germ cells, pycnotic nests of degenerating cells, spermatogonia and spermatids were observed. In females, ovaries had distinct yolk vesicles stage and yolk granules stages in August. In September, the follicular cells of the oogonia were ruptured, shrunk forming irregular shaped in October. Oogonia were also shrunk with thin, irregular shaped structure but broken parts of the ruptured follicular cells were scattered in case of M. armatus. Experimental attempts on artificial propagation indicated that both freshwater eels were difficult to breed using inducing agents like pituitary glands (PG) of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 mg per kg of body weight. Same doses were used for both sexes with equal sex-ratio. In both cases, brood fish died at higher doses of injection given at 100 and 150 mg PG/kg bodyweight. However, M. cuchia breed naturally in cisterns when provided with water hyacinths and tunnel in muddy bottom. M. cuchia fed with chopped cooked fish attained a mean weight of 18.75 ± 2.3 g and cent percent survival. While in case of M. armatus best growth by weight (12.0 ± 2.48 g) and cent percent survival were achieved using chopped raw fish. Car tyre was observed as best shelter for attaining the mean weight gain 22.53 ± 2.24 g and cent percent survival of M. cuchia. While PVC pipe was found to be the best shelter for M. armatus, where it attained the mean weight of 12.73 ± 1.88 g and cent percent survival.

Effects of Pallas' viper (Agkistrodon halys pallas) venom on blood coagulation and characterization of a prothrombin activator

The action of Pallas' viper (Agkistrodon halys pallas) venom on blood coagulation was examined in vitro and a strong anticoagulant effect was observed. This action was abolished after treatment with a specific inhibitor of phospholipase A(2) activity (p-bromophenacyl bromide), revealing a procoagulant action in low concentrations of treated venom (around 1 mu g/ml). The effect of the venom an haemostasis was further characterized by measuring its ability to activate purified blood coagulation factors. It is concluded that A. halys pallas venom contains prothrombin activation activity. A prothrombin activator (aharin) was purified from the venom by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono-Q column. It consisted of a single polypeptide chain, with a mol. wt of 63,000. Purified aharin possessed no amidolytic activity on chromogenic substrates. It did not act on other blood coagulation factors, such as factor X and plasminogen, nor did it cleave or clot purified fibrinogen. The prothrombin activation activity of aharin was readily inhibited by ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (a metal chelator), but specific serine protease inhibitors such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride had no effect on it. These observations suggest that, like those prothrombin activators from Echis carinatus and Bothrops atrox venoms, the prothrombin activator from A. halys pallas venom is a metalloproteinase. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.