993 resultados para 124-775A


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This publication of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS Series is the product of a special symposium on “Emerging Technologies for Reef Fisheries Research and Management” held during the 56th annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute meeting in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, November 2003. The purpose of this collection is to highlight the diversity of questions and issues in reef fisheries management that are benefiting from applications of technology. Topics cover a wide variety of questions and issues from the study of individual behavior, distribution and abundance of groups and populations, and associations between habitats and fish and shellfish species.(PDF files contains 124 pages.)

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Adiabatic shear localization is a mode of failure that occurs in dynamic loading. It is characterized by thermal softening occurring over a very narrow region of a material and is usually a precursor to ductile fracture and catastrophic failure. This reference source is the first detailed study of the mechanics and modes of adiabatic shear localization in solids, and provides a systematic description of a number of aspects of adiabatic shear banding. The inclusion of the appendices which provide a quick reference section and a comprehensive collection of thermomechanical data allows rapid access and understanding of the subject and its phenomena. The concepts and techniques described in this work can usefully be applied to solve a multitude of problems encountered by those investigating fracture and damage in materials, impact dynamics, metal working and other areas. This reference book has come about in response to the pressing demand of mechanical and metallurgical engineers for a high quality summary of the knowledge gained over the last twenty years. While fulfilling this requirement, the book is also of great interest to academics and researchers into materials performance.

Table of Contents

1Introduction1
1.1What is an Adiabatic Shear Band?1
1.2The Importance of Adiabatic Shear Bands6
1.3Where Adiabatic Shear Bands Occur10
1.4Historical Aspects of Shear Bands11
1.5Adiabatic Shear Bands and Fracture Maps14
1.6Scope of the Book20
2Characteristic Aspects of Adiabatic Shear Bands24
2.1General Features24
2.2Deformed Bands27
2.3Transformed Bands28
2.4Variables Relevant to Adiabatic Shear Banding35
2.5Adiabatic Shear Bands in Non-Metals44
3Fracture and Damage Related to Adiabatic Shear Bands54
3.1Adiabatic Shear Band Induced Fracture54
3.2Microscopic Damage in Adiabatic Shear Bands57
3.3Metallurgical Implications69
3.4Effects of Stress State73
4Testing Methods76
4.1General Requirements and Remarks76
4.2Dynamic Torsion Tests80
4.3Dynamic Compression Tests91
4.4Contained Cylinder Tests95
4.5Transient Measurements98
5Constitutive Equations104
5.1Effect of Strain Rate on Stress-Strain Behaviour104
5.2Strain-Rate History Effects110
5.3Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain Behaviour114
5.4Constitutive Equations for Non-Metals124
6Occurrence of Adiabatic Shear Bands125
6.1Empirical Criteria125
6.2One-Dimensional Equations and Linear Instability Analysis134
6.3Localization Analysis140
6.4Experimental Verification146
7Formation and Evolution of Shear Bands155
7.1Post-Instability Phenomena156
7.2Scaling and Approximations162
7.3Wave Trapping and Viscous Dissipation167
7.4The Intermediate Stage and the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands171
7.5Late Stage Behaviour and Post-Mortem Morphology179
7.6Adiabatic Shear Bands in Multi-Dimensional Stress States187
8Numerical Studies of Adiabatic Shear Bands194
8.1Objects, Problems and Techniques Involved in Numerical Simulations194
8.2One-Dimensional Simulation of Adiabatic Shear Banding199
8.3Simulation with Adaptive Finite Element Methods213
8.4Adiabatic Shear Bands in the Plane Strain Stress State218
9Selected Topics in Impact Dynamics229
9.1Planar Impact230
9.2Fragmentation237
9.3Penetration244
9.4Erosion255
9.5Ignition of Explosives261
9.6Explosive Welding268
10Selected Topics in Metalworking273
10.1Classification of Processes273
10.2Upsetting276
10.3Metalcutting286
10.4Blanking293
 Appendices297
AQuick Reference298
BSpecific Heat and Thermal Conductivity301
CThermal Softening and Related Temperature Dependence312
DMaterials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands335
ESpecification of Selected Materials Showing Adiabatic Shear Bands341
FConversion Factors357
 References358
 Author Index369
 Subject Index375

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A guerra com a Espanha foi objeto de relações e notícias, que são as primeiras manifestações do jornalismo em língua portuguesa. Curiosamente, só são encontradas em português as que relatam vitórias portuguesas. Inversamente, as vitórias espanholas são encontradas apenas em castelhano.

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This study owes its inception to the wisdom and experience of the staff of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center who, after several decades of surveys in the New York Bight, recognized a unique opportunity to capitalize on the decision to stop ocean dumping of sewage sludge and designed an innovative field study to evaluate effects on living marine resources and their habitats. For decades ocean dumping was viewed as a cheap and effective means for disposal of wastes generated by urbanized coastal areas. Even after the 12-mile site was closed, sewage sludge continued to be dumped at Deepwater Dumpsite 106. The 6-mile site off the NewJersey coast is still used as a dumpsite for dredged material from New York Harbor areas. Discussions continue on the propriety of using the deep ocean spaces for disposal of a variety of material including low level radioactive wastes. Consequently, managers are still faced with critical decisions in this area. It is to be hoped that the results from the 12-mile study will provide the necessary information on which these managers can evaluate future risks associated with ocean waste disposal. (PDF file contains 270 pages.)

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The geographic and depth frequency distribution of 124 common demersal fish species in the northeastern Pacific were plotted from data on me at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The data included catch records of fishes and invertebrates from 24,881 samples taken from the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Bering Sea, Aleutian Basin, Aleutian Archipelago, and the Gulf of Alaska, and from southeastern Alaska south to southern California. Samples were collected by a number of agencies and institutions over a 30-year period (1953-83), but were primarily from NWAFC demersal trawls. The distributions of all species with 100 or more occurrences in the data set were plotted by computer. Distributions plotted from these data were then compared with geographic and depth-range limits given in the literature. These data provide new range extensions (geographic, depth, or both) for 114 species. Questionable extensions are noted, the depth ranges determined for 95% of occurrences, and depths of most frequent occurrence are recorded. Ranges of the species were classified zoogeographically, according to life zone, and with regard to the depth zone of greatest occurrence. Because most species examined have broad geographic ranges, they do not provide the best information for testing the validity of proposed zoogeographic province boundaries. Because of the location of greatest sampling effort and methods used in sampling, most fIShes examined were eastern boreal Pacific, sublittoral-bathyal (outer shelf) species. (PDF file contains 158 pages.)

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Heavy salted and brightly red coloured slices and cuttings of saithe and Alaska pollock (in German called: Lachsersatz) have a long tradition on the German market and a high consumer acceptability. The food colours E 110 and E 124 are used to produce the typical red colour of these products. An allowable limit of 500 mg/kg has been set for the sum of both colours but data on the actual concentrations are missing. In this study the results of colour measurements of various market samples are presented. Furthermore a study was undertaken to determine possiblechanges in colour concentrations during storage of typical products thereof in an house hold refrigerator.

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Analisa aspectos e circunstâncias que circundam a dinâmica do comportamento parlamentar no âmbito de processos decisórios envolvendo matérias que extinguem privilégios e prerrogativas dos mandatos parlamentares

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《高等断裂力学》系统论述断裂力学的基本概念、理论基础、力学原理、分析方法以及断裂力学的实验测定和工程应用。深入阐明了断裂力学各个重要发展阶段的新颖学术思想和原创性工作,同时融会贯通地介绍了国内学者在作者熟悉的若干领域内的创造性贡献。  《高等断裂力学》共14章。第1章介绍断裂力学的历史背景和发展脉络;第2~5章介绍线弹性断裂力学;第6~8章论述弹塑性断裂力学;第9及第10章分别介绍疲劳裂纹扩展和界面裂纹;第11~14章阐述裂纹体弹性动力学和裂纹动态扩展。  《高等断裂力学》适合从事断裂力学研究和应用的科技工作者及工程师使用和参考,也可供力学专业的高年级本科生和研究生阅读参考.

目录

丛书序
序言
第1章 引论
1.1 历史背景
1.2 工程意义
1.3 脆性破坏特征
1.4 断裂力学起源与发展
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第2章 线弹性断裂力学
2.1 裂纹尖端弹性应力场
2.2 应力强度因子理论
2.3 裂纹扩展能量原理
2.4 裂纹尖端塑性区
2.5 厚度对KC的影响
2.6 裂纹扩展阻力曲线
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第3章 应力强度因子分析方法
3.1 Williams级数展开与边界配置法
3.2 复变函数方法
3.3 权函数法
3.4 积分变换法
3.5 奇异积分方程
3.6 有限单元法
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第4章 平面应变断裂韧性
4.1 标准试样
4.2 试样取向与制备
4.3 测试仪器和有效性分析
4.4 KR曲线测试
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第5章 复合型裂纹的脆断理论
5.1 复合型裂纹变形特征
5.2 应力参数准则
5.3 分支裂纹应力强度因子
5.4 能量释放率准则
5.5 复合型裂纹脆断试验
5.6 理论与实验比较
5.7 塑性变形对金属材料复合型裂纹脆性断裂的影响
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第6章 弹塑性断裂力学
6.1 J积分原理
6.2 HRR奇性场
6.3 J积分准则
6.4 J控制扩展
6.5 断裂韧性JIC测试
6.6 Dugdale模型
6.7 带状颈缩区模型
6.8 裂纹张开位移准则
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第7章 裂纹顶端弹塑性高阶场
7.1 高阶场基本方程
7.2 一阶场和二阶场
7.3 高阶场前5项完整结果
7.4 J-Q双参数方法
7.5 J-k断裂准则
7.6 平面应力裂端弹塑性场
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第8章 理想弹塑性介质扩展裂纹尖端场
8.1 v=0.5时的裂尖渐近场
8.2 v<0.5时的裂尖场
8.3 理想弹塑性介质Ⅲ型扩展裂纹
8.4 扩展裂纹与J积分
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第9章 疲劳裂纹扩展
9.1 等幅载荷下裂纹扩展
9.2 影响疲劳裂纹扩展的因素
9.3 裂纹闭合效应
94疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值确定
95等幅载荷下疲劳裂纹寿命预测
96变幅载荷下疲劳寿命预测
97缺口根部的疲劳裂纹
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第10章 界面裂纹
101弹性界面力学
102界面裂纹弹性断裂力学
10.3 典型的界面断裂问题
10.4 界面断裂试验
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第11章 弹性动力学基本概念及方法
11.1 动态惯性效应
11.2 线弹性动力学基本方程
11.3 复变解析函数
11.4 Laplace变换
11.5 Wiener-Hopf分解
11.6 动态断裂的能量概念
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第12章 静止裂纹的弹性动力学基本解
121突加反平面剪切载荷
12.2 突加裂纹面正压力
12.3 突加平面内剪切应力情况
124有限长裂纹面突加载荷情况
12.5 动态载荷裂纹的起始扩展
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第13章 均匀材料中动态扩展裂纹
13.1 动态裂纹定常扩展
13,2裂纹面上集中剪切力
133黏结区模型
13.4 Broberg问题
13.5 对称扩展剪切裂纹
136时间无关载荷作用下裂纹扩展
13.7 时间相关载荷作用下裂纹扩展
13.8 II型超剪切波扩展裂纹
13.9 裂纹尖端超弹性区对I、II型裂纹速度的影响
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第14章 双材料界面动态裂纹扩展
14.1 准静态动态裂纹扩展
14.2 双材料界面裂纹含接触区跨音速扩展
14.3 界面裂纹的超音速扩展
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索引