Contributo para o estudo da infecção congénita pelo vírus citomegálico em Portugal

Resumo O vírus citomegálico humano (CMV) é o principal agente de infecção congénita, atingindo cerca de 0.2 a 2.2% de todos os recém-nascidos. As crianças que nascem infectadas por este vírus têm cerca de 11% a 12.7% de probabilidades de apresentarem sintomas e sinais de doença citomegálica ao nascimento, podendo cerca de 40 a 58% destas virem a apresentar sequelas neurológicas permanentes. Das crianças infectadas que terão infecção assintomática no período neo-natal, 5 a 15% poderão vir igualmente a sofrer de sequelas tardias, sobretudo a surdez ou o atraso mental. Em Portugal, desconhece-se a dimensão deste problema. O primeiro objectivo desta dissertação foi, desta forma, a determinação da prevalência através do recurso aos cartões do diagnóstico precoce (“Guthrie cards”), utilizando uma técnica de nested-PCR dirigida para o vírus. Foram estudados 3600 cartões, seleccionados de todo o território nacional (continente e ilhas), de uma forma proporcional ao número de nascimentos em cada distrito, dos quais 38 foram positivos, o que dá uma prevalência de 1.05% (intervalo de confiança para 95%: 0.748-1.446). A revisão sobre a experiência acumulada nos últimos 15 anos, na área do diagnóstico pré-natal, juntamente com um estudo adicional sobre a técnica da avidez, permitiu retirar algumas ilações, nomeadamente que este diagnóstico constitui uma arma diagnostica fiável para a avaliação pré-natal desta infecção congénita e que a selecção dos casos para amniocentese deverá obedecer a indicações serológicas precisas, como a “seroconversão para IgG” ou a “IgM confirmada” (devendo o método de confirmação ser a avidez das IgG com um índice <0,6) e as alterações ecográficas de etiologia não esclarecida. A possibilidade de utilizar pools de urinas para detectar a infecção congénita por CMV foi abordada na terceira parte do trabalho experimental. A metodologia aí descrita teve correlação total com o método de referência, permitindo uma redução bastante significativa nos tempos de execução e nos custos em consumíveis, pelo que abre a possibilidade da sua utilização para o rastreio da infecção congénita por CMV nos recém-nascidos.

Molecular details of INH-C-10 binding to wt KatG and Its S315T mutant

Isoniazid (INH) is still one of the two most effective antitubercular drugs and is included in all recommended multitherapeutic regimens. Because of the increasing resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to INH, mainly associated with mutations in the katG gene, new INH-based compounds have been proposed to circumvent this problem. In this work, we present a detailed comparative study of the molecular determinants of the interactions between wt KatG or its S315T mutant form and either INH or INH-C10, a new acylated INH derivative. MD simulations were used to explore the conformational space of both proteins, and results indicate that the S315T mutation did not have a significant impact on the average size of the access tunnel in the vicinity of these residues. Our simulations also indicate that the steric hindrance role assigned to Asp137 is transient and that electrostatic changes can be important in understanding the enzyme activity data of mutations in KatG. Additionally, molecular docking studies were used to determine the preferred modes of binding of the two substrates. Upon mutation, the apparently less favored docking solution for reaction became the most abundant, suggesting that S315T mutation favors less optimal binding modes. Moreover, the aliphatic tail in INH-C10 seems to bring the hydrazine group closer to the heme, thus favoring the apparent most reactive binding mode, regardless of the enzyme form. The ITC data is in agreement with our interpretation of the C10 alkyl chain role and helped to rationalize the significantly lower experimental MIC value observed for INH-C10. This compound seems to be able to counterbalance most of the conformational restrictions introduced by the mutation, which are thought to be responsible for the decrease in INH activity in the mutated strain. Therefore, INH-C10 appears to be a very promising lead compound for drug development.

C'est là que l'on joue la comédie: les casa da opera en Amérique Portugaise (1719-1819)

La présente thèse doctorale propose l’étude de l’activité théâtrale développée dans les théâtres permanents construits en Amérique Portugaise au long du XVIIIe et dans la première décennie du XIXe siècle, en mettant l’accent sur les idéalisateurs des Casas da Ópera et les moyens de financement utilisés dans l’édification et l’entretien de celles-ci, le répertoire mis en scène, les artistes composant les compagnies théâtrales, les spectateurs et les possibilités de sociabilité établies dans l’espace théâtrale et les modèles architectoniques qui ont inspiré la construction des bâtiments théâtraux au cours de la période mentionnée. Ces cinq axes principaux soulignent l’approche interdisciplinaire qui a orienté nos études, dans un souci de contribution à une plus complète compréhension de notre sujet de recherche. Mots clés : Théâtres, Amérique Portugaise, Comédiens Mulâtres, Théâtre Éphémère, Comédies Portugaises, Architecture théâtrale luso-américaine, Casa da Ópera de Vila Rica/Ouro Preto.

C&SIG na delimitação da estrutura ecológica municipal: aplicação ao município de Cascais

Trabalho de projecto apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica.

High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among Brazilian hemodialysis patients in Rio de Janeiro: a one-year follow-up study

Nearly 400 hemodialysis patients treated at 5 different hemodialysis units in Rio de Janeiro were tested for one year for the presence of hepatitis C and B markers. During the same period, samples were also obtained from 35 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and from 242 health care workers. Depending on the hemodialysis unit studied, anti-HCV prevalence rates ranging from 47% to 82% (mean 65%) were detected. CAPD patients showed a lower prevalence of 17%. The prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) among health care workers was 2.9%. We observed a hepatitis C attack rate of 11.5% per year in the anti-HCV-negative hemodialysis patient population. An average of 9.4% of the hemodialysis patients were chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) (range 1.8% - 20.4%), while 48.9% showed markers of previous HBV infection. The HBV attack rate was 4.5% per year (range 0% - 6%). These results indicate an alarming high prevalence of anti-HCV among hemodialysis patients of this studied region.

Tipagem molecular de isolados clínicos e ambientais de Cryptococcus neoformans

As micoses estão incluídas entre as doenças infecciosas mais ubíquas em todo o mundo, afectando todos os estratos sociais e todos os grupos etários numa variedade de manifestações superficiais, cutâneas, subcutâneas e sistémicas. Um diagnóstico rápido e eficaz destas doenças, com uma correcta identificação da espécie fúngica responsável pela infecção, é essencial para um planeamento do tratamento mais eficaz para o doente infectado. Tem-se registado um aumento da incidência das infecções fúngicas também em consequência do aumento do número de casos de doentes imunodeprimidos, devido particularmente à crescente utilização de terapêuticas imunossupressivas, procedimentos médicos invasivos, prescrição de tratamentos prolongados, entre outros aspectos. O aparecimento da epidemia da Imunodeficiência Humana no início da década de 80, causada pelo vírus VIH, contribuiu também decisivamente para o aumento das infecções fúngicas oportunistas. A Criptococose é uma infecção fúngica, predominantemente oportunista e com uma distribuição epidemiológica mundial, causada por leveduras encapsuladas do género Cryptococcus. A espécie clinicamente mais relevante é Cryptococcus neoformans, cujas estirpes têm sido tradicionalmente classificadas em cinco serotipos relacionados com os antigénios da respectiva cápsula polissacárida: A (C. neoformans var. grubii); D (C. neoformans var. neoformans); B e C (actualmente reconhecidos como uma espécie distinta mas filogeneticamente próxima, C. gattii); e AD (estirpes híbridas). O presente trabalho teve como principal objectivo determinar retrospectivamente os tipos moleculares de uma colecção alargada de estirpes de C. neoformans, isoladas e mantidas durante os últimos 18 anos no Laboratório de Micologia do IHMT/UNL. A maioria das estirpes foi isolada de doentes imunodeprimidos com criptococose, existindo também algumas estirpes de origem ambiental. Foi utilizada a técnica de PCR-RFLP do gene URA5 para diferenciar as estirpes de Cryptococcus neoformans, tendo sido detectados quatro tipos moleculares: VN1 e VN2 (relacionados com C. neoformans var. grubii, serotipo A); VN3 (relacionado com as estirpes híbridas de serotipo AD); e VN4 (relacionado com C. neoformans var. neoformans, serotipo D). Não foram encontrados entre os isolados de origem clínica perfis de restrição correspondentes aos tipos moleculares VG1, VG2, VG3 e VG4 (relacionados com C. gattii, serotipos B e C). O tipo molecular VN1 foi o mais abundante entre os isolados de origem clínica (45% dos isolados), seguindo-se o grupo de estirpes híbridas do tipo molecular VN3 (31%). Os tipos moleculares menos abundantes entre os isolados foram o VN2 (12%) e VN4 (12%). A estandardização do método de tipagem molecular utilizado neste trabalho permite comparar os resultados obtidos com os de outros estudos epidemiológicos semelhantes, realizados noutras regiões do globo e publicados em anos recentes, contribuindo para um conhecimento melhorado da epidemiologia global deste importante fungo patogénico. Em Portugal obteve-se uma percentagem mais elevada de isolados dos grupos moleculares VN1 e VN3 em relação a outros países da Europa e América Latina, em que os tipos mais abundantes são VN1 e VN2. Nestas mesmas regiões, o tipo molecular VN4, relacionado com as estirpes de C. neoformans var. neoformans do serotipo D, é muito raro. Esta variedade é mais comum em zonas mediterrâneas e está muito associada a casos clínicos de infecções cutâneas associadas a infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central. Este tipo molecular parece ser também significativamente mais abundante no nosso país.

Long term follow-up and patterns of response of ALT in patients with chronic hepatitis NANB/C treated with recombinant interferon-alpha

The response to interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis NANB/C has usually been classified as complete, partial or absent, according to the behavior of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). However, a more detailed observation of the enzymatic activity has shown that the patterns may be more complex. The aim of this study was to describe the long term follow-up and patterns of ALT response in patients with chronic hepatitis NANB/C treated with recombinant interferon-alpha. A follow-up of 6 months or more after interferon-a was achieved in 44 patients. We have classified the serum ALT responses into six patterns and the observed frequencies were as follows: I. Long term response = 9 (20.5%); II. Normalization followed by persistent relapse after IFN = 7 (15.9%); III. Normalization with transient relapse = 5 (11.9%); IV. Temporary normalization and relapse during IFN = 4 (9.1%); V. Partial response (more than 50% of ALT decrease) = 7 (15.9%); VI. No response = 12 (27.3%). In conclusion, ALT patterns vary widely during and after IFN treatment and can be classified in at least 6 types.

Genetic structure of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C epidemic strains in South Brazil

In the present study we report the results of an analysis, based on serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE), and ribotyping of N. meningitidis serogroup C strains isolated from patients with meningococcal disease (MD) in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) States, Brazil, as the Center of Epidemiology Control of Ministry of Health detected an increasing of MD cases due to this serogroup in the last two years (1992-1993). We have demonstrated that the MD due to N.meningitidis serogroup C strains in RS and SC States occurring in the last 4 years were caused mainly by one clone of strains (ET 40), with isolates indistinguishable by serogroup, serotype, subtype and even by ribotyping. One small number of cases that were not due to an ET 40 strains, represent closely related clones that probably are new lineages generated from the ET 40 clone referred as ET 11A complex. We have also analyzed N.meningitidis serogroup C strains isolated in the greater São Paulo in 1976 as representative of the first post epidemic year in that region. The ribotyping method, as well as MEE, could provide useful information about the clonal characteristics of those isolates and also of strains isolated in south Brazil. The strains from 1976 have more similarity with the actual endemic than epidemic strains, by the ribotyping, sulfonamide sensitivity, and MEE results. In conclusion, serotyping with monoclonal antibodies (C:2b:P1.3), MEE (ET 11 and ET 11A complex), and ribotyping by using ClaI restriction enzyme (Rb2), were useful to characterize these epidemic strains of N.meningitidis related to the increased incidence of MD in different States of south Brazil. It is mostly probable that these N.meningitidis serogroup C strains have poor or no genetic corelation with 1971-1975 epidemic serogroup C strains. The genetic similarity of members of the ET 11 and ET 11A complex were confirmed by the ribotyping method by using three restriction endonucleases.

Hepatitis G virus / GB virus C in Brazil. Preliminary report

Hepatitis G virus/ GB virus C is a novel flavivirus recently detected in hepatitis non A-E cases. In this study, the presence of this virus in chronic non-B, non-C hepatitis patients was evaluated using GBV-C specific PCR and this virus was detected in one out of thirteen patients. This patient has presented a severe liver failure, has lived for a long time in the Western Amazon basin and no other cause for this clinical picture was reported. The impact of the discovery of this new agent is still under evaluation throughout the world. The study of the prevalence of this virus among chronic hepatitis patients and healthy individuals (as blood donors) will furnish subside to evaluate its real pathogenicity.

GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus and other putative hepatitis non A-E viruses

The identification of the major agents causing human hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E Viruses) was achieved during the last 30 years. These viruses are responsible for the vast majority of human viral hepatitis cases, but there are still some cases epidemiologically related to infectious agents without any evidence of infection with known virus, designated as hepatitis non A - E. Those cases are considered to be associated with at least three different viruses: 1 - Hepatitis B Virus mutants expressing its surface antigen (HBsAg) with altered epitopes or in low quantities; 2 - Another virus probably associated with enteral transmitted non A-E hepatitis, called Hepatitis F Virus. Still more studies are necessary to better characterize this agent; 3 - Hepatitis G Virus or GB virus C, recently identified throughout the world (including Brazil) as a Flavivirus responsible for about 10% of parenteral transmitted hepatitis non A-E. Probably still other unknown viruses are responsible for human hepatitis cases without evidence of infection by any of these viruses, that could be called as non A-G hepatitis.

Dynamic and interaction of cytochrome c with Pf1 virus

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em BioOrgânica

ELEVATED ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) IN BLOOD DONORS: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MAIN ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATITIS C

The determination of aminotranferases levels is very useful in the diagnosis of hepatopathies. In recent years, an elevated serum ALT level in blood donors has been associated with an increased risk of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). The purpose of the study was to research the factors associated with elevated ALT levels in a cohort of voluntary blood donors and to evaluate the relationship between increased ALT levels and the development of hepatitis C (HCV) infection. 166 volunteer blood donors with elevated ALT at the time of their first donation were studied. All of the donors were questioned about previous hepatopathies, exposure to hepatitis, exposure to chemicals, use of medication or drugs, sexual behaviour, contact with blood or secretions and their intake of alcohol. Every three months, the serum levels of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, cholesterol, triglyceride and glycemia are assessed over a two year follow-up. The serum thyroid hormone levels as well as the presence of auto-antibodies were also measured. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in all patients with persistently elevated ALT or AST levels. A needle biopsy of liver was performed in 9 donors without definite diagnostic after medical investigation. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies in 116 donors were assayed again the first clinical evaluation. At the end of follow-up period (2 years later) 71 donors were tested again for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. None of donors resulted positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C markers during the follow-up. Of the 116 donors, 101 (87%) had persistently elevated ALT serum levels during the follow-up. Obesity and alcoholism were the principal conditions related to elevated ALT serum levels in 91/101 (90.1%) donors. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus also were associated with increased ALT levels. Only 1/101 (0.9%) had mild chronic active non A-G viral hepatitis and 3/101 (2.9%) had liver biopsy with non-specific reactive hepatitis. The determination of ALT levels was not useful to detect donors infected with HCV at donation in Brazil, including the initial seronegative anti-HCV phase.