Average property of isospin effects induced by neutron-halo nuclei

We study the average property of the isospin effects of reaction mechanism induced by neutron-halo nuclei within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model. We find that the extended neutron density distribution for the neutron-halo projectile brings an important isospin effect into the reaction mechanism, which induces the decrease of nuclear stopping R; however, it induces the obvious increases of the neutron-proton ratio of nucleon emissions (n/p)(nucl) for all of the beam energies in this work, compared to the same mass stable colliding system.

Monte Carlo simulation of the neutron detection wall at RIBLL II in HIRFL-CSR

With the construction of the new Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL II) which connects the CSRm and the CSRe, an experimental setup for physics research is highly required. A large area neutron detection wall is the main part of the setup. This paper introduced the detection principle of the neutron detection wall and the Monte-Carlo simulation of its design under the environment of the Geant4 toolkit. We presented the final design with the optimized parameters and the performance of the wall.

Fine structure of alpha decay to rotational states of heavy nuclei

To gain a better insight into alpha-decay fine structure, we calculate the relative intensities of alpha decay to 2(+) and 4(+) rotational states in the framework of the generalized liquid drop model (GLDM) and improved Royer's formula. The calculated relative intensities of a decay to 2(+) states are in good agreement with the experimental data. For the relative intensities of alpha decay to 4(+) states, a good agreement with experimental data is achieved for Th and U isotopes. The formula we obtain is useful for the analysis of experimental data of alpha-decay fine structure. In addition, some predicted relative intensities which are still not measured are provided for future experiments.

New parameters of many-body potentials: studying the thermal and mechanical properties of noble metals

New parameters of nearest-neighbor EAM (1N-EAM), n-th neighbor EAM (NN-EAM), and the second-moment approximation to the tight-binding (TB-SMA) potentials are obtained by fitting experimental data at different temperatures. In comparison with the available many-body potentials, our results suggest that the 1N-EAM potential with the new parameters is the best description of atomic interactions in studying the thermal expansion of noble metals. For mechanical properties, it is suggested that the elastic constants should be calculated in the experimental zero-stress states for all three potentials. Furthermore, for NNEAM and TB-SMA potentials, the calculated results approach the experimental data as the range of the atomic interaction increases from the first-neighbor to the sixth-neighbor distance.

丰中子新核素238Th的合成、鉴别和230Ac b 延发裂变的观测

新核素的合成及衰变性质的研究一直是核物理科学的前沿领域，它对于人类拓广对原子核运动规律的认识有着十分重要的意义。本文首先概述了新核素合成的意义、方法，并简要阐述了一种奇异的衰变方式—β~-延发裂变，为实验部分的论述提供理论基础。在实验部分，本文阐述了用放射化学方法研究了钍、钡、镭等复杂反应产物的化学分离。通过在Th的分离中引用PMBP萃取和反萃体系，并采用氧化还原体系有效地去除了绝大多数杂质元素，特别是非常好的去除了碘和溴离子的沾污，较好地完成了Th与其它反应产物的分离。对Ba、Ra的分离主要采用快速的阳离子交换流程，达到了满意的分离效果。对用中能~(18)O离子束照射铀、钍的反应产物进行分离，对分离出的钍、钡、镭样品进行了γ（X）单谱和时间序列谱测量。并对记录下来的样品的谱图进行了分析。使用上述方法，我们在兰州重离子加速器（HIRFL）上用~(18)O离子照射重铀酸铵靶，通过多核子转移反应，首次合成并鉴别了新核素不相识~(238)Th。 同时通过不同的反应道产生~(237)Th，并对~(237)Th的半衰期进行了测定；在HIRFL上用~(18)O离子照射氧化钍靶对~(230)Ra的子体~(230)Ac的β~-延发裂变现象进行了观测，在被Ra样品爆光的云母径迹探测器上观察到了两个裂变径迹，从ThO_2靶中用三次BaCl_2沉淀法分离出钡、使用γ谱学这技术测定了十多个Ba的放射性同位素的截面。

143Pm高自旋态和重丰中子新核素的合成及衰变性质研究

本论文从内容上可以分为两大部分：第一部分：对近球形核~(143)Pm高自旋态进行的在束γ研究。这一部分是本文的重点。利用能量为82和90 MeV的~(19)F束流，通过融合蒸发反应~(128)Te (~(19)F,4nγ) ~(143)Pm布局~(143)Pm的高自旋态。利用联合在束装置(JIBGE)的10套带BGO反康的HPGe探测器进行了标准在束γ谱学测量，包括γ射线的激发函数、γ单谱、γ-γ-t符合谱以及DCO测量。在已有工作的基础上，建立了~(143)Pm激发能高达10.5 MeV，自旋约为(61/2)h的高自旋态能级结构。观测到了28条新的跃迁能级和48条新的γ射线。对两个已知的同质异能态寿命进行了提取，并在8 MeV激发能附近进行了高自旋态同质异能态的搜索。以~(142)Nd，~(144)Sm为核实，用零级弱耦合模型对~(143)Pm的晕态能级结构进行了定量的解释。计算表明，直到激发能Ex = 6.77 MeV，自旋宇称J~π = (37/2~+)的晕态能级都可以用弱耦合模型进行很好的解释。但是，对于更高激发能的能级，组态情况要复杂的多，有出现N = 82中子闭壳打破的可能。同时，利用大基壳模型OXBASH程序对其能级结构进行了计算和讨论，其结果支持弱耦合模型的假设。第二部分：利用中能重离子的多核子转移反应，(~(186)W-2p + 2n)，(~(238)U-2p + 2n)对丰中子核~(186)Hf和~(238)Th进行了合成和鉴别。测量它们的半衰期分别为(2.6 ± 1.2) min和 (9.4 ± 2.0) min，与用质子一中子准粒子随机相近似方法的预言值是相符的。同时，对β延发裂变先驱核~(230)Ac进行了实验研究。观测到了它的两个裂变事件，得到~(230)Acβ延发裂变几率为(1.19 ± 0.85) * 10~(-8)。从而使~(230)Ac成为世界上第一种被确认了的基态β延发裂变先驱核。

动量相关作用和介质效应对中能重离子碰撞动力学的影响

考虑动量相关作用和介质效应，在入射能量E_L/Nucl. = 100，200，400和800 Mev及碰撞参数b = 1.0，3.0和5.0 fm时，对系统~(40)Ca + ~(40)Ca用数值方法求解BUU方程。发现状态方程的动量相关性增加了集体流，即硬化状态方程；而且增强了核物质的阻止本领。能量小于700 Mev时，动量相关作用和介质效应对集体流和状态方程的影响正好相反，二者竞争的总效果使状态方程变软，能量较高时，两者均使状态方程变硬。它们的影响密切依赖于入射能量和碰撞参数

中能重离子核反应中的轻带电粒子关联研究

根据轻带电粒子小相对动量关联测量中得到的关联函数来研究轻带电粒子发射的时间与空间的演化是天体物理中Hanbury-Browm及Twiss效应在核物理中的一个应用，在1977年及1986年Kooning及Davi.Boal分别将这种概念应用于pp关联及复杂粒子关联。在这些理论模型的基础之上，小相对动量关联粒子的测量已成为当今中能重离子核反应中研究反应时空发展动力学的重要研究方法。由于这种方法在实验上还可能测至某些非稳态粒子的衰变，因此在统计平衡的假定下，可以通过测量非稳态粒子的相对布居来得到某些有关核温度的信息，为此我们在兰州HIRFL加速器上开展了~(12)C (46.7MeV/u)诱发核反应的轻带电粒子小相对动量的关联测量。通过对pp关联函数的研究得出对于~(58)Ni靶质子发射的空间大约为4.8fm，通过对~5Li、~6Li~*、~8Be等非稳态粒子的测量，得到的核温度约为3MeV。通过比较不同靶核对关联函数的影响，发现随着靶核质量的增加，pp关联的关联函数的Rmax值越来越小，说明了质子来源的空间越来越大。通过研究pp关联对两个关联粒子能量之和的依赖关系我们发现对于高能的条件下pp关联的关联函数的最大值要高一些，对于~(58)Ni靶相应的空间大小为r_0 = 3.5fm，并且发现在高能条件下关联函数的峰值对靶核依赖关系不是十分强，相反，当两个关联质子的总能量比较低时，关联函数更强烈地依赖于靶核。对于α-α关联，研究其关联函数对二粒子能量之和的依赖关系发现对于高能条件下得出的温度为T = 1.6MeV，而低能时的结果为T = 2.3MeV，一种解释可以认为在探测器所在的角度(θ = 20°)高能轻带电粒子很可能来自于类产弹物的发射。因此也可以解释为什么对应的质子的发射空间比较小、相应的温度比较低。较低能量的轻带电粒子主要来自中心碰撞，相应的温度要高一些，对应的质子发射的空间要大一些。在该实验中我们还研究了H元素各种同位素的产额比，实验发现对于p/d比值及d/t比值随角度的变化不是非常大，同时我们还在测量角为20°处，比较了H元素各种同位素产额比对靶核的依赖关系，并对这些结果进行了讨论。为了进行上述实验研究，我们研制了一个九单元的CsI(Tl)阵列探测器，并采用了光二级管读出这种新技术，实验中采用过零时间法及新型的电子学线路非常好地鉴别了p,d,t,~3He,~4He五种轻带电粒子，并且得到了比Si半导体ΔE-E望远镜低的能量下阈，（在离线分析中E_(th) = 8MeV），通过该项实验研究我们认为CsI(Tl)十光二级管读出探测器具有各方面的优越性，是中能重离子核反应中测量轻带电粒子的一种非常有前途的探测器

~229Ra衰变性质的实验研究及重丰中子新核素~186Hf的搜索

用14MeV中子轰击Th靶，通过232Th（n，α）反应产生了229Ra，由放射化学分离技术从被照靶物质中分离出229Ra的活性，利用γ（X）谱学方法，首次观测到了属于229Ra的能量为14.5、15.6、18.8、21.8、22.5、44.0、47.5、55.0、63.0、69.6、93.6、94.1、98.5、102.2、104.5、106.1、161.1、171.5KeV的18条新衰变γ射线，并建议了229Ra的部分衰变纲图。 在重丰中子186Hf的搜索实验中，利用50MeV/u的18O轰击天然W靶，通过多核子转移186W（-2p+2n）反应生成186Hf，经化学分离，用高纯锗探测器和X-γ符合方法观测到其子体186Ta的能量分别为615.3、737.5、739.2-KeV的3条γ线，根据这3条γ线的生长-衰变曲线确定186Hf的半衰期为分钟量级。

A novel form of carbon micro-balls from coal

A novel form of ball-like carbon material with its size in micrometer range was prepared from coal with nickel as catalyst by arc plasma method. The carbon material has been systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet laser Raman spectroscopy. The SEM observation shows that the novel carbon material exists in various forms such as individual balls, net-like and plate-like forms, all of which have a quite smooth surface. The diameters of these carbon spheres are quite uniform and in a narrow range of 10-20 mum. The EDS analysis reveals that the ball-like carbon material contains more than 99.5% of carbon and a little amount of other elements such as nickel, silicon and aluminum, The XRD and UV-Raman results reveal that the novel carbon material is a kind of highly graphitized carbon. The growth mechanism of the ball-like carbon material was proposed and discussed in terms of arc plasma parameters and the chemical structure of coal-based carbon. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

分布式模型在流域蒸散模拟中的应用与验证

根据四川杂谷脑河流域上游地区1989~2000年气象站常规观测数据,应用分布式模型方法,考虑流域的空间异质性及时空变异性,选择离散单元格尺度为500 m,时间步长为1 d,采用Penman-Montei-th公式的改进形式,估算流域多年平均潜在蒸散量的时空分布;结合流域下垫面特点,估算逐日实际蒸散量的时空分布;并将模型模拟的多年平均值与研究区同期水量平衡法计算结果相比,相对误差为+3.47%且时空分布合理.为流域分布式降雨-径流模型提供了可靠的实际蒸散量模拟方法.

光系统Ⅱ的光抑制和超氧的产生(英文)

为了更多地了解超氧在叶绿体中产生的部位 ,在测定欧洲赤松 (PinussylvestrisL .)针叶离体叶绿体的Fv/Fm比值的同时 ,以Tiron为探针 ,用电子自旋共振 (ESR)技术平行检测其氧自由基的产生。当光强达到足以引起光抑制并使Fv/Fm 比值下降时 ,指示超氧产生的TH·半醌自由基的信号强度也随之增加。这一信号的强度也可被二氯苯基二甲基脲 (DCMU)所增强 ,但被外源的自由基清除剂或二氯酚靛酚 (DCIP)所抑制。这表明超氧的产生和PSⅡ的光抑制密切相关。这些新的结果将可能促进对光合光抑制的机制和PSⅡ结构和功能的研究。

Shallow gas in the muddy sediments of Eckernförde Bay, Germany

The seafloor of central Eckernförde Bay is characterised by soft muddy sediments that contain free methane gas. Bubbles of free gas cause acoustic turbidity which is observed with acoustic remote sensing systems. Repeated surveys with subbottom profiler and side scan sonar revealed an annual period both of depth of the acoustic turbidity and backscatter strength. The effects are delayed by 3–4 months relative to the atmospheric temperature cycle. In addition, prominent pockmarks, partly related to gas seepage, were detected with the acoustic systems. In a direct approach gas concentrations were measured from cores using the gas chromatography technique. From different tests it is concluded that subsampling of a core should start at its base and should be completed as soon as possible, at least within 35 min after core recovery. Comparison of methane concentrations of summer and winter cores revealed no significant seasonal variation. Thus, it is concluded that the temperature and pressure influences upon solubility control the depth variability of acoustic turbidity which is observed with acoustic remote sensing systems. The delay relative to the atmospheric temperature cycle is caused by slow heat transfer through the water column. The atmospheric temperature cycle as ‘exiting function’ for variable gas solubility offers an opportunity for modelling and predicting the depth of the acoustic turbidity. In practice, however, small-scale variations of, e.g., salinity, or gas concentration profile in the sediment impose limits to predictions. In addition, oceanographic influences as mixing in the water column, variable water inflow, etc. are further complications that reduce the reliability of predictions.