930 resultados para heterogeneity.
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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Measurements of spatial and temporal distributions of carbon dioxide concentration and carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio in the atmosphere suggest a strong biospheric carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems. Quantifying the sink, however, has become an enormous challenge for Earth system scientists because of great uncertainties associated with biological variation and environmental heterogeneity in the ecosystems. This paper presents an approach that uses two driving parameters to bound terrestrial carbon sequestration associated with an increase in carbon dioxide concentration.
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Megalaspis cordyla obtained from the landings in and around Bombay, Maharashtra, India, were analysed for the study of their morphometric and meristic characteristics. The various morphometric and meristic characteristics did not indicate any variation within the population. The data provided are intended to facilitate comparison with similar data for other locations, and thereby, to establish the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the populations in the distributional range of this species.
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陆地生态系统是人类赖以生存与持续发展的基础。由于其巨大的碳储存能力陆地生态系统在全球碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用,尤其是在延缓因大气中CO2浓度升高所引起的气候变化方面作用更为突出。作为世界上最广布的植被类型之一,草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其面积占到全球陆地面积的五分之一。中国有着世界第二大的草地生态系统,面积为3.55×108 hm2,约占世界草地面积的6%~8%,其碳储量为世界总碳储量的9%~16%。以内蒙古高原为主体的北方草地,面积约占国土总面积的40%左右,是一种重要的可再生的农牧业资源;作为一种重要的绿色生态屏障,北方草地在调节气候,涵养水源,防风固沙,净化空气和美化环境等方面起着重要作用。由于人口的增长和经济发展的需求,许多土地利用方式呈现在北方农牧交错区。地处内蒙古高原南麓的多伦县属于典型的农牧交错区,良好的气候条件和复杂的人文环境决定了多种土地利用方式在这一地区的并存,为开展不 同土地利用方式对草地生态系统影响的研究提供了天然的研究场所。 本研究选择了多伦县境内的6种土地利用方式作为研究对象,即围封禁牧样地、刈割禁牧样地、自由放牧样地、人工(紫花苜蓿)草地、农田(青贮玉米)和弃耕地,主要研究在这几种不同的土地利用方式影响下,土壤碳氮储量、草地生态系统功能(生产力等)和群落结构的变化。通过对土壤碳氮储量变化的研究发现: (1) 不同土地利用方式因其地上净初级生产力的不同而影响了土壤的碳氮储量,但是高的地上初级生产力并不一定能提高土壤的碳氮储量,如青贮玉米地。这主要是因为土壤碳氮储量与根系和凋落的输入相关。 (2) 不同土地利用方式对植被的浅层(0-20 cm)根系影响较大,继而影响了土壤的碳氮储量。这是因为大约80%的根系碳氮和50%的土壤碳氮储量都集中分布在这一层次。而土壤潜在库容的进一步扩大则要依靠深层根系生物量的增加,以提高深层土壤的碳氮含量,如人工(苜蓿)草地。 (3) 在合理利用方式或者科学管理措施下,草地土壤有机碳储量处于8 kg C m-2到10 kg C m-2之间,比过度退化草地的有机碳储量提高了50%。 (4) 经过短期恢复,土壤的库容量会很快增加,表现出较强的储存功能。因此,通过合理的土地利用方式和管理措施,中国北方农牧交错区可以转变成一个巨大的碳汇。 通过对不同利用方式下草地生态系统的功能、群落结构和物种多样性恢复的研究,得到如下实验结果: (1) 与自由放牧相比,短期(5年)禁牧(围封和刈割)提高了草地的地上净初级生产力和物种数目。围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地的地上净初级生产力分别比自由放牧草地高出107.3%和50%;而物种数目则分别比自由放牧草地增加了14.8%和25.9%。 (2) 围封和刈割禁牧,尤其是后者,主要增加了非禾本科草本植物在群落中所占的比例;而在自由放牧草地,灌木和半灌木种群在群落中占有绝对优势。 (3) 物种多样性和生产力间的关系因外部干扰程度的不同而变化。在轻度干扰(围封禁牧)和中度干扰(刈割禁牧)下,生产力和物种多样性间呈指数正相关关系;而在重度干扰(自由放牧)下,群落地上净初级生产力随着物种多样性的增加呈指数递减的趋势。 通过对不同土地利用(或干扰)方式下,草地生态系统小尺度上的空间属性进行分析后,得到以下研究结果: (1) 群落和物种的地上生物量以及土壤养分均表现出显著的小尺度空间结构特征,并且在不同利用方式影响下,这种空间属性表现出较大的差异。 (2) 禁牧(围封和刈割)草地的土壤有机碳和氮含量比较高。土壤有机碳的变程较小,变化范围为0.83~1.40 m,其在三种类型土地利用的变异系数都维持在18.0%左右;土壤全氮的空间自相关尺度为0.46~14.69m,变异系数为12.10%~30.86%。 (3) 群落地上生物量以禁牧(围封和刈割)草地较高。在围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地内的变异系数分别为26.48%和19.94%,在自由放牧草地的变异系数为67.47%;其空间自相关尺度为0.74~3.9m。在不同的土地利用方式下,物种、功能群以及多样性指数都表现出显著的空间异质性,并且其空间属性变化各异。 (4) 土壤养分和植被的空间分布相互影响,互为因果关系。这种小尺度的空间格局差异是群落演替的驱动力,而不同的土地利用方式正是通过改变群落内小尺度的空间属性来影响了群落的演替方向。 在不同土地利用方式影响下,草地生态系统不仅在宏观功能,如生态系统生产力、群落结构和土壤的碳氮储量等方面表现出较大的差异,而且在微观结构上,如土壤养分和物种的空间属性等方面也发生了明显了变化,并且宏观和微观上的变化相互促进相互影响,它们的相互作用在很大程度上决定了群落的演替方向和草地生态系统全球变化过程中的具体作用。
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物种共存机制一直是群落生态学研究的核心内容。解释物种共存的假说很多,近年来最引人注目的是生态位分化假说和群落中性理论。这两种理论对群落内物种共存的相对重要性是目前群落生态学研究的热点。国际上这方面的研究基本集中在热带森林大样地内,而针对亚热带森林大样地的相关研究却非常少见。本文以浙江古田山24公顷常绿阔叶林永久固定监测样地第一次调查数据为基础,研究样地内木本植物与生境关联和与地形因子梯度相关,目的在于探讨物种生境生态位分化在亚热带常绿阔叶林内物种多样性维持中的作用,也为了解决当前物种生境关联相关研究中的一些不足之处。 本研究首先采用Torus转换检验分析古田山样地内90种常见木本植物与5类生境关联,结果表明有75种(83.3%)至少与一类生境类型显著相关,说明大部分亚热带森林群落内物种具有生境特化的特性。与CTFS全球大样地类似研究结果相比,古田山样地内生境特化的物种比例更高,这与古田山样地复杂的地形条件密切相关。通过本研究,证明地形条件越复杂,物种特化比例越高的趋势确实存在。在古田山样地,虽然83.3%的物种有生境特化的特性,但生境特化没有排他性,即并不完全排斥其他生境,在非最适生境也能稳定与其他物种共存。根据本研究与生境负相关的平均物种数与被检测的物种比例估算,古田山样地内生境异质性对物种多样性维持的贡献率约为19.6%,说明物种生境特化对于物种共存有一定的作用,但贡献并不大,除了生境异质性,仍有其他因素决定物种共存。 目前有关物种生境关联的研究都假设同一物种的个体对于生境偏好一致,不管胸径大小是否相同,很少有人研究不同生长阶段生境偏好的变化。本研究利用Torus转换检验比较样地内60种常见木本植物在3个生活史阶段(幼苗阶段、小树阶段和成熟阶段)与5类生境关联的变化,结果表明大部分物种在其幼苗和小树阶段的生境偏好比较一致,但成熟阶段与前两个阶段差别比较大,说明物种在生活史不同阶段的生境偏好可能发生改变。 由于生境划分没有统一的标准,不同学者用不同的方法划分生境类型和数量,主观性很大,造成不同研究地点、不同研究者之间的研究结果可比性差。本研究尝试利用直接梯度分析方法重新分析物种空间分布与地形梯度相关,用以代替生境关联分析。利用CCA分析检验样地内90种常见木本植物与4种地形因子梯度(海拔、凹凸度、坡度和坡向)的相关情况,发现有76个(84%)物种的空间分布与地形梯度相关,说明大部分物种具有沿地形因子梯度分布的特性。4种地形因子梯度变化对90个物种空间分布的解释量约为20%,说明地形异质性对于物种共存有一定作用,但贡献并不大。对生境关联分析和直接梯度法分析结果进行比较,两种方法分析结果一致,得到的结论也一致。直接梯度分析方法可以避免生境划分对研究结果的影响,是今后类似研究中值得采纳的方法。 本研究的结果表明地形异质性引起的生态位分化在古田山样地群落内物种多样性维持中起一定的作用,但贡献不大,因此需要更深入地研究其他环境因素引起的生态位分化在物种多样性维持中的作用,同时也需要进一步研究中性过程在物种多样性维持中的作用,以更全面地探讨生态位分化假说和中性理论在亚热带常绿阔叶林内物种共存的相对重要性。
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克隆植物同一基株的相连克隆分株或克隆片段常常生长在资源条件不同的斑块中,分株间形成克隆整合和克隆可塑性以及克隆分工等有效地获取必需资源的生态适应对策,提高在异质性斑块生境中的适合度,适应环境的异质性变化。但在以往的克隆植物生态学的理论研究中,为了研究的简化和方便,往往忽略了土壤中微生物的作用。丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌是自然界中广泛存在的土壤微生物之一,可与大多数的高等植物形成共生菌根,影响植物的生长、发育及其在生态系统中的作用。 本文应用实验生态学方法,以蛇莓、狗牙根和白三叶为研究对象,在温室受控条件下,对异质养分斑块中的分株对接种AM真菌,探讨AM真菌对资源斑块中克隆植物的影响。 第一个实验设计单一磷养分斑块,以蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为研究对象,探讨丛枝AM真菌对克隆整合的影响。将蛇莓相连的两个分株,即分株对,分别种植在两个隔离的花盆中,各施以高磷和低磷营养液,保持或切断分株间匍匐茎连接,即间隔子,再将菌剂接种到低磷斑块中分株。结果发现间隔子状态和接菌处理都显著影响低磷斑块中蛇莓分株的根系生物量分配。对照处理中保持间隔子连接显著减少低磷斑块中分株生物量向根系的分配,接菌后这一差异显著减小。保持间隔子连接或接菌对高磷斑块中分株的根系生物量分配不显著。保持间隔子连接和接菌都显著增加低磷斑块分株的生物量在分株对生物量中所占比例,二者无显著交互作用。 第二个实验设计光照和养分斑块,以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和摩西球囊霉为研究对象,探讨AM真菌对克隆植物非局域反应的影响。将狗牙根分株对的两个分株分别种植在两个花盆中,各施以光照强度与土壤养分交互斑块性环境条件,形成高养低光和高光低养斑块,保持或切断间隔子,再将菌剂接种到目标分株。结果发现对照处理中,间隔子状态显著影响分株的局域反应。高养斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的根长,高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的根长显著小于间隔子断裂的分株的根长。高光斑块中保持间隔子连接的分株的叶面积显著大于间隔子断裂的分株的叶面积,间隔子状态对低光高养斑块分株的叶面积无显著影响。在低光高养斑块中,相对于间隔子断裂的分株,间隔子连接的分株将更多的生物量分配到根系,而在高光斑块中的分株则相反。这些都说明,无AM真菌侵染的情况下,狗牙根分株对的两个分株在实验中各自形成的克隆部分的分株形态反应都受到了克隆整合的作用,表现为非局域反应。接种AM真菌后,高光斑块中分株的根长和高养斑块中分株的叶面积在间隔子连接和断裂处理之间的差异显著减小。生物量分配的差异不受接菌的影响。对照处理中,高养斑块中间隔子连接的分株生物量和分株数显著高于间隔子断裂的分株,但高光斑块中分株之间无显著差异。接种AM真菌显著降低高养斑块中分株的生物量和分株数,对高光斑块中分株无显著影响。 第三个实验设计光照和养分交互斑块,以白三叶(Trifolium repens)和多种AM真菌为研究对象,探讨AM真菌及其多样性对克隆分工的影响。将间隔子连接(整合)或断裂(无整合)的白三叶分株对种植于光照强度和土壤养分交互斑块性资源条件下(即,高光低养和低光高养),向分株对接种灭菌处理、单种或五种AM真菌的菌剂。结果发现,对照处理中,间隔子连接的分株对在光养交互斑块中与间隔子断裂的分株对相比较表现出克隆分工,即高光低养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配增加,低光高养斑块中的分株的根系生物量分配减少。单菌处理没有影响对照处理中间隔子状态对分株对生物量分配的改变;多菌处理显著减小对照中生物量分配的改变;与单菌处理比较,多菌处理能显著减小生物量分配的改变。在高光低养斑块中,多菌处理显著抑制间隔子断裂分株的根生物量分配的增加。在低光高养斑块中,多菌处理完全抑制在对照处理中间隔子连接的分株的根生物量分配的增加。在对照处理中,间隔子连接分株的单叶面积、总叶面积、叶柄长、根长都与生物量分配趋势一致,表现出对丰富资源的特化。接菌处理能显著抑制这些形态指标的改变。多菌处理显著抑制这些指标的特化,并且抑制效果显著强于单菌处理。间隔子状态和AM真菌处理显著增加高光低养、低光高养斑块中分株及整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数。多菌处理抑制间隔子连接的克隆片段生物量和分株数增加。克隆片段的生物量和分株数在对照和单菌处理间无显著差异,在多菌处理中显著高于在单菌处理中。 以上三个实验说明,(1)AM真菌对克隆植物生长的影响与非克隆植物一样,受到植物种类和环境资源水平的影响;(2)AM真菌对异质性资源环境中克隆植物的影响由于植物不同而产生不同的效应;(3)提高AM真菌的多样性可能增强菌根对克隆植物的作用。 这些研究结果揭示出AM真菌与异质性环境中克隆植物整合作用、非局域反应和克隆分工作用的交互影响,表明克隆生长在生态系统中的重要性可由生物和非生物因素共同决定。
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The present study on growth rate of different body parts in relation to total length, in the male and female Puntius sarana (Ham.) did not show any significant heterogeneity except in snout length (p.01). The growth rate of snout length was found to be higher in females (b=0.0377) than in males (b=0.0266). Since the growth rate of most of the body parts was found to be homogeneous in both the sexes, the common regression co-efficient "b" was calculated on pooled data to represent the growth rate of different body parts against total length, the linearity of regression lines indicated isometric growth.
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近年来有证据证明,光系统II(PS II)反应中心在结构与功能上存在着异质性,它与光舍原初过程、激发能的分配和调节、胁迫因子导致的光合单位的损伤与修复等密切相关。本论文主要研究了高温胁迫诱导PS II及其异质性的变化,以及人工电子受体与PS II还原侧异质性电子传递的关系.根据研究需要,建立了精确测定无活性PS II中心相时含量的软件和方法,圆满完成了本研究任务。此外,也参加了新的非调制式动力学荧光计的研制及其软件的编写. 以下是本论文的主要结果: 1.用N80-BASIC语言结合汇编语言重新编写了本室快速(ms级)叶绿素动力学荧光计的测控程序,使快速荧光上升曲线的采样速度提高了一个数量级(达到100μS/点),可对Fo、Fi等关键荧光参数进行精确测定,为无活性PS II中心相对含量的准确测定奠定了基础.新研制的荧光计的软件用C语言编写,可在IBM PC兼容机上运行,采样速度最快可达25μs/点,对Fo和Fi等参数的测定更加可靠和精确.新荧光计从软、硬件两方面进行了彻底地更新,具有高信噪比、高响应、高精度、低功耗等优点,其性能己达到国际同类产品的先进水平. 2.高温胁迫诱导小麦类囊体膜吸收光谱的变化,结果显示40℃-50℃20分钟以内的高温胁迫导致681nm的吸收峰下降,同时引起663nm的吸收峰增加,表明高温胁迫引起部分叶绿素蛋白复合体的破坏和游离的叶绿素分子的增多.在更严重的高温胁迫下(55℃5分钟以上),体内游离的叶绿素分子(△A663)本身也遭到进一步的降解. 3.小麦类囊体膜低温( 77K)荧光光谱的分析。结果证实温和的高温胁迫(40℃20分钟以内)可导致激发能更多地从PS II向光系统IcPsi)分配,而更严重的高温胁迫(45℃- 55℃20分钟以内)对PS II和PS I的叶绿素蛋白复合体(F684和F736)均有破坏作用. 4.高温胁迫诱导小麦叶片荧光诱导动力学、荧光猝灭及其荧光参数的变化的研究.结果表明,高温胁迫首先导致有效量子产量(E.Y.)的下降,胁迫作用进一步加强导致最适量子产量(0.Y.)下降,而对光化学猝灭qP的影响较晚.这说明和PS II电子受体侧的电子传递和与二氧化碳固定有关的酶系统对高温胁迫极为敏感.其次,PS II放氧系统的损伤也早于PS II原初反应中心的失活.同时,在自然界条件下,存在着高温和高光强对植物的加强协同的光抑制和破坏作用. 5.在研究高温胁迫诱导荧光动力学及其参数变化的基础上,提出测定和计算高温胁迫的植物样品中无活性PS II中心相对含量的合理方法.认为在高温胁迫导致可变荧光( Fv)猝灭的情况下,应以Fvi(Fvi=Fi-Fo)对室温对照的可变荧光(FVCK)的比值作为计算无活性PS II中心相对含量的指标(Fvi/FVCK).我们在弱激发光下测得正常的小麦和菠菜的无活性PS II中心的相对含量分别为0.155±0.011和0.094士0.010. 6.高温胁迫诱导有活性和无活性PS II中心异质性的相互转化的研究。结果发现50℃以下小于10分钟的处理,对PS II有活性和无活性中心的比值无明显影响:而经过50℃和55℃高温处理5-10分钟,有活性PS II中心才明显向无活性中心转化并发现这一转化过程发生在Fo己明显增加和Fv明显猝灭之后,也就是说它迟于高温胁迫对PS II天线色素蛋白复合体( LHCII)与PS II反应中心结合的破坏以及对放氧侧的损伤. 7.高温胁迫后的室温恢复期中有活性和无活性PS II中心相互转化的研究.发现在高温胁迫不太严重时(如50℃1分钟),无活性PS II中心的含量降至对照的70%,在随后室温60分钟恢复过程中继续降为50%。而Psn氧化侧的活性在此过程中可以得到部分恢复。高温胁迫进一步加强(如55℃5分钟和55℃10分钟)后,无活性PS II中心数目在随后的60分钟室温恢复期中,从恢复开始时为对照的130%和150%继续增加到240%和290%,且有加速转化的趋势。这说明高温胁迫诱导PS II还原侧异质性中心的转化除包含一个快速、直接的机制外,还启动了某种间接转化的机制. 8.对DMQ和DCBQ两种人工电子受体对有活性和无活性PS II中心的作用提出了不同见解。Cao和Govindjee(1990)认为DMQ(>20μmoI.L-1)只接受有活性PS II中心的电子,而DCBQ(>15, μmoLL-1)可完全接受有活性和无活性两种PS II中心的电子。但Lavergne等(1993)认为DCBQ不能接受无活性Psn中心的电子.我们用Stern-Volmer猝灭公式对我们的实验结果进行了分析,结果表明DMQ在较高浓度下(如120μmoI.L-1)才可完全接受有活性PS II中心的电子.但DCBQ的浓度在比Cao等几乎高出一个数量级( 120μmoI.L-1)的情况下,也只接受部分无活性PS II中心的电子( 40%)。另外我们发现,DMQ和DCBQ对Fm的猝灭不是随猝灭剂浓度的增加呈线性关系,而是一条近似饱和曲线,说明它至少包括两种以上不同的猝灭机制. 9.Mg2+诱导PS II异质性(Cα/Cβ)的研究。我们小组发现Mg2+诱导的chl a荧光增强动力学曲线包含Cα和Cβ两个指数成分,说明Mg2+在抑制激发能满溢,调节激发能向有利于PS I1分配的过程中存在异质性。其中Cβ比Cα具有更长的迁移寿命、更低的活化能和Mg2+半饱和浓度.这些说明Cβ比Cα更有可能在体内生理条件下发生迁移,从而在两个光系统之间起调节激发能分配的作用. 10.提出了高温胁迫诱导PS II异质性中心相互转换的可能模型.高温胁迫导致PS II异质性的转化包括几个步骤:有活性的α型PS II专荧光猝灭态的PS II专有活性的β型PS II专无活性的β型PS II专破坏了的PSⅡ.前两种转化一般具有可逆性.当高温胁迫进一步加强后,转化失去可逆性,在胁迫去除后,有活性PS II中心可继续向无活性中心转化,后者还有可能进一步受到破坏。
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Cluster analysis of ranking data, which occurs in consumer questionnaires, voting forms or other inquiries of preferences, attempts to identify typical groups of rank choices. Empirically measured rankings are often incomplete, i.e. different numbers of filled rank positions cause heterogeneity in the data. We propose a mixture approach for clustering of heterogeneous rank data. Rankings of different lengths can be described and compared by means of a single probabilistic model. A maximum entropy approach avoids hidden assumptions about missing rank positions. Parameter estimators and an efficient EM algorithm for unsupervised inference are derived for the ranking mixture model. Experiments on both synthetic data and real-world data demonstrate significantly improved parameter estimates on heterogeneous data when the incomplete rankings are included in the inference process.
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It is shown in the paper how robustness can be guaranteed for consensus protocols with heterogeneous dynamics in a scalable and decentralized way i.e. by each agent satisfying a test that does not require knowledge of the entire network. Random graph examples illustrate that the proposed certificates are not conservative for classes of large scale networks, despite the heterogeneity of the dynamics, which is a distinctive feature of this work. The conditions hold for symmetric protocols and more conservative stability conditions are given for general nonsymmetric interconnections. Nonlinear extensions in an IQC framework are finally discussed. Copyright © 2005 IFAC.
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In reciprocal mutualism systems, the exploitation events by exploiters might disrupt the reciprocal mutualism, wherein one exploiter species might even exclude other coexisting exploiter species over an evolutionary time frame. What remains unclear is how such a community is maintained. Niche partitioning, or spatial heterogeneity among the mutualists and exploiters, is generally believed to enable stability within a mutualistic system. However, our examination of a reciprocal mutualism between a fig species (Ficus racemosa) and its pollinator wasp (Ceratosolen fusciceps) shows that spatial niche partitioning does not sufficiently prevent exploiters from overexploiting the common resource (i.e., the female flowers), because of the considerable niche overlap between the mutualists and exploiters. In response to an exploiter, our experiment shows that the fig can (1) abort syconia-containing flowers that have been galled by the exploiter, Apocryptophagus testacea, which oviposits before the pollinators do; and (2) retain syconia-containing flowers galled by Apocryptophagus mayri, which oviposit later than pollinators. However, as a result of (2), there is decreased development of adult non-pollinators or pollinator species in syconia that have not been sufficiently pollinated, but not aborted. Such discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in offspring development of exploiters while rewarding cooperative individuals with higher offspring development by the fig will increase the fitness of cooperative pollinating wasps, but decrease the fitness of exploiters. The fig fig wasp interactions are diffusively coevolved, a case in which fig wasps diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition between wasps, while figs diverge their strategies to facilitate the evolution of cooperative fig waps or lessen the detrimental behavior by associated fig wasps. In habitats or syconia that suffer overexploitation, discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in the offspring development of exploiters in syconia that are not or not sufficiently pollinated will decrease exploiter fitness and perhaps even drive the population of exploiters to local extinction, enabling the evolution and maintenance of cooperative pollinators through the movement between habitats or syconia (i.e., the metapopulations).
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Innovation policies play an important role throughout the development process of emerging industries. However, existing policy studies view the process as a black-box, and fail to understand the policy-industry interactions through the process. This paper aims to develop an integrated technology roadmapping tool, in order to facilitate the better understanding of policy heterogeneity at the different stages of new energy industries in China. Through the case study of Chinese wind energy equipment manufacturing industry, this paper elaborates the dynamics between policy and the growth process of the industry. Further, this paper generalizes some Chinese specifics for the policy-industry interactions. As a practical output, this study proposes a policy-technology roadmapping framework that maps policy-market-product- technology interactions in response to the requirement for analyzing and planning the development of new industries in emerging economies (e.g. China). This paper will be of interest to policy makers, strategists, investors, and industrial experts. © 2011 IEEE.
DIFFERENT RATES OF MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCE EVOLUTION IN KIRK DIK-DIK (MADOQUA-KIRKII) POPULATIONS
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We have investigated evolutionary rates of the mitochondrial genome among individuals of Madoqua kirkii using the relative rate test. Our results demonstrate that individuals of two chromosome races, East African cytotype A and Southwest African cytotype D, evolve about 2.3 times faster than East African cytotype B. Cytogenetic changes, DNA repair efficiency, mutagens, and more likely, hitherto unrecognized factors will account for the rate difference we have observed. Our results suggest additional caution when using molecular clocks in the estimation of divergence time, even within lineages of closely related taxa. Rate heterogeneity in microevolutionary timescales represents a potentially important aspect of basic evolutionary processes and may provide additional insights into factors which affect genome evolution. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
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The number of fishing trials required for comparing the efficiency of fishing gears was investigated. A unique solution to this problem did not appear to exist because of the heterogeneity of the experimental material. Sequential experimentation and analysis have been found to be a practical approach to this problem. By this, the experiment can be terminated almost after 35 days fishing for catches with standard error per unit as per cent of the mean about 30% or less (after logarithmic transformation). For data with mean catches less than 1.5 kg analysis of variance approach does not appear to be meaningful.
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Most of the literature on the role of universities in innovation assumes that academics¡¯ knowledge interacts only with industry and knowledge transfer occurs only or mainly in the technological and scientific fields. We question these assumptions, suggesting academics¡¯ internal and external knowledge interact across disciplines. Using national survey data, this paper tries to show the heterogeneity of university teachers¡¯ knowledge interactions across wider disciplines. Also, this paper explores the patterns of university academics¡¯ internal knowledge interactions with other academics within academia and the university academics¡¯ external knowledge interactions with industry, such as small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and major Korean firms, Chaebols. We found that there are heterogeneities of academics¡¯ knowledge interactions across the disciplines.
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Collection of wild tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) seed with non-selective gears and its impact upon the coastal aquatic biodiversity has been investigated. Loss of undesired species as by-catch was estimated to be 1,075 individuals for collection of every desired shrimp seed which amounted to be 132 billion in a study area stretching 3 km long coastline of the Sagar Island under the Sunderban Biosphere, West Bengal, India. Non-penaeid shrimp seed and crab larvae accounted to be maximally destroyed as their overall contribution towards the by-catch were 56.5% and 29.44%, respectively. Though, rate of bycatch loss was found to be inversely correlated with the rate of shrimp seed collected per gear (r=-0.82, p<0.05) during the peak season (May-September), the overall relationship between them exhibited a linear relationship (r=0.73, p<0.05). By-catch loss for every shrimp seed collection tended to increase up to a daily collection of 2,500 numbers of shrimp seeds per gear followed by a decline. Coastal aquatic community was maximally damaged when the heterogeneity and stability as reflected by different diversity indices were higher.