Onze femmes inuit à Montréal : comprendre leur expérience d'itinérance et de sortie de rue

La présente étude a pour objectif de comprendre l’expérience d’itinérance des femmes inuit du Nunavik installées à Montréal dans les trois phases de leurs trajectoires, soit le prédéplacement, le déplacement et le postdéplacement. Le cadre d’analyse privilégié est celui de l’approche intersectionnelle, car il invite à reconnaître la pluralité des composantes identitaires qui s’entrecroisent de façon unique dans l’expérience personnelle et collective, et amènent les femmes à cumuler les sources de vulnérabilité. Cette approche privilégie l’étude du point de vue des femmes marginalisées en leur laissant la parole, ce qui a été fait grâce à la méthode des récits de vie. L’échantillon a été construit sur la base de deux groupes afin d’explorer l’expérience d’itinérance incluant la sortie : cinq participantes étaient itinérantes et six autres se disaient sorties de la rue au moment des entretiens. Cette recherche a été développée en collaboration avec une interprète culturelle et linguistique. Les données proviennent d’observations, d’une informatrice-clé et de vingt-et-une entrevues. Dix des onze participantes ont été rencontrées à deux reprises. Après une première entrevue non directive, le récit de vie de chacune a fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique et a été recomposé sous forme de trajectoire résumée graphiquement. La seconde entrevue démarrait par la présentation de cette trajectoire résumée pour inviter les femmes à participer à une validation des données en plus d’enrichir leur récit. Les résultats confirment certains résultats d’études tout en apportant des éléments nouveaux. Par exemple, le handicap, conjugué au genre, expose particulièrement les femmes inuit à la violence communautaire et interpersonnelle au Nunavik. Les commérages, perçus comme abusifs et oppressants par les femmes, font partie d’une intense violence communautaire au Nord et motivent le déplacement de celles-ci vers Montréal. Avec la récente sédentarisation, la vie en grande proximité exacerbe l’importance des commérages. Quant à la sortie de rue, elle est particulière aux femmes inuit : le copain détient un pouvoir d’inflexion de leurs trajectoires d’itinérance. Les femmes conçoivent le copain comme une clé culturelle leur donnant accès au système de logement puisqu’il connaît les rouages culturels et structurels de la vie à Montréal.

How Principals Exercise Transformative Leadership in Urban Schools in Disadvantaged Areas in Montréal, Canada

This study aims at understanding how elementary school principals in disadvantaged areas implement transformative leadership for social justice. Our previous studies showed that social justice is rarely present in principals’ discourse. Using a transformative leadership framework, we analysed data from the observation of these school principals. Data failed to show evidence of transformative behaviour on the part of principals. Because of some concerns and questions that arose from these findings, we found and interviewed three outstanding elementary school principals who are implementing transformative leadership in their schools. In contrast with our previous data, our present data shows that these principals have a rich view of social justice, that they see instances of inequities in their schools, that they identify situations in which they can implement transformative leadership, and that they report intervening to fight inequities. We also discuss the implications of these results in the follow-up of our research programme.

Étude descriptive des perceptions de soutien, d’habilitation et de reconnaissance favorisant la mobilisation organisationnelle au Ministère de l’éducation nationale et de l’alphabétisation du Burkina Faso

Cette thèse de doctorat se situe dans le contexte des préoccupations des autorités nationales et des organisations internationales relatives à l’efficacité des organisations publiques dans les pays en développement, dans le cadre des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) et du programme Éducation pour tous (ÉPT). L’argument du manque de ressources est de plus en plus remis en cause par le constat que certaines organisations disposant de ressources moindres que d’autres de même nature, obtiennent de meilleurs résultats (Barney, 1991; Durand, 1996; Isckia, 2008). Autrement dit, la quantité de ressources n’explique pas tout; il faut considérer d’autres éléments, dont la mobilisation organisationnelle, c’est-à-dire le mouvement obtenu d’une masse critique d’employés qui adoptent des actions positives dans le sens de l’atteinte des objectifs de leur organisation. Cette mobilisation suppose un climat positif auquel contribue la présence de certains états psychologiques ressentis par les employés, notamment les perceptions de soutien et de reconnaissance de la part de l’organisation de même qu’un sentiment d’habilitation psychologique (Tremblay et Simard, 2005). Ces perceptions et ce sentiment constituent les points focaux de la recherche que nous avons menée au sein du Ministère de l’éducation nationale et de l’alphabétisation (MÉNA) du Burkina Faso. L’objectif principal de notre recherche est de décrire ces trois états psychologiques. Le soutien organisationnel perçu (SOP), l’habilitation psychologique (HP) et la reconnaissance perçue ont été explorés à partir des travaux de Eisenberger et al. (1986), de Spreitzer (1995) et de Brun et Dugas (2005) respectivement. Nous avons délibérément choisi la perspective des employés plutôt que celle des pratiques de gestion observées ou déclarées de leurs supérieurs et avons entrepris de connaître leurs perceptions. Ces dernières méritent que l’on s’en préoccupe car aucune politique, mesure ou pratique visant à instaurer un climat organisationnel mobilisant ne peut être efficace si elle n’est pas perçue comme telle par les employés. Utilisant une méthodologie mixte, nous avons recueilli auprès de cadres et de directions d’école, des données sur les trois états psychologiques retenus, à l’aide d’un questionnaire comportant 37 énoncés (65 répondants); d’entrevues individuelles visant à enrichir, compléter, expliciter ou illustrer les informations obtenues par le questionnaire (18 participants); et de deux groupes de discussion autour des résultats de l’analyse préliminaire des réponses au questionnaire (7 participants). Au total, les données ont été recueillies auprès de 73 personnes, certaines d’entre elles ayant à la fois répondu au questionnaire et participé à une entrevue individuelle. Les données ont été traitées par état psychologique à l’aide des logiciels SPSS Statistics 20 (pour les questionnaires) et QDA Miner 4.0.11 (pour les entretiens individuels). Pour chaque énoncé, chaque variable créée et chacune des caractéristiques (fonction, genre et milieu de travail), nous avons d’abord obtenu des mesures de tendances centrales; nous avons poursuivi en ajoutant un second niveau de traitement en combinant les caractéristiques, par exemple : la fonction (cadre ou direction d’école) et le genre (femme ou homme). Nous avons ensuite procédé au codage des verbatims des entretiens en vue d’en extraire des éléments qui corroborent, précisent ou nuancent les résultats de l’analyse des données obtenues par le questionnaire pour chaque état psychologique. L’exploitation des données d’entretiens visait également à identifier des éléments portant sur le thème de la mobilisation au MÉNA. Les résultats des analyses des données issues des questionnaires indiquent globalement que le soutien organisationnel est perçu de façon négative au sein du MÉNA, seule la valorisation du travail réalisé recueillant un sentiment un peu moins négatif. Les répondants se perçoivent habilités psychologiquement; des quatre composantes de l’habilitation psychologique, c’est l’autonomie qui recueille la perception la plus négative. En ce qui concerne la reconnaissance, on observe une perception positive des éléments reliés à la communication et négative lorsqu’il s’agit de l’appréciation du système d’attribution des récompenses. En complément à ces résultats obtenus de l’analyse des données issues du questionnaire, les entretiens ont permis de mettre en lumière le fait que des pratiques efficaces de gestion (par exemple la rapidité des réponses aux demandes, l’application des normes de ponctualité et d’assiduité, la réception régulière du salaire) sont considérées comme des marques de soutien organisationnel. Ces entretiens ont également permis de découvrir un fort potentiel d’implication personnelle et professionnelle des participants rencontrés qui affichaient une disposition favorable à l’augmentation de leur contribution tout en souhaitant une plus grande reconnaissance de leur potentiel. La prise en compte de la fonction, du genre et du milieu de travail a permis de raffiner les analyses. À titre d’exemple: le soutien organisationnel est perçu plus positivement en milieu urbain qu’en milieu rural; les cadres perçoivent positivement la valorisation que le ministère accorde à leur contribution; alors que les directrices d’école ont une appréciation négative de cette valorisation. Le sentiment de compétence est éprouvé de façon plus positive chez les cadres alors que le sentiment d’autonomie est plus positif chez les directions d’école. En milieu urbain, la transmission de l’information, les rencontres avec les supérieurs et les témoignages d’appréciation sont plus présents qu’en milieu rural. Dans cette recherche, qui s’est déroulée dans un contexte subsaharien, nous avons affiché un parti pris pour une approche universaliste plutôt que culturaliste. Tout en reconnaissant que les traditions et la culture font partie de l’environnement organisationnel, nous pensons qu’elles ne sont pas les principaux facteurs explicatifs des comportements des employés dans une organisation. Les propos tenus par certains des participants que nous avons rencontrés renforcent notre conviction que les pratiques de gestion généralement perçues positivement par les employés le sont également dans ce contexte.

Diversification In Employment Structure And Status Of Rural Women Workers In Ernakulam District

The basic objective of the present study has been to observe the process and pattern of employment diversification among the rural women workers in Ernakulam district. The evidences are that the women workers in the rural areas of the state are being increasingly diversified into the tertiary sector. The clear cut evidence for the fact that in Kerala non-agricultural employment of rural women is increasing with more and more of them getting diversified into the tertiary sector. The women get more self esteem and recognition in terms of the work being done by them. In the urban areas of the state as a poverty eradicating measure the Kerala government has already introduced a new scheme under the banner of Kudumbasree. Another fact noticed in the study that the sectoral shift of women workers has posed a grave problem to the agricultural sector. The reluctance of workers to do manual jobs on land and the prevalence of high wages among the agricultural labours has left many a cultivable area fallow or has induced farmers to shift to less labour –intensive crops. The situation is expected to worsen in future as even the high wages fail to attract the young generation to this sector. To conclude the study has fulfilled all its objectives, viz; highlighting the rural employment structure in Kerala, examining the process, pattern, determinants and consequences of diversification among rural women workers in the sample villages. Being the first of its kind at the micro level in the state it contributes to the available literature in the area enriching the database that is crucially lacking for devising projects at the village and block-level. There exists ample scope for future research of similar nature in an urban background where the secondary data-sources are hinding towards a reversal of trends from non-agriculture to agriculture.

Design of Cyclophanes: Synthesis and Study of Photophysical and Biomolecular Recognition Properties

Development of organic molecules that exhibit selective interactions with different biomolecules has immense significance in biochemical and medicinal applications. In this context, our main objective has been to design a few novel functionaIized molecules that can selectively bind and recognize nucleotides and DNA in the aqueous medium through non-covalent interactions. Our strategy was to design novel cycIophane receptor systems based on the anthracene chromophore linked through different bridging moieties and spacer groups. It was proposed that such systems would have a rigid structure with well defined cavity, wherein the aromatic chromophore can undergo pi-stacking interactions with the guest molecules. The viologen and imidazolium moieties have been chosen as bridging units, since such groups, can in principle, could enhance the solubility of these derivatives in the aqueous medium as well as stabilize the inclusion complexes through electrostatic interactions.We synthesized a series of water soluble novel functionalized cyclophanes and have investigated their interactions with nucleotides, DNA and oligonucIeotides through photophysical. chiroptical, electrochemical and NMR techniques. Results indicate that these systems have favorable photophysical properties and exhibit selective interactions with ATP, GTP and DNA involving electrostatic. hydrophobic and pi-stacking interactions inside the cavity and hence can have potential use as probes in biology.

Customer perceptions of Banking Products and Services in Kerala with reference to Specific Customer Segments in the Urban Area

As of 1999. the state of Kerala has 3210 offices of scheduled commercial banks (SCBS). In all, there are 48 commercial banks operating in Kerala, which includes PSBs, OPBs, NPBS. FBs, and Gramin Banks. The urban areas give a complete picture of the competition in the present day banking scenario with the presence of all bank groups. Semi-urban areas of Kerala have 2196 and urban areas have 593 as on March 1995.“ The study focuses on the selected segments ofthe urban customers in Kerala which is capable of giving the finer aspects of variation in customer behaviour in the purchase of banking products and services. Considering the exhaustive nature of such an exercise, all the districts in the state have not been brought under the purview of the study. Instead. three districts with largest volume of business in terms of deposits, advances, and number of offices have been short listed as representative regions for a focused study. The study focuses on the retail customer segment and their perceptions on the various products or services offered to them. Non Resident Indians (NRIs), and Traders and Small—ScaIe Industries segments have also been included in the study with a view to obtain a comparative picture with respect to perception on customer satisfaction and service quality dimensions and bank choice behaviour. The research is hence confined to customer behaviour and the implications for possible strategies for segmentation within the retail segment customers

“Urban Water Supply Management: A Study Of Centralised And Community Based Systems In Calicut City

Studies in urban water supply system are few in the state of Kerala. It is a little researched area. In the case of water pricing a number of studies are available. In Kerala state, exception to Jacob John’s study on “Economics of Public Water Supply System”, which is a case study of Trivandrum Water Supply System in 1997, no exhaustive research work has so far come out in this field. loreover no indepth research study has come up, so far, relating to household ater demand analysis and the distribution system of urban piped water supply. he proposed study is first of its kind, which focuses on the distributional and Iailability problems of piped water supply in an urban centre in Kerala state. Hence there is a felt need for enquiring into the sufficiency of )table water supplied to people in urban areas and the efficiency maintained in roviding the scarce resource and preventing its misuse by the consumers. It is in llS backdrop that this study was undertaken and its empirical part was conducted |Calicut city in the state of Kerala. Study is confined to the water supply system ithe city of Calicut

Design Of Metal Architectures: Synthesis And Study Of Their Photophysical And Biomolecular Recognition Properties

Design and study of molecular receptors capable of mimicking natural processes has found applications in basic research as well as in the development of potentially useful technologies. Of the various receptors reported, the cyclophanes are known to encapsulate guest molecules in their cavity utilizing various non–covalent interactions resulting in significant changes in their optical properties. This unique property of the cyclophanes has been widely exploited for the development of selective and sensitive probes for a variety of guest molecules including complex biomolecules. Further, the incorporation of metal centres into these systems added new possibilities for designing receptors such as the metallocyclophanes and transition metal complexes, which can target a large variety of Lewis basic functional groups that act as selective synthetic receptors. The ligands that form complexes with the metal ions, and are capable of further binding to Lewis-basic substrates through open coordination sites present in various biomolecules are particularly important as biomolecular receptors. In this context, we synthesized a few anthracene and acridine based metal complexes and novel metallocyclophanes and have investigated their photophysical and biomolecular recognition properties.

Effectiveness Of Feature Detection Operators On The Performance Of Iris Biometric Recognition System

Iris Recognition is a highly efficient biometric identification system with great possibilities for future in the security systems area.Its robustness and unobtrusiveness, as opposed tomost of the currently deployed systems, make it a good candidate to replace most of thesecurity systems around. By making use of the distinctiveness of iris patterns, iris recognition systems obtain a unique mapping for each person. Identification of this person is possible by applying appropriate matching algorithm.In this paper, Daugman’s Rubber Sheet model is employed for irisnormalization and unwrapping, descriptive statistical analysis of different feature detection operators is performed, features extracted is encoded using Haar wavelets and for classification hammingdistance as a matching algorithm is used. The system was tested on the UBIRIS database. The edge detection algorithm, Canny, is found to be the best one to extract most of the iris texture. The success rate of feature detection using canny is 81%, False Accept Rate is 9% and False Reject Rate is 10%.

COMBINED FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES AND NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION

Speech processing and consequent recognition are important areas of Digital Signal Processing since speech allows people to communicate more natu-rally and efficiently. In this work, a speech recognition system is developed for re-cognizing digits in Malayalam. For recognizing speech, features are to be ex-tracted from speech and hence feature extraction method plays an important role in speech recognition. Here, front end processing for extracting the features is per-formed using two wavelet based methods namely Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD). Naive Bayes classifier is used for classification purpose. After classification using Naive Bayes classifier, DWT produced a recognition accuracy of 83.5% and WPD produced an accuracy of 80.7%. This paper is intended to devise a new feature extraction method which produces improvements in the recognition accuracy. So, a new method called Dis-crete Wavelet Packet Decomposition (DWPD) is introduced which utilizes the hy-brid features of both DWT and WPD. The performance of this new approach is evaluated and it produced an improved recognition accuracy of 86.2% along with Naive Bayes classifier.

IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATOR

Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques. Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved

PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT CLASSIFIERS IN SPEECH RECOGNITION

Speech is the most natural means of communication among human beings and speech processing and recognition are intensive areas of research for the last five decades. Since speech recognition is a pattern recognition problem, classification is an important part of any speech recognition system. In this work, a speech recognition system is developed for recognizing speaker independent spoken digits in Malayalam. Voice signals are sampled directly from the microphone. The proposed method is implemented for 1000 speakers uttering 10 digits each. Since the speech signals are affected by background noise, the signals are tuned by removing the noise from it using wavelet denoising method based on Soft Thresholding. Here, the features from the signals are extracted using Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) because they are well suitable for processing non-stationary signals like speech. This is due to their multi- resolutional, multi-scale analysis characteristics. Speech recognition is a multiclass classification problem. So, the feature vector set obtained are classified using three classifiers namely, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Naive Bayes classifiers which are capable of handling multiclasses. During classification stage, the input feature vector data is trained using information relating to known patterns and then they are tested using the test data set. The performances of all these classifiers are evaluated based on recognition accuracy. All the three methods produced good recognition accuracy. DWT and ANN produced a recognition accuracy of 89%, SVM and DWT combination produced an accuracy of 86.6% and Naive Bayes and DWT combination produced an accuracy of 83.5%. ANN is found to be better among the three methods.

k-NN based On-Line Handwritten Character recognition system

On-line handwriting recognition has been a frontier area of research for the last few decades under the purview of pattern recognition. Word processing turns to be a vexing experience even if it is with the assistance of an alphanumeric keyboard in Indian languages. A natural solution for this problem is offered through online character recognition. There is abundant literature on the handwriting recognition of western, Chinese and Japanese scripts, but there are very few related to the recognition of Indic script such as Malayalam. This paper presents an efficient Online Handwritten character Recognition System for Malayalam Characters (OHR-M) using K-NN algorithm. It would help in recognizing Malayalam text entered using pen-like devices. A novel feature extraction method, a combination of time domain features and dynamic representation of writing direction along with its curvature is used for recognizing Malayalam characters. This writer independent system gives an excellent accuracy of 98.125% with recognition time of 15-30 milliseconds

An Online Character Recognition System to Convert Grantha Script to Malayalam

This paper presents a novel approach to recognize Grantha, an ancient script in South India and converting it to Malayalam, a prevalent language in South India using online character recognition mechanism. The motivation behind this work owes its credit to (i) developing a mechanism to recognize Grantha script in this modern world and (ii) affirming the strong connection among Grantha and Malayalam. A framework for the recognition of Grantha script using online character recognition is designed and implemented. The features extracted from the Grantha script comprises mainly of time-domain features based on writing direction and curvature. The recognized characters are mapped to corresponding Malayalam characters. The framework was tested on a bed of medium length manuscripts containing 9-12 sample lines and printed pages of a book titled Soundarya Lahari writtenin Grantha by Sri Adi Shankara to recognize the words and sentences. The manuscript recognition rates with the system are for Grantha as 92.11%, Old Malayalam 90.82% and for new Malayalam script 89.56%. The recognition rates of pages of the printed book are for Grantha as 96.16%, Old Malayalam script 95.22% and new Malayalam script as 92.32% respectively. These results show the efficiency of the developed system