Determinants of the decision to appeal against motor bodily injury settlements awarded by Spanish trial courts

Automobile bodily injury disputes represent one of the main causes of litigation faced by Spanish Courts. In this paper a multinomial model is implemented to analyse which factors determine the decision to appeal against the verdicts of trial courts. Use of a dataset of motor insurance claims revealed differences between the determinants of a claimant’s decision to appeal and those of insurers. Among other results it is shown that discrepancies regarding the permanent disability sustained affect the insurer’s decision to appeal. In contrast, the claimant pays more attention to differences in the stated temporary disability. Conclusions are drawn regarding which factors could reduce the percentage of appealed cases.

Control of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor in motion control applications

The aim of the thesis is to study the principles of the permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) and to develop a simulator model of direct force controlled PMLSM. The basic motor model is described by the traditional two-axis equations. The end effects, cogging force and friction model are also included into the final motor model. Direct thrust force control of PMLSM is described and modelled. The full system model is proven by comparison with the data provided by the motor manufacturer.

Music-supported training is more efficient than functional motor training for recovery of fine motor skills in stroke patients

MOTOR IMPAIRMENTS ARE COMMON AFTER STROKE but efficacious therapies for these dysfunctions are scarce. Extending an earlier study on the effects of music-supported training (MST), behavioral indices of motor function were obtained before and after a series of training sessions to assess whether this new treatment leads to improved motor functions. Furthermore, music-supported training was contrasted to functional motor training according to the principles of constraint-induced therapy (CIT). In addition to conventional physiotherapy, 32 stroke patients with moderately impaired motor function and no previous musical experience received 15 sessions of MST over a period of three weeks, using a manualized, step-bystep approach. A control group consisting of 15 patients received 15 sessions of CIT in addition to conventional physiotherapy. A third group of 30 patients received exclusively conventional physiotherapy and served as a control group for the other three groups. Fine as well as gross motor skills were trained by using either a MIDI-piano or electronic drum pads programmed to emit piano tones. Motor functions were assessed by an extensive test battery. MST yielded significant improvement in fine as well as gross motor skills with respect to speed, precision, and smoothness of movements. These improvements were greater than after CIT or conventional physiotherapy. In conclusion, with equal treatment intensity, MST leads to more pronounced improvements of motor functions after stroke than CIT.

Position sensorless electrically excited synchronous motor drive for industrial use based on direct flux linkage and torque control

Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

Indução assimétrica 1,5-Anti na adição de enolatos de boro de metilcetonas beta-oxigenadas a aldeídos

High levels of substrate-based 1,5-stereoinduction are obtained in the boron-mediated aldol reactions of beta-oxygenated methyl ketones with achiral and chiral aldehydes. Remote induction from the boron enolates gives the 1,5-anti adducts, with the enolate pi-facial selectivity critically dependent upon the nature of the beta-alkoxy protecting group. This 1,5-anti aldol methodology has been strategically employed in the total synthesis of several natural products. At present, the origin of the high level of 1,5-anti induction obtained with the boron enolates is unclear, although a model based on a hydrogen bonding between the alkoxy oxygen and the formyl hydrogen has been recently proposed.

Análise por cromatografia gasosa de BTEX nas emissões de motor de combustão interna alimentado com diesel e mistura diesel-biodiesel (B10)

This paper describes the procedures for analysing pollutant gases emitted by engines, such as volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) by using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). For IC engine burning, in a broad sense, the use of the B10 mixture reduces drastically the emissions of aromatic compounds. Especially for benzene the reduction of concentrations occurs at the level of about 24.5%. Although a concentration value below 1 µg mL-1 has been obtained, this reduction is extremely significant since benzene is a carcinogenic compound.

En torno al mito de las infraestructuras como motor del desarrollo económico

El mito al que se refiere el título no es una creación contemporánea. La idea de las infraestructuras como una fuerza con la virtud, por si misma, de iniciar procesos de desarrollo ha revestido rasgos típicos de 'mito' desde hace al menos siglo y medio, La fiebre ferroviaria del siglo XIX constituyen dos buenos ejemplos de la fuerza que ha tenido el mito en España: en ambos casos, las infraestructuras se percibieron, casi sin discusión, como solución definitiva a los problemas del país, y como tales entraron a formar parte del discurso político de la época.

Amostragem do material particulado e fração orgânica volátil das emissões em motor ciclo diesel sem a utilização de túnel de diluição

Using a sampling method of particulate matter (PM) without the use of a dilution tunnel allows for evaluations of the volatile hydrocarbons (HC) in the emissions of diesel cycle engines. The procedure in this work applied a heated filter with temperature controlled. The volatile compounds are condensed at low temperature, allowing for evaluation of the HC by thermal desorption of the PM and for analysis of the condensed compounds of the exhaust gases.

Las habilidades motrices básicas en educación primaria: aspectos de su desarrollo = Key motor skills in primary education: developmental aspects

The physical education curriculum stresses the importance of improving students’ key motor skills. This idea agrees with the contributions of research into motor development concerning the important role these skills play in child development. In order to facilitate this improvement is essential to know the different basic aspects of how these key motor skills evolve as well as the essential factors related to the characteristics and conditions of educational practice

'Situaciones problema' y desarrollo de la competencia motriz en educación física escolar: cuestiones didácticas = Problem situations and developing motor competence in Physical Education at school: didactic questions

From the areas of motor learning and the teaching of Physical Education we promote coherent methodological orientationswith the present curricular guide that are focused in such a way so that the student is able to act independently. In thissense we may consider the problem situations as a good example for methodological proposals. So as to determine its useand adequateness for Physical Education it is conveniente to analyse the characteristics of the motor tasks that areproposed as well as the features of the teaching intervention in such a way as to ease the adquisition and development ofthe motor competence of the students

Bowing the violin : a case study for auditory-motor pattern modelling in the context of music performance

This project addresses methodological and technological challenges in the development of multi-modal data acquisition and analysis methods for the representation of instrumental playing technique in music performance through auditory-motor patterning models. The case study is violin playing: a multi-modal database of violin performances has been constructed by recording different musicians while playing short exercises on different violins. The exercise set and recording protocol have been designed to sample the space defined by dynamics (from piano to forte) and tone (from sul tasto to sul ponticello), for each bow stroke type being played on each of the four strings (three different pitches per string) at two different tempi. The data, containing audio, video, and motion capture streams, has been processed and segmented to facilitate upcoming analyses. From the acquired motion data, the positions of the instrument string ends and the bow hair ribbon ends are tracked and processed to obtain a number of bowing descriptors suited for a detailed description and analysis of the bow motion patterns taking place during performance. Likewise, a number of sound perceptual attributes are computed from the audio streams. Besides the methodology and the implementation of a number of data acquisition tools, this project introduces preliminary results from analyzing bowing technique on a multi-modal violin performance database that is unique in its class. A further contribution of this project is the data itself, which will be made available to the scientific community through the repovizz platform.

Efeito do lodo de esgoto na indução de supressividade in vitro a Phytophthora nicotianae

Uma alternativa de manejo das doenças causadas por Phytophthora spp. é o uso de matéria orgânica. No presente trabalho foi avaliada a potencialidade do lodo de esgoto na indução de supressividade in vitro a P. nicotianae. O efeito do lodo de esgoto incorporado ao solo na sobrevivência de P. nicotianae foi avaliado mediante um experimento fatorial com dois fatores: doses de lodo de esgoto (0, 10, 20 e 40% p/p) e concentrações de inóculo [0, 10 ou 20 g de grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum) colonizados kg-1]. Aos 21 dias, quando aumentaram as doses de lodo de esgoto, a sobrevivência de P. nicotianae e os pHs das misturas diminuíram, e as condutividades elétricas (CE) aumentaram. As correlações entre a CE e a sobrevivência do patógeno foram negativas e significativas (P>0,05). Para estudar o efeito dos compostos químicos envolvidos na supressividade, foram obtidos extratos em água, H2SO4 2N e KOH 0,4N de misturas de areia – lodo de esgoto (20% p/p), e foram acrescentados ao meio de cultura e seu efeito avaliado no crescimento das colônias de P. nicotianae. O extrato ácido (H2SO4 2N) do tratamento com 20% de lodo de esgoto inibiu significativamente (P>0,05) o crescimento da colônia do patógeno. O efeito biológico foi estudado mediante isolamento de microrganismos em meio de cultura e seleção por antagonismo. No bioensaio com plântulas de alfafa (Medicago sativa) destacaram-se os isolados F9.1 (Aspergillus sp.) e A12.1 (actinomiceto, não identificado); e no teste de culturas pareadas destacou-se um Trichoderma sp. e dois actinomicetos por antibiose, e um Trichoderma sp. e três Aspergillus sp. por hiperparasitismo.

Ineficiência de acibenzolar-S-methyl na indução de resistência de feijoeiro comum à murcha-de-Curtobacterium

O efeito da indução de resistência promovido por acibenzolar-S-methyl foi avaliado em três cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), com diferentes níveis de resistência à murcha-de-Curtobacterium, em dois ensaios distintos, sob condições de casa de vegetação. O primeiro ensaio visou avaliar a ação do acibenzolar-S-methyl na indução de resistência à murcha-de-Curtobacterium e o segundo, objetivou avaliar a ação deste produto na atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase e no nível de proteínas totais solúveis, em amostras de folhas e caule, sem inoculação do patógeno. Em ambos os ensaios o indutor foi pulverizado na dosagem de 100 µg i.a./ml, cinco dias após o transplante das plantas para vasos. O acibenzolar-S-methyl foi ineficiente, tanto para controlar a doença na cultivar suscetível (IAC Carioca), quanto para incrementar os níveis de resistência das cultivares resistentes (IAC Carioca Akytã e IAC Carioca Pyatã). A peroxidase apresentou maior atividade nas plantas pulverizadas com o indutor, tanto na folha, como no caule. A polifenoloxidase mostrou maior atividade apenas no caule das plantas pulverizadas. O nível de proteínas totais solúveis foi maior no caule das plantas pulverizadas do que nas não-pulverizadas, porém não diferiu na folha. As enzimas e proteínas avaliadas apresentaram maiores níveis na folha do que no caule das plantas de feijoeiro avaliadas.

Efeito da época de aplicação e dosagem do acibenzolar- S-metil na indução de resistência à murcha-de-Verticillium em cacaueiro

A resistência induzida representa uma medida promissora no manejo de doenças como a murcha-de-Verticillium do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), visto que possibilita a exploração de cultivares com boas características agronômicas, porém apresentando suscetibilidade a doenças. Grande avanço nessa área ocorreu com a utilização do éster S-metil do ácido benzo-(1-2-3)-tiadiazole-7-carbotióico (acibenzolar-S-metil, ASM). Contudo, a eficiência desse composto é função, principalmente, da época de aplicação e dosagem utilizada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a melhor época de aplicação e dosagem do ASM na interação cacaueiro x Verticillium dahliae. O ASM foi pulverizado via foliar nas concentrações de 20 ou 60 g do ingrediente ativo (i. a.)/100 l de água, em plântulas de cacaueiro cv Theobahia, aos 15, sete ou três dias antes da inoculação do patógeno. Foram avaliadas as variáveis índice de doença, aos 30, 45 e 60 dias após a inoculação de V. dahliae, a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), e o peso fresco e altura das plantas aos 60 dias após a referida inoculação. O fator época de aplicação apresentou influência predominante ao fator dosagem, sendo identificada a época referente a 15 dias antes da inoculação como melhor época de aplicação do ASM. Reduções de até 55,4% na severidade da doença e um acréscimo na ordem de 10,5% no peso fresco e 35,7% na altura das plantas foram observadas, quando da utilização da dosagem de 20 g do i.a./100 l de água, em comparação com as plantas somente inoculadas com o fungo, evidenciando a eficácia do ASM como indutor de resistência em plântulas de cacaueiro suscetíveis à murcha-de-Verticillium.

Evidências de indução de resistência sistêmica à ferrugem do eucalipto mediada por rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas

A indução de resistência sistêmica mediada por rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas foi avaliada para a ferrugem do eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) causada por Puccinia psidii. Para isso, mudas com cerca de 80 dias de idade, previamente enraizadas em substrato tratado com diferentes isolados de rizobactérias foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de inóculo de P. psidii ajustada para 2 x 10(4) urediniósporos/ml. As plantas inoculadas foram mantidas em câmara de nevoeiro com nebulização intermitente a 25 ºC, no escuro por 24 h, e posteriormente transferidas para câmara de crescimento a 22 ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12 h e intensidade luminosa de 40 mmoles.s-1.m-2. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, cada uma delas com quatro plantas. Após 13 dias da inoculação, avaliaram-se número médio de pústulas/folha, número de uredínias/amostra e número médio de esporos produzidos/uredínia. Os isolados FL2 e MF4 foram eficientes na redução da severidade da ferrugem. Além disso, o tratamento das mudas com rizobactérias, apenas uma semana antes da inoculação, com P. psidii foi menos eficiente em reduzir a severidade da doença do que o tratamento em que foram utilizadas mudas produzidas em substrato previamente rizobacterizadas, ou seja, com 80 dias. Estes resultados indicam que estes isolados de rizobactérias podem induzir maior resistência a doenças foliares diminuindo a necessidade de aplicação de fungicidas e otimizando a produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto.