Ecossistema Engenheirado no tratamento descentralizado de águas residuárias de pequenos geradores: A Engenharia Ecológica na Ilha Grande, RJ.

Em várias regiões do mundo, assim como no Brasil, um alto percentual da população e até comunidades inteiras não têm acesso a um sistema de tratamento de esgoto centralizado, sendo comum o uso das fossas sépticas e/ou sumidouros e, em muitos casos, os esgotos são lançados in natura diretamente nos corpos hídricos. Com o objetivo de oferecer uma alternativa tecnológica de baixo custo de implantação e operação com vistas à minimização dos impactos ambientais e em atendimento a pequenas comunidades isoladas e de interesse social, o presente projeto desenvolveu com base em sistemas apresentados na literatura, um ecossistema engenheirado compacto para o tratamento de esgoto domiciliar de pequenos geradores. O sistema é composto por tratamento preliminar (caixa controladora de vazão e caixa de gordura), primário (fossa séptica), secundário (filtro aerado submerso e decantador secundário) e um conjunto de tanques vegetados por macrófitas aquáticas (Eichhornia crassipes, Schoenoplectus sp., Panicum cf. racemosum) intercalados por um tanque de algas para remoção da carga poluidora remanescente e nutrientes. O sistema foi instalado no CEADS/UERJ na Vila de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, litoral Sul do Rio de Janeiro, operado e monitorado desde Abril de 2009, sendo que o presente estudo referese aos primeiros 200 dias de monitoramento. A remoção da carga poluidora foi monitorada na vazão de 200 L/h, posteriormente corrigida para 52 L/h, almejando alcançar os padrões de lançamento da Resolução CONAMA 357 e a NBR 13969 da ABNT, para os parâmetros de OD, pH, Temperatura, Nitrato, N amoniacal, DBO5, DQO, SSD, Cloreto e, Óleos e Graxas e outros parâmetros não incluídos na Resolução (Cond. Elétrica, COT, Alcalinidade, Dureza, Nitrito, Fósforo total e demais Sólidos (ST, SST, SSV, SSF e SDT ). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o sistema foi mais eficiente quando operado na vazão de 52 L/h, quando apresentou as seguintes taxas de remoção: 96 % (Nitrito); 71 % (Nitrato); 47 % (N amoniacal); 96,7 % (DQO); 95,7 % (DBO5); 10 % (Fósforo total). O sistema apresentou uma evolução ao longo do tempo de operação e após a redução na vazão, garantiu o enquadramento de 12 dos 14 parâmetros analisados (exceto N amoniacal e Fósforo total), nos padrões de lançamento contemplados pela Legislação Federal, CONAMA 357 e Legislação Estadual do RJ, SP, MG e GO. Para aumento da eficiência de tratamento, recomenda-se redimensionamento do filtro aerado submerso-decantador e tanques vegetados, com base nas recomendações do PROSAB 2.

Neutralização compensatória de carbono: estudo de caso em uma indústria do setor metal-mecânico.

Estudos têm mostrado que a intensificação do efeito estufa nos últimos anos vem ocasionando um aumento do aquecimento global com reflexos no clima que, por conseguinte, podem comprometer a vida no planeta. Tal intensificação se dá em função do acréscimo na concentração dos gases de efeito estufa proveniente de atividades antrópicas. Esta pesquisa visa quantificar a contribuição das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, lançados por uma empresa do setor metal-mecânico, situada no município do Rio de Janeiro RJ, além de propor cenários nos quais tais emissões podem ser compensadas. A quantificação foi concretizada através da utilização de metodologia elaborada pelo IPCC. A proposta de compensação das emissões se deu através da substituição de combustíveis utilizados em veículos, implantação de produção de energia por sistema fotovoltaico, biodigestão de efluentes domésticos e reflorestamento. A justificativa da pesquisa baseia-se na contribuição para a mitigação da intensificação do efeito estufa, do aquecimento global e das mudanças climáticas, o que conseqüentemente pode colaborar para a conservação da vida na Terra. Do total de emissões lançadas na atmosfera pela empresa em estudo, no ano de 2008, foi obtido um valor de 422 toneladas de CO2 equivalente, sendo 177 toneladas pelo consumo de combustíveis dos meios de transporte, 87 toneladas pelos resíduos gerados, 2,2 toneladas pelos efluentes gerados, 8,81 toneladas por consumo de energia elétrica e 148 toneladas por processos industriais internos. No cenário onde se contempla as medidas mitigadoras, tais emissões são reduzidas a 349 toneladas de CO2 equivalente. Caso seja empregado o reflorestamento como única forma de neutralização total de emissões da empresa em estudo, faz-se necessária a recuperação vegetal de uma área com 1,33 hectares de extensão. Esta alternativa pode se mostrar vantajosa em curto prazo por não acarretar maiores modificações na rotina dos processos industriais. No entanto, caso a Metal Master opte apenas pelo reflorestamento e mantenha o padrão de emissões semelhante ao ano de 2008, ao longo dos anos, será necessária uma vasta extensão de território reflorestado em relação aos valores pré-estabelecidos. Este fato denota a importância de modificações no ambiente industrial, de modo a permitir a neutralização em longo prazo.

First Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1966

This is the first Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1965, to the end of March 1966. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Irt, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent, and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. It also looks at fish hatchery, fisheries protection and byelaws including licence numbers issued for the different districts. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality of the rivers and their tributaries from the same 5 areas mentioned above. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Second Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1967

This is the second Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1966, to the end of March 1967. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Derwent, Esk, Eden, Caldew, Petteril, Eamont, Gelt and Annas. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also included as well as fisheries protection and byelaws. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Third Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1968

This is the third Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1967, to the end of March 1968. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin, Marron, Eden, Caldew, and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Fourth Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1969

This is the fourth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1968, to the end of March 1969. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Marron, Ellen, Eden, Caldew, Esk, Annas, Irt and Glenderamackin. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Fifth Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1970

This is the fifth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1969, to the end of March 1970. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, wich includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Ellen, Mite, Bleng, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Bleng, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Sixth Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1971

This is the sixth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1970, to the end of March 1971. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden, Mite, Bleng, Annas and Irt. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irt, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Seventh Annual Report for year ended 31st March, 1972

This is the seventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1971, to the end of March 1972. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent and Eden. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Eighth Annual Report for year ended 31st March, 1973

This is the eighth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1972, to the end of March 1973. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, including periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Derwent, Eden and Caldew. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Ninth Annual Report for year ended 31st March, 1974

This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1973, to the end of March 1974. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken for chemical analysis from rivers Eden, Eamont, Leith, Lowther, Lyne, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Marron, Irthing, Esk, Irt, Mite, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Annas, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Ninth Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1960

This is the ninth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1959, to the end of March 1960. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of a gauging station on the River Eden, and an approval for a similar station on the River Derwent. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Esk, Annas, Marron, Eden, Eamont, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 4 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Tenth Annual Report for the year ended the 31st March, 1961

This is the tenth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1960, to the end of March 1961. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations on the River Derwent and Eamont, and the building of a similar station on the River Esk. It also gives information on rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Annas, Mite, Ehen, Marron, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as re-stocking and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Eleventh Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1962

This is the eleventh Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1961, to the end of March 1962. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the building of gauging stations, abstraction of water, and rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Irt, Mite, Keekle, Eden, Esk, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, Brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Twelfth Annual Report for the year ended the 31st March, 1963

This is the twelfth Annual report of the Cumberland River Board on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1962, to the end of March 1963. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes information on the completion of gauging stations, abstraction of water and rainfall. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Wiza, Ellen, Cocker, Greta, Marron, Ehen, Keekle, Esk, Bleng, Mite, Annas, Eden, Caldew and Petteril. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Derwent, Ellen and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as Byelaws and fisheries protection. The fourth section on pollution covers water quality and information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Boards preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.