兰州重离子治癌研究装置的准直测量技术；Survey and alignment for the heavy ion therapy facility at IMP

介绍了中国科学院近代物理研究所重离子治癌装置的安装定位测量技术和方法。利用激光跟踪仪通过控制网的建立,和多重坐标系的转换,使最后的磁铁安装径向相对误差不超过±(0.05-0.1)mm,真空管道的横向及竖向精度也达到了±(0.1-0.2)mm。

Drift distance survey in direct plasma injection scheme for high current beam production

In a laser ion source, plasma drift distance is one of the most important design parameters. Ion current density and beam pulse width are defined by plasma drift distance between a laser target and beam extraction position. In direct plasma injection scheme, which uses a laser ion source and a radio frequency quadrupole linac, we can apply relatively higher electric field at beam extraction due to the unique shape of a positively biased electrode. However, when we aim at very high current acceleration such as several tens of milliamperes, we observed mismatched beam extraction conditions. We tested three different ion current at ion extraction region by changing plasma drift distance to study better extraction condition. In this experiment, C6+ beam was accelerated. We confirmed that matching condition can be improved by controlling plasma drift distance.

Analytical intercomparison results from the 1990 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission open-ocean baseline survey for trace metals: Atlantic Ocean

“Dissolved” (< 0.4 μm filtered) and “total dissolvable” (unfiltered) trace element samples were collected using “clean” sampling techniques from four vertical profiles in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on the first IOC Trace Metals Baseline expedition. The analytical results obtained by 9 participating laboratories for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Se on samples from station 4 in the northeast Atlantic have been evaluated with respect to accuracy and precision (intercomparability). The data variability among the reporting laboratories was expressed as 2 × SD for a given element and depth, and was comparable to the 95% confidence interval reported for the NASS seawater reference standards (representing analytical variability only). The discrepancies between reporting laboratories appear to be due to inaccuracies in standardization (analytical calibration), blank correction, and/or extraction efficiency corrections.Several of the sampling bottles used at this station were not adequately pre-cleaned (anomalous Pb results). The sample filtration process did not appear to have been a source of contamination for either dissolved or particulate trace elements. The trace metal profiles agree in general with previously reported profiles from the Atlantic Ocean. We conclude that the sampling and analytical methods we have employed for this effort, while still in need of improvement, are sufficient for obtaining accurate concentration data on most trace metals in the major water masses of the oceans, and to enable some evaluation of the biogeochemical cycling of the metals.

Microspheres and microcapsules, a survey of manufacturing techniques: Part III: Solvent evaporation

A methodological survey of microsphere formation and microencapsulation techniques based on solvent extraction/evaporation techniques is presented. Thus, basic features of solvent extraction and solvent evaporation processes, including droplet formation, droplet/particle stabilization, and solvent removal, are outlined. Preparation of a wide range of microspherical and microcapsular products based on biodegradable polyesters, polysaccharides, and nonbiodegradable polymers are discussed. Dependence of microcapsule characteristics on manufacturing parameters, as well as performance evaluation of microspherical and microcapsular products, are also briefly covered.

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合研究对于探索有效的植被恢复方法具有重要意义。通过野外调查和室内试验研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系。结果表明,地上植被的物种数(54种)多于土壤种子库中的物种数(28种),菊科、禾本科和豆科都是它们物种组成的主要植物;土壤种子库和地上植被的丰富度指数、多样性指数、生态优势度与退耕年限的相关性未达到显著水平,只有均匀度指数和退耕年限呈显著正相关关系;土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性比较小,相似性系数(CC)变化范围为0.143~0.414,平均为0.261。黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库的物种数、丰富度指数和多样性指数均小于地上植被,这从一定程度上说明了该研究区土壤种子库在植被恢复中的潜力还比较小,植被恢复还需要适度的人为干预与调控。

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同恢复方式下植物群落的土壤水分和养分特征

现存不同植物群落的土壤水分和养分特征对有效干预和调控植被恢复有着非常重要的参考价值。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的吴旗,对不同恢复方式(封禁下的自然恢复、无管理下的自然恢复、人工造林、人工种草)下的植被样方进行调查与采样,采用典范变量分析,研究了不同植物群落的土壤水分和养分变化特征。结果表明,封禁自然恢复植物群落的土壤水分、有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和速效钾含量相对较高;近20年龄及以上的人工林地群落与人工草地群落下的土壤水分和速效磷含量很低;无管理下的自然恢复植物群落、4年龄的沙棘林地群落和农田的土壤水分含量和速效磷含量较高,而土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和速效钾含量较低。这些植被群落下的土壤水分含量变化在凋萎湿度和50%田间持水量之间,均处于严重亏缺状态,土壤养分也处于较低的水平。相比之下,人工植被消耗大量的深层土壤水分,特别是20年龄以上的人工林地及人工草地,其200~500cm土层的土壤含水量几乎接近凋萎湿度。综合分析表明,封禁自然恢复是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复的有效措施。

Relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater at Chongling catchment with the typical vegetation cover in the Taihang mountainous region, China

Vegetation cover plays an important role in the process of evaporation and infiltration. To explore the relationships between precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang mountainous region, China, precipitation, soil water and water table were observed from 2004 to 2006, and precipitation, soil water and groundwater were sampled in 2004 and 2005 for oxygen-18 and deuterium analysis at Chongling catchment. The soil water was sampled at three sites covered by grass (Carex humilis and Carex lanceolata), acacia and arborvitae respectively. Precipitation is mainly concentrated in rainy seasons and has no significant spatial variance in study area. The stable isotopic compositions are enriched in precipitation and soil water due to the evaporation. The analysis of soil water potential and isotopic profiles shows that evaporation of soil water under arborvitae cover is weaker than under grass and acacia, while soil water evaporation under grass and acacia showed no significant difference. Both delta O-18 profiles and soil water potential dynamics reveal that the soil under acacia allows the most rapid infiltration rate, which may be related to preferential flow. In the process of infiltration after a rainstorm, antecedent water still takes up over 30% of water in the topsoil. The soil water between depths of 0-115 cm under grass has a residence time of about 20 days in the rainy season. Groundwater recharge from precipitation mainly occurs in the rainy season, especially when rainstorms or successive heavy rain events happen.