Histoplasma capsulatum fungemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: detection by lysis-centrifugation blood-culturing technique

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) is an increasingly common cause of infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report 21 cases of PDH associated with AIDS diagnosed by lysis-centrifugation blood culture method. The most prevalent clinical findings were fever, weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and mucocutaneous lesions. Chest roentgenogram showed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in 13 of 21 patients (62%). Brochoalveolar fluid has yelded positive culture in four patients only in medium with cycloheximide.

Soft tissue abscess and lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium Complex as an expression of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after a second scheme of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an atypical and unexpected reaction related to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. IRIS includes an atypical response to an opportunistic pathogen (generally Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus and herpes varicella-zoster), in patients responding to HAART with a reduction of plasma viral load and evidence of immune restoration based on increase of CD4+ T-cell count. We reported a case of a patient with AIDS which, after a first failure of HAART, developed a subcutaneous abscess and supraclavicular lymphadenitis as an expression of IRIS due to Mycobacterium avium complex after starting a second scheme of HAART.

Síndrome de Klinefelter no Adulto: um Caso e Revisão Breve

Introdução: O diagnóstico de Síndrome de Klinefelter é habitualmente tardio (na idade adulta), devido à paucidade de sintomas e amplo espectro clínico e fenotípico, e é frequentemente feito na sequência do estudo de causas de infertilidade. Volume testicular reduzido e azoospermia são as características clínicas mais prevalentes. Caso Clínico: Este artigo descreve o caso clínico de um homem de 40 anos de idade, saudável, que recorreu à consulta de Urologia por testículo esquerdo retráctil e doloroso. Na sequência da avaliação destas queixas foi feita uma ecografia escrotal que mostrou heterogeneidade e atrofia testicular, bem como imagem nodular do testículo direito. Analiticamente, tinha marcadores tumorais normais e o estudo hormonal mostrou diminuição do valor de testosterona e aumento de FSH e LH. Para além disso, o espermograma revelou azoospermia. Foi feita orquidopexia à esquerda e biopsia testicular que mostrou hipertrofia das células de Leydig, sem atipias. O cariótipo feito posteriormente mostrou presença de um cromossoma X supra-numerário em todas as células, compatível com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Klinefelter. Discussão e Conclusão: O estudo da infertilidade é frequentemente aquilo que conduz ao diagnóstico desta síndrome, caracterizada por diminuição das dimensões dos testículos, azoospermia, diminuição do valor sérico de testosterona e alteração do desenvolvimento sexual secundário. É importante o acompanhamento dos doentes para despiste de outras patologias que lhe estão associadas (neoplasia do testículo e da mama, osteoporose), tratamento com suplementação androgénica, quando indicado, e tratamento da infertilidade. Apesar da obtenção de resultados animadores em doentes com espermatozóides identificados na biópsia testicular, por extracção(TESE, testicular sperm extraction) e injecção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóides (ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection), estes restringem-se apenas a alguns centros com experiência.

Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Pregnancy Outcome in a Portuguese Population

Introduction:Women with antiphospholipid syndrome(APS) may suffer from recurrent miscarriage, fetal death, fetal growth restriction (FGR), pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, premature delivery and thrombosis. Treatment with aspirin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) combined with close maternal-fetal surveillance can change these outcomes. Objective: To assess maternal and perinatal outcome in a cohort of Portuguese women with primary APS. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 51 women with primary APS followed in our institution (January 1994 to December 2007). Forty one(80.4%) had past pregnancy morbidity and 35.3%(n=18) suffered previous thrombotic events. In their past they had a total of 116 pregnancies of which only 13.79 % resulted in live births. Forty four patients had positive anticardiolipin antibodies and 33 lupus anticoagulant. All women received treatment with low dose aspirin and LMWH. Results: There were a total of 67 gestations (66 single and one multiple). The live birth rate was 85.1%(57/67) with 10 pregnancy failures: seven in the first and second trimesters, one late fetal death and two medical terminations of pregnancy (one APS related). Mean (± SD) birth weight was 2837 ± 812 g and mean gestational age 37 ± 3.3 weeks. There were nine cases of FGR and 13 hypertensive complications(4 HELLP syndromes). 54.4% of the patients delivered by caesarean section. Conclusions: In our cohort, early treatment with aspirin and LMWH combined with close maternal-fetal surveillance was associated with a very high chance of a live newborn.

Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with hepatitis A: case report and literature review

Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome (VAHS) is a severe hematological disorder related to some viral infections. It is an illness characterized by persistent fever, pancytopenia, splenomegaly, hyperferritinemia and, the most important, hemophagocytosis observed in the bone marrow, liver and/or lymph nodes. VAHS associated with hepatitis A virus infection is rarely described, despite the high incidence of this viral infection in the population in general. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal treatment of VAHS. In this article the clinical features, presumed pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and treatment of VAHS are discussed, including description of cases of VAHS related to hepatitis A virus infection found in the medical literature.

Leprosy and Kaposi Sarcoma Presenting as an Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient with AIDS

The simultaneous presence of infectious organisms within cutaneous lesions of Kaposi sarcoma in persons with AIDS has been demonstrated. We describe a patient with concurrent leprosy and Kaposi sarcoma presenting as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the setting of AIDS.

Case Report: Purple Urine Bag Syndrome

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) was first reported in 1978. PUBS is rare, occurs predominantly in constipated women, chronically catheterized and associated with some bacterial urinary infections that produce sulphatase/phosphatase. The etiology is due to indigo (blue) and indirubin (red) or to their mixture that becomes purple. A chain reaction begins in the gastrointestinal tract with tryptophan as described in the article.

Does Metabolic Syndrome Predict Significant Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease?

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an independent predictor of acute cardiovascular events. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between MS and stable angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD), which has a different pathophysiological mechanism. We aimed to study the independent predictors for significant CAD, and to analyze the impact of MS (by the AHA/NHLBI definition) on CAD. METHODS: We prospectively included 300 patients, mean age 64±9 years, 59% male, admitted for elective coronary angiography (suspected ischemic heart disease), excluding patients with known cardiac disease. All patients underwent assessment of demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data and risk factors, and subsequently underwent coronary angiography. RESULTS: In the study population, 23.0% were diabetic, 40.5% had MS (and no diabetes) and 36.7% had neither diagnosis. Significant CAD was present in 51.3% of patients. CAD patients were older and more frequently male and diabetic, with increased triglycerides and glucose and lower HDL cholesterol. Abdominal obesity was also less prevalent. MS was not associated with the presence of CAD (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.59-1.48, p=0.778). Of the MS components, the most important predictors of CAD were increased glucose and triglycerides. Abdominal obesity was associated with a lower risk of CAD. In a multivariate logistic regression model for CAD, independent predictors of CAD were age, male gender, glucose and triglycerides. Body mass index had a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: Although MS is associated with cardiovascular events, the same was not found for stable angiographically proven CAD. Age, gender, diabetes and triglycerides are the most influential factors for CAD, with abdominal obesity as a protective factor.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes on a High-Risk Population with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Objectivos: A prevalência de Sindroma Metabólica (SM) e diabetes é variável consoante a definição utilizada, assim como com a região geográfica e o grupo étnico estudado. Não existem estudos em indivíduos portugueses com suspeita de doença arterial coronária. Analisámos a prevalência de SM e diabetes nesta população específica de doentes, comparando também definições. Métodos: Incluíram-se no estudo 300 indivíduos, com uma idade media de 64 ± 9 anos, 59% do género masculino, admitidos para angiografia coronária electiva, tendo sido excluídos os doentes com doença cardíaca previamente conhecida. Avaliou-se a prevalência de SM e de diabetes. Resultados: A prevalência ajustada de SM foi de 39,3% (critério NCEP-ATP III), 53,8% (critério IDF) e 48,4% (critério AHA/NHLBI). A prevalência ajustada de diabetes foi de 14,8% pela definição prévia da ADA e de 36.4% com a definição mais recente. A concordância global entre as definições de SM foi de 45,3%, sendo mais elevada entre as definições da AHA/NHLBI e da NCEP-ATP III (Kappa 0,821). A prevalência de SM está altamente dependente da idade em ambos os géneros, sendo mais prevalente no género feminino. A prevalência de diabetes é também dependente da idade, sendo semelhante em ambos os géneros. O componente de SM mais frequente é a hipertensão arterial, seguido pela obesidade abdominal, elevação da glicose, colesterol-HDL baixo e finalmente elevação dos triglicéridos. É também importante referir que 60% dos doentes estavam sob terapêutica hipolipemiante (56,6% com estatinas, 1,7% com fibratos e 1,7% com ambos). A diferença mais significativa entre géneros no que diz respeito aos componentes de SM é a elevada prevalência de obesidade abdominal no género feminino. Conclusões: Nesta população de alto risco, a prevalência de SM é elevada, sendo contudo a prevalência de diabetes semelhante à registada em estudos epidemiológicos na população geral.

On the analysis of data emerging in non-linear and complex systemscomparison of two X-Ray prony spectra

New arguments proving that successive (repeated) measurements have a memory and actually remember each other are presented. The recognition of this peculiarity can change essentially the existing paradigm associated with conventional observation in behavior of different complex systems and lead towards the application of an intermediate model (IM). This IM can provide a very accurate fit of the measured data in terms of the Prony's decomposition. This decomposition, in turn, contains a small set of the fitting parameters relatively to the number of initial data points and allows comparing the measured data in cases where the “best fit” model based on some specific physical principles is absent. As an example, we consider two X-ray diffractometers (defined in paper as A- (“cheap”) and B- (“expensive”) that are used after their proper calibration for the measuring of the same substance (corundum a-Al2O3). The amplitude-frequency response (AFR) obtained in the frame of the Prony's decomposition can be used for comparison of the spectra recorded from (A) and (B) - X-ray diffractometers (XRDs) for calibration and other practical purposes. We prove also that the Fourier decomposition can be adapted to “ideal” experiment without memory while the Prony's decomposition corresponds to real measurement and can be fitted in the frame of the IM in this case. New statistical parameters describing the properties of experimental equipment (irrespective to their internal “filling”) are found. The suggested approach is rather general and can be used for calibration and comparison of different complex dynamical systems in practical purposes.

Pesquisa de Sequências do Cromossoma Y em Indivíduos com Síndroma de Turner

O síndroma de Turner (TS) tem sido descrito em associação com diversas anomalias dos cromossomas sexuais. Embora a maioria dos individuos com TS não apresentem evidência citogenética de sequências do cromossoma Y, diferentes autores consideram que algumas doentes com TS podem possuir uma linha celular minoritária contendo material do cromossoma Y, que não é detectada pela análise citogenética convencional. A identificação de moisacismos minoritários ou subrepresentados contendo o cromossoma Y é de importância fundamental em termos clínicos devido ao risco aumentado que estas doentes possuem para desenvolvimento de gonadoblastoma. No presente estudo procedeu-se à análise citogenética convencional de linfócitos de sangue periférico obtidos de 22 doentes com TS. Destas doentes, doze possuíam cariotipo 45,X, em sete foram detectados mosaicos com ou sem anomalias estruturais do cromossoma X e nas restantes três foram identificados os seguintes cariotipos: 46,X,i (X)(q10); 46,X,+mar/47,X,idic(Y),+mar e 45,X/46,X,+r. Os estudos moleculares foram realizados em DNA genómico obtido a partir de linfócitos de sangue periférico e de células de mucosa bucal, dois tecidos que derivam de folhetos embrionários diferentes, respectivamente, mesoderme e ectoderme. A pesquisa de moisacismos minoritários envolvendo o cromossoma Y foi efectuada por PCR simples e PCR nested para os seguintes loci específicos do cromossoma Y: SRY (sex determining region Y), TSPY (testis specific protein Y encoded), DYZ3 (locus centromérico) e DAZ1 (deleted in azoospermia). O uso de STSs localizados nos braços curto e longo do cromossoma Y permitiu a caracterização de um idic (Y)e de um cromossoma em anel, detectados em duas das doentes estudadas. A eleveda sensibilidade da PCR nested (1 célila masculina/125 000 células femininas) permitiu excluir a presença de moisacismos minoritários do Y em 20 das 22 doentes com TS. Na doente com um idic(Y) a análise por PCR simples foi posistiva para todos os loci estudados com excepção da região heterocromática. Este resultado permitiu identificar o ponto de quebra no braço longo entre sY158 e sY159, tendo-se confirmado por hibridação in situ de fluorescência (FISH), a duplicação da eurocromatina do braço longo, centrómero e braço curto do cromossoma Y. A caracterização do cromossoma em anel, detectado num das doentes com TS só foi possível por FISH e por PCR. Neste cromossoma, derivado de Y, foi detectada, no braço curto, a delecção da região pseudoautossómica 1 (PARY1)e, no braço longo, a delecção dos intervalos 6 e 7. Contudo, o referido cromossoma foi positivo para os loci SRY, RPS4Y, AMGY, TSPY localizados no braço curto, DYZ3 (centrómero) e, sY85, DFFRY, GY6, sY87, sY113, sY119, sY122, sY126 e RBMY1 localizados no braço longo do cromossoma Y. Este estudo permitiu, assim, excluir a presença de moisacismos minoritários do cromossoma Y em dois tecidos obtidos de 20 doentes com TS, e caracterizar por FISH e análise molecular, um idic(Y) e um cromossoma em anel, em que a natureza deste último não tinha sido identificada por análise citogenética convencional. O risco elevado de desenvolvimento de gonadoblastoma nos indivíduos com TS que possuem sequências do cromossoma Y justifica a aplicação de FISH e PCR para a caracterização de cromossomas marcadores e a utilização de PCR nested para a detecção de moisacismos minoritários do Y sempre que o material deste cromossoma não seja detectado pela análise citogenética convencional em doentes com cariotipo 45,X e/ou virilização.

De Novo Hypertension and Decline of Renal Function in a Young Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and lupus nephritis have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations and achieving the accuracy of diagnosis required for correct treatment frequently necessitates a kidney biopsy. We report the case of a 29-year-old woman referred to the nephrology service for de novo hypertension, decline of renal function and proteinuria. She had had systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome since the age of 21 and was taking oral anticoagulation. Two weeks later, after treatment of hypertension and achievement of adequate coagulation parameters, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed. The biopsy revealed chronic lesions of focal cortical atrophy, arterial fibrous intimal hyperplasia and arterial thromboses, which are typical features of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy. We describe the clinical manifestations and histopathology of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and review the literature on renal biopsy in patients receiving anticoagulation.

McCune Albright Syndrome: A Diagnosis to be Kept in Mind

Precocious puberty, defined as the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8, often leads to anxiety in patients and their families but also in clinicians searching for the final diagnosis. After adequate investigation, the majority of the cases in girls turn out to be idiopathic. The authors present a case of McCune Albright syndrome in order to call attention to a rare cause of sexual precocity and the value of ultrasound in the evaluation of these situations. 10 years old infant girl admitted in our department due to irregular menstrual bleeding. She experienced a vaginal bleeding by the age of 3 which led to the diagnosis of McCune Albright Syndrome after a complete evaluation. Pubertal assessment revealed a reversed sequence in the remaining events with adrenarche at 5 and thelarche at 8. Hormonal evaluation demonstrated low FSH and LH levels (11,2 and 6,72 respectively) with high estrogen (204). Pelvic ultrasound showed a normal sized uterus (73x 29x32 mm), endometrial thickness of 5 mm and ovaries with several microfollicles and a copus luteum measuring 23 mm in the right ovary. McCune Albright syndrome is a very uncommon cause of sexual precocity that should, however, be suspected in all infant girls who present with vaginal bleeding. It is characterized by a triad: polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty and café-au-lait skin spots. Due to autonomous production of estrogen by the ovaries, ultrasound image of the female reproductive tract is inconsistent with chronologic age. Pelvic ultrasound demonstrates a normal sized uterus with a well defined cervix and clearly identified ovaries with several follicles, similar to adult women of reproductive age. Ultrasonography of the pelvis has also an important role excluding other causes of GnRH-independent precocious puberty conditions like ovarian cysts or tumors.