Flexibility in flapping foil suppresses meandering of induced jet in absence of free stream

Thrust-generating flapping foils are known to produce jets inclined to the free stream at high Strouhal numbers St = fA/U-infinity, where f is the frequency and A is the amplitude of flapping and U-infinity is the free-stream velocity. Our experiments, in the limiting case of St —> infinity (zero free-stream speed), show that a purely oscillatory pitching motion of a chordwise flexible foil produces a coherent jet composed of a reverse Benard-Karman vortex street along the centreline, albeit over a specific range of effective flap stiffnesses. We obtain flexibility by attaching a thin flap to the trailing edge of a rigid NACA0015 foil; length of flap is 0.79 c where c is rigid foil chord length. It is the time-varying deflections of the flexible flap that suppress the meandering found in the jets produced by a pitching rigid foil for zero free-stream condition. Recent experiments (Marais et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, p. 659) have also shown that the flexibility increases the St at which non-deflected jets are obtained. Analysing the near-wake vortex dynamics from flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, we identify the mechanisms by which flexibility suppresses jet deflection and meandering. A convenient characterization of flap deformation, caused by fluid-flap interaction, is through a non-dimensional effective stiffness', EI* = 8 EI/(rho V-TEmax(2) s(f) c(f)(3)/2), representing the inverse of the flap deflection due to the fluid-dynamic loading; here, EI is the bending stiffness of flap, rho is fluid density, V-TEmax is the maximum velocity of rigid foil trailing edge, s(f) is span and c(f) is chord length of the flexible flap. By varying the amplitude and frequency of pitching, we obtain a variation in EI* over nearly two orders of magnitude and show that only moderate EI*. (0.1 less than or similar to EI * less than or similar to 1 generates a sustained, coherent, orderly jet. Relatively `stiff' flaps (EI* greater than or similar to 1), including the extreme case of no flap, produce meandering jets, whereas highly `flexible' flaps (EI* less than or similar to 0.1) produce spread-out jets. Obtained from the measured mean velocity fields, we present values of thrust coefficients for the cases for which orderly jets are observed.

Time resolved terahertz spectroscopy of low frequency electronic resonances and optical pump-induced terahertz photoconductivity in reduced graphene oxide membrane

Towards ultrafast optoelectronic applications of single and a few layer reduced graphene oxide (RGO), we study time domain terahertz spectroscopy and optical pump induced changes in terahertz conductivity of self-supported RGO membrane in the spectral window of 0.5-3.5 THz. The real and imaginary parts of conductivity spectra clearly reveal low frequency resonances, attributed to the energy gaps due to the van Hove singularities in the density of states flanking the Dirac points arising due to the relative rotation of the graphene layers. Further, optical pump induced terahertz conductivity is positive, pointing to the dominance of intraband scattering processes. The relaxation dynamics of the photo-excited carriers consists of three cooling pathways: the faster (similar to 450 fs) one due to optical phonon emission followed by disorder mediated large momentum and large energy acoustic phonon emission with a time constant of a few ps (called the super-collision mechanism) and a very large time (similar to 100 ps) arising from the deep trap states. The frequency dependence of the dynamic conductivity at different delay times is analyzed in term of Drude-Smith model. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The WNT Signaling Pathway Contributes to Dectin-1-Dependent Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Inflammatory Signature

Macrophages regulate cell fate decisions during microbial challenges by carefully titrating signaling events activated by innate receptors such as dectin-1 or Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we demonstrate that dectin-1 activation robustly dampens TLR-induced proinflammatory signature in macrophages. Dectin-1 induced the stabilization of beta-catenin via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals, contributing to the expression of WNT5A. Subsequently, WNT5A-responsive protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) mediate the downregulation of IRAK-1, IRAK-4, and MyD88, resulting in decreased expression of interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In vivo activation of dectin-1 with pathogenic fungi or ligand resulted in an increased bacterial burden of Mycobacteria, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, or Escherichia, with a concomitant decrease in TLR-triggered proinflammatory cytokines. All together, our study establishes a new role for dectin-1-responsive inhibitory mechanisms employed by virulent fungi to limit the proinflammatory environment of the host.

Long range emission enhancement and anisotropy in coupled quantum dots induced by aligned gold nanoantenna

Quantum dot arrays have been projected as the material of choice for next generation displays and photodetectors. Extensive ongoing research aims at improving optical and electrical efficiencies of such devices. We report experimental results on non-local long range emission intensity enhancement and anisotropy in quantum dot assemblies induced by isolated and partially aligned gold nanoantennas. Spatially resolved photoluminescence clearly demonstrate that the effect is maximum, when the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of the nanoantenna is resonant with the emission maxima of the quantum dots. We estimated the decay length of this enhancement to be similar to 2.6 mu m, which is considerably larger than the range of near field interaction of metal nanoantenna. Numerical simulations qualitatively capture the near field behavior of the nanorods but fail to match the experimentally observed non-local effects. We have suggested how strong interactions of quantum dots in the close packed assemblies, mediated by the nanoantennas, could lead to such observed behavior. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Strain-induced electronic phase transition and strong enhancement of thermopower of TiS2

Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show a semimetal to semiconducting electronic phase transition for bulk TiS2 by applying uniform biaxial tensile strain. This electronic phase transition is triggered by charge transfer from Ti to S, which eventually reduces the overlap between Ti-(d) and S-(p) orbitals. The electronic transport calculations show a large anisotropy in electrical conductivity and thermopower, which is due to the difference in the effective masses along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Strain-induced opening of band gap together with changes in dispersion of bands lead to threefold enhancement in thermopower for both p-and n-type TiS2. We further demonstrate that the uniform tensile strain, which enhances the thermoelectric performance, can be achieved by doping TiS2 with larger iso-electronic elements such as Zr or Hf at Ti sites.

Field dependent and disorder-induced nonlinear charge transport in electrochemically doped polypyrrole devices

Electric field activated charge transport is studied in the metal/polymer/metal device structure of electropolymerized polypyrrole down to 10 K with varying carrier density and disorder. Disorder induced nonlinear behaviour is observed in polypyrrole devices grown at room temperature which is correlated to delocalization of states. The slope parameter of currentvoltage characteristics (in log-log scale) increases as the temperature decreases, which indicates the onset of stronger field dependence. The field dependence of mobility becomes dominant as the carrier density decreases. The sharp dip in differential conductance indicates the localization of carriers at low temperatures which reduces the effective number of carriers involved in the transport.

Hydrogen-induced hardening and softening of Ni-Nb-Zr amorphous alloys: Dependence on the Zr content

The influence of absorbed hydrogen on the mechanical behavior of a series of Ni-Nb-Zr amorphous metallic ribbons was investigated through nanoindentation experiments. It was revealed that the influence is significantly dependent on Zr content, that is, hydrogen induced softening in relatively low-Zr alloys, whereas hydrogen induced hardening in high-Zr alloys. The results are discussed in terms of the different roles of mobile and immobile hydrogen in the plastic deformation. (C) 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tin-Incorporation Induced Changes in the Microstructural, Optical, and Electrical Behavior of Tungsten Oxide Nanocrystalline Thin Films Grown Via Spray Pyrolysis

Undoped and Sn-doped WO3 thin films were grown on cleaned glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis, using ammonium tungstate (NH4)(2)WO4 as the host precursor and tin chloride (SnCl4 center dot 5H(2)O) as the source of dopant. The XRD spectra confirm the monoclinic structure with a sharp narrow peak along (200) direction along with other peaks of low relative intensities for all the samples. On Sn doping, the films exhibit reduced crystallinity relative to the undoped film. The standard deviation for relative peak intensity with dopant concentration shows enhancement in heterogeneous nucleation growth. As evident from SEM images, on Sn doping, appearance of island-like structure (i.e., cluster of primary crystallites at few places) takes place. The transmittance has been found to decrease in all the Sn-doped films. The optical band gap has been calculated for both direct and indirect transitions. On Sn doping, the direct band gap shows a red shift and becomes 2.89 eV at 2 at.% doping. Two distinct peaks, one blue emission at 408 nm and other green emission at 533 nm, have been found in the PL spectra. Electrical conductivity has been found to increase with Sn doping.

Vertical electric field induced bacterial growth inactivation on amorphous carbon electrodes

The objective of the present work is to understand the vertical electric field stimulation of the bacterial cells, when grown on amorphous carbon substrates in vitro. In particular, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli are studied using MTTassay, live/dead assay and inner membrane permeabilization assays. In our experiments, the carbon substrate acts as one electrode and the counter electrode is positioned outside the culture medium, thus suppressing the current, electrokinetic motions and chemical reactions. Guided by similar experiments conducted in our group on neuroblastoma cells, the present experimental results further establish the interdependence of field strength and exposure duration towards bacterial growth inactivation in vitro. Importantly, significant reduction in bacterial viability was recorded at the 2.5 V/cm electric field stimulation conditions, which does not reduce the neural cell viability to any significant extent on an identical substrate. Following electrical stimulation, the bacterial growth is significantly inhibited for S. aureus bacterial strain in an exposure time dependent manner. In summary, our experiments establish the effectiveness of the vertical electric field towards bacterial growth inactivation on amorphous carbon substrates, which is a cell type dependent phenomenon (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anthrapyrazolone analogues intercept inflammatory JNK signals to moderate endotoxin induced septic shock

Severe sepsis or septic shock is one of the rising causes for mortality worldwide representing nearly 10% of intensive care unit admissions. Susceptibility to sepsis is identified to be mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors and responsive signaling pathways of the host. The c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling events play critical role in bacterial infection triggered multi-organ failure, cardiac dysfunction and mortality. In the context of kinase specificities, an extensive library of anthrapyrazolone analogues has been investigated for the selective inhibition of c-JNK and thereby to gain control over the inflammation associated risks. In our comprehensive biochemical characterization, it is observed that alkyl and halogen substitution on the periphery of anthrapyrazolone increases the binding potency of the inhibitors specifically towards JNK. Further, it is demonstrated that hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions generated by these small molecules effectively block endotoxin-induced inflammatory genes expression in in vitro and septic shock in vivo, in a mouse model, with remarkable efficacies. Altogether, the obtained results rationalize the significance of the diversity oriented synthesis of small molecules for selective inhibition of JNK and their potential in the treatment of severe sepsis.

The key role of polymer grafted nanoparticles in the phase miscibility of an LCST mixture

Blends of bromo-terminated polystyrene (PS-Br) and poly(vinyl methylether) (PVME) exhibit lower critical solution temperatures. In this study, PS-Br was designed by atom transfer radical polymerization and was converted to thiol-capped polystyrene (PS-SH) by reacting with thiourea. The silver nanoparticles (nAg) were then decorated with covalently bound PS-SH macromolecules to improve the phase miscibility in the PS-Br-PVME blends. Thermally induced demixing in this model blend was followed in the presence of polystyrene immobilized silver nanoparticles (PS-g-nAg). The graft density of the PS macromolecules was estimated to be ca. 0.78 chains per nm(2). Although the matrix and the grafted molecular weights were similar, PS-g-nAg particles were expelled from the PS phase and were localized in the PVME phase of the blends. This was addressed with respect to intermediate graft density and favourable PS-PVME contacts from microscopic interactions point of view. Interestingly, blends with 0.5 wt% PS-g-nAg delayed the spinodal decomposition temperature in the blends by ca. 18 degrees C with respect to the control blends. The scale of cooperativity, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, increased only marginally in the case of PS-g-nAg; however, it increased significantly in the presence of bare nAg particles.

Sunlight-Induced Covalent Marriage of Two Triply Interlocked Pd-6 Cages and Their Facile Thermal Separation

A template-free triply interlocked Pd-6 cage (2) was synthesized by two-component self-assembly of cis-blocked 90 degrees acceptor cis-(tmen)Pd(NO3)(2) (M) and 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)benzene (L). Assembly 2 was characterized by H-1 NMR and ESI-MS, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which revealed a parallel conformation of the olefin double bonds belonging to the adjacent cages in the solid state at a distance of 3.656 angstrom, thereby indicating the feasibility of 2+2] photochemical reaction. Two adjacent interlocked cages were covalently married together by intermolecular 2+2] cycloaddition in a single crystal-to-single crystal fashion upon exposure to sunlight/UV irradiation. Most surprisingly, the covalently married pair was easily separated thermally in aqueous medium under mild reaction conditions.

And yet it shrinks: A novel method for correcting bias in forest tree growth estimates caused by water-induced fluctuations

Accuracy in tree woody growth estimates is important to global carbon budget estimation and climate-change science. Tree growth in permanent sampling plots (PSPs) is commonly estimated by measuring stem diameter changes, but this method is susceptible to bias resulting from water-induced reversible stem shrinkage. In the absence of bias correction, temporal variability in growth is likely to be overestimated and incorrectly attributed to fluctuations in resource availability, especially in forests with high seasonal and inter-annual variability in water. We propose and test a novel approach for estimating and correcting this bias at the community level. In a 50-ha PSP from a seasonally dry tropical forest in southern India, where tape measurements have been taken every four years from 1988 to 2012, for nine trees we estimated bias due to reversible stem shrinkage as the difference between woody growth measured using tree rings and that estimated from tape. We tested if the bias estimated from these trees could be used as a proxy to correct bias in tape-based growth estimates at the PSP scale. We observed significant shrinkage-related bias in the growth estimates of the nine trees in some censuses. This bias was strongly linearly related to tape-based growth estimates at the level of the PSP, and could be used as a proxy. After bias was corrected, the temporal variance in growth rates of the PSP decreased, while the effect of exceptionally dry or wet periods was retained, indicating that at least a part of the temporal variability arose from reversible shrinkage-related bias. We also suggest that the efficacy of the bias correction could be improved by measuring the proxy on trees that belong to different size classes and census timing, but not necessarily to different species. Our approach allows for reanalysis - and possible reinterpretation of temporal trends in tree growth, above ground biomass change, or carbon fluxes in forests, and their relationships with resource availability in the context of climate change. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Unraveling the nature of electric field- and stress- induced structural transformations in soft PZT by a new powder poling technique

A `powder-poling' technique was developed to study electric field induced structural transformations in ferroelectrics exhibiting a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The technique was employed on soft PZT exhibiting a large longitudinal piezoelectric response (d(33) similar to 650 pCN(-1)). It was found that electric poling brings about a considerable degree of irreversible tetragonal to monoclinic transformation. The same transformation was achieved after subjecting the specimen to mechanical stress, which suggests an equivalence of stress and electric field with regard to the structural mechanism in MPB compositions. The electric field induced structural transformation was also found to be accompanied by a decrease in the spatial coherence of polarization.

High Proton Mobility, Solvent Induced Single Crystal to Single Crystal Structural Transformation, and Related Studies on a Family of Compounds Formed from Mn-3 Oxo-Clusters

The reaction between 4,4'-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (H(2)SDBA) and manganese under mild conditions resulted in the isolation of two new three-dimensional compounds, Mn-4(C14H8O6S)(4)(DMA)(2)]center dot 3DMA, I, and Mn-3(C14H8O6S)(3)(DMA)(2)(MeOH)]center dot DMA, IIa. Both structures have Mn-3 trimer oxo cluster units. While the Mn-3 oxoclusters are connected through octahedral manganese forming one-dimensional Mn-O-Mn chains in I, the Mn-3 units are isolated in IIa. The SDBA units connect the Mn-O-Mn chains and the Mn-3 clusters giving rise to the three-dimensional structure. Both compounds have coordinated and free solvent molecules. In IIa, two different solvent molecules are coordinated, of which one solvent can be reversibly exchanged by a variety of other similar solvents via a solvent-mediated single crystal to single crystal (SCSC) transformation. The free lattice DMA solvent molecules in I can be exchanged by water molecules resulting in hydrophilic channels. Proton conductivity studies on I reveals a high proton mobility with conductivity values of similar to 0.87 x 10(-3) Omega(-1) cm(-1) at 34 degrees C and 98% RH, which is comparable to some of the good proton conductivity values observed in inorganic coordination polymers. We have also shown structural transformation of I to IIa through a possible dissolution and recrystallization pathway. In addition, both I and IIa appear to transform to two other manganese compounds H3O]Mn-3(mu(3)-OH)(C14H8O6S)(3)(H2O)](DMF)(5) and H3O](2)Mn-7(mu 3-OH)(4)(C14H8O6S)(6)(H2O)(4)](H2O)(2)(DMF)(8) under suitable reaction conditions. We have partially substituted Co in place of Mn in the Mn-3 trimer clusters forming CoMn2(C14H8O6S)(3)(DMA)(2)(EtOH)]center dot DMA, III, a structure that is closely related to IIa. All the compounds reveal antiferromagnetic behavior. On heating, the cobalt substituted phase (compound III) forms a CoMn2O4 spinel phase with particle sizes in the nanometer range.