Avaliação da acidez de bio-óleos obtidos pela pirólise de óleos vegetais pós-consumo

O descarte irregular do óleo vegetal pós-consumo diretamente na rede de esgoto vem causando grandes problemas para o meio ambiente. Atualmente, essa problemática tem se intensificado devido ao aumento de produção e consumo destes óleos, o que por conseqüência aumenta o despejo desordenado. No presente estudo foi realizada a obtenção do bio-óleo a partir da pirólise térmica em atmosfera de nitrogênio, a 400C, por 20 minutos, do óleo vegetal pós-consumo, provenientes das seguintes oleoginosas: soja, milho, girassol e canola. As pirólises não-catalíticas apresentaram uma geração média entre 40 e 50% de um bio-óleo, de elevado índice de acidez, 81,8 mg NaOH/g. Na pirólise catalítica, a argila ácida K10 foi o catalisador que apresentou melhor eficácia para geração de um bio-óleo de menor índice de acidez. A concentração ótima do catalisador foi de 5%(m/m), gerando 482 % de um bio-óleo com índice de acidez de 43,8 mg NaOH/g. A caracterização dos líquidos pirolíticos obtidos foi realizada através da técnica de espectrofotometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG/EM) que monstraram que a trioleína, o triglicerídeo do ácido oléico, foi craqueado, gerando o hexadecanoato de octadecila e o oleato de eicosila, ésteres do respectivo ácido graxo

Robust design optimization of gas turbine compression systems

Gas turbine compression systems are required to perform adequately over a range of operating conditions. Complexity has encouraged the conventional design process for compressors to focus initially on one operating point, usually the most commonor arduous, to draw up an outline design. Generally, only as this initial design is refined is its offdesign performance assessed in detail. Not only does this necessarily introduce a potentially costly and timeconsuming extra loop in the design process, but it also may result in a design whose offdesign behavior is suboptimal. Aversion of nonintrusive polynomial chaos was previously developed in which a set of orthonormal polynomials was generated to facilitate a rapid analysis of robustness in the presence of generic uncertainties with good accuracy. In this paper, this analysis method is incorporated in real time into the design process for the compression system of a three-shaft gas turbine aeroengine. This approach to robust optimization is shown to lead to designs that exhibit consistently improved system performance with reduced sensitivity to offdesign operation.

Characteristics and optical spectra of V : YAG crystal grown in reducing atmosphere

A V:YAG single crystal was grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT) with graphite-heating elements. The as-grown crystal has different colorations of light green and yellow brown in different parts. Distribution of vanadium in three samples with different colorations was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. From the absorption spectrum of the yellow-brown part with peaks at 370, 820 and 1320nm, we can deduce that the reducing atmosphere of carbon diffused from the heating elements can increase the concentration of tetrahedral V3+ ions and induce F color centers. All three samples exhibited light-green color after annealing in vacuum or H-2 atmospheres. In the vacuum annealing process, the V3+ ions in tetrahedral positions were enhanced through two methods: one method is the exchanging of octahedral V3+ and tetrahedral Al3+ ions in neighboring sites under thermal excitation, the other is that F color centers were thoroughly eliminated and the escaped free electrons could be captured by V ions with higher valance states to further improve the concentration of tetrahedral V3+ ions. Besides the two mechanisms, the H-2 annealing process greatly improved the V-tetra(3+) ions through the reduction effect of H-2. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

高真空室中的水蒸气对HfO2薄膜性能的影响

本文研究了在镀膜过程中真空室内水蒸气的含量对HfO2薄膜物理性能的影响。用电子束蒸发和光电极值监控的方法在BK7基底上制备HfO2薄膜。利用残余气体分析仪在线监测了真空室内的残余气氛组成。分别用Lambda 900光谱仪、X射线衍射方法、表面热透镜技术和1064nm的激光器测试了薄膜的光学性能、微结构、吸收和激光损伤阈值。实验发现，附加冷阱装置有助于我们有效控制镀膜过程中的水汽含量，且在水蒸气含量较少的真空室内镀制的薄膜具有较高的折射率，较小的晶粒尺寸，较低的弱吸收值和较高的损伤阈值。

Impact of organic contamination on laser-induced damage threshold of high reflectance coatings in vacuum

The influence of organic contamination in vacuum on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of coatings is studied. TiO2/SiO2 dielectric mirrors with high reflection at 1064 nm are deposited by the electron beam evaporation method. The LIDTs of mirrors are measured in vacuum and atmosphere, respectively. It is found that the contamination in vacuum is easily attracted to optical surfaces because of the low pressure and becomes the source of damage. LIDTs of mirrors have a little change in vacuum compared with in atmosphere when the organic contamination is wiped off. The results indicate that organic contamination is a significant reason to decrease the LIDT. N-2 molecules in vacuum can reduce the influence of the organic contaminations and prtectect high reflectance coatings. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.