The Environmental, Social, Governance, and Financial Performance Effects on Companies that Adopt the United Nations Global Compact

This paper aims to investigate companies' environmental, social, governance (ESG), and financial implications of their commitment to the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). The focus is placed on companies operating in the three countries with the highest number of UNGC participants: Spain, France, and Japan. The results clearly reveal that adoption of the UNGC often requires an organizational change that fosters stakeholder engagement, ultimately resulting in improvements in companies' ESG performance. Additionally, the results reveal that ESG performance has a significant impact on financial performance for companies that adopted the principles of the UNGC. These findings provide both non-financial and financial incentives to companies to commit to this voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative, which will have important implications on companies' strategic management policies that aim to foster sustainable businesses and community development. Finally, the linkages between the UNGC-committed companies' ESG and financial performance may be influenced by geographical spread, mainly due to the appearance of differences in the institutional, societal, and cultural settings.

Multiple environmental states affecting penaeid shrimp production in Peru

A modification of the Schaefer surplus-production model was used to account for environmental induced variations of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) catch in northern Peru. Based on time series of catch, effort, river discharge and sea surface temperature, fluctuations in catch of shrimps are explained and discussed with respect to multiple level of carrying capacity and hence different maximum sustainable yields.

Avaliação microbiológica, detecção e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de potenciais enteropatógenos das famílias Enterobacteriaceae e Vibrionaceae em mexilhões Perna perna da praia de Itaipu, Niterói-RJ

Por serem organismos filtradores, os mexilhões devem ser extraídos para consumo somente de águas com padrões microbiológicos regulamentados pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, uma vez que intoxicações alimentares de origem bacteriana são as consequências mais comuns relacionadas ao consumo destes moluscos. Após a retirada dos costões, estes organismos passam por processos de fervura, lavagem, acondicionamento em sacos plásticos e transporte até a chegada ao mercado onde são comercializados; etapas estas, realizadas sem cuidados assépticos. Objetivando avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de mexilhões Perna perna coletados na praia de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ; após a sua fervura; e comercializados no Mercado São Pedro, foram realizadas contagens de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Vibrio spp. por metodologia convencional e molecular em amostras obtidas destes locais. Pelo teste de disco-difusão foi observado o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas. Do total de amostras analisadas (27) apenas 3 dos mexilhões que sofreram processo de aferventação, 1 do comercializado e 3 do in natura, se encontravam dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela legislação. Não houve diferença significativa entre as contagens de coliformes termotolerantes dos diferentes mexilhões analisados, mas sim entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. Somente uma das nove coletas de água mostrou-se própria para o cultivo de mexilhões (até 14 CF/mL). Foram isoladas e caracterizadas fisiológicamente, 77 estirpes da espécie E. coli, sendo confirmadas molecularmente por PCR os sorotipos EPEC, STEC e EAEC; 4 cepas Salmonella spp. sendo apenas uma confirmada por PCR; e das 57 cepas caracterizadas como Vibrio spp., 51 foram confirmadas por PCR, sendo 46 Vibrio spp., 2 V. cholerae, 1 V. vulnificus, 1 V. parahaemolyticus e 1 V. mimicus. Entre as estirpes de E. coli, 13% apresentaram multirresistência e 15,6% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A estirpe de Salmonella spp. se mostrou sensível a todos os antimicrobiados testados. Das estirpes de Vibrio spp. testadas, 68,6% apresentaram multirresistência e 72,5% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A partir da pesquisa de genes direto do caldo de enriquecimento foi possível detectar todos os genes pesquisados, com exceção para os sorotipos de Salmonella e V. cholerae. Baseado nos resultados do presente trabalho pode-se inferir que os mexilhões, amplamente comercializados no município de Itaipú, podem se constituir em risco para a saúde pública dos consumidores no Rio de Janeiro, necessitando dos órgãos competentes uma eficiente fiscalização nos pontos de venda e cultivo destes moluscos.

The Development and Decline of Hawaii's Skipjack Tuna Fishery

The pole-and-line fishery for skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, was the largest commercial fishery in Hawaii until its decline in the 1970's and 1980's. The development and decline of the fishery were strongly affected by fish availability and marketing. A sustained drop in the availability of large fish in the mid-1970's appears to have been due in part to a sustained environmental change. Availability of large fish subsequently increased, but the fishery continued its decline owing to low profitability and lack of markets. The tuna cannery in Honolulu that fostered the fishery's expansion in the 1930's closed in 1984. Unless efforts to increase the marketf or skipjack tuna become effective, landings will probably remain at current levels of about 1,000 metric tons per year. The existing pole-and-line fleet may continue to decline with age, and the local market may eventually be supplied by other fishing methods (e.g., trolling), by new vessels, or by imports.

New Products and Markets for Menhaden, Brevoortia spp.

Although menhaden, Brevoortia spp., represent 23.5 percent of United States commercial fishery landings, they represent only about 2.6 percent of the total landed value of fishery products. New food products and markets are needed to increase the economic value of the menhaden resource. This paper describes investigations of menhaden as a raw material for both traditional and new forms of food products. Canned menhaden is a logical food product, but the production of a menhaden surimi with good functionality has recently been demonstrated. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has placed partially hydrogenated menhaden oil on the GRAS list of ingredients for food products, but a decision on the status of nutritionally beneficial refined menhaden oil is not yet available. Refined menhaden oil is currently the raw material for biomedical test materials being used in research approved by the National Institutes of Health to determine the health benefits of fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids. The test materials are being produced, with strict quality controls, at the NMFS Charleston Laboratory.

Research in Global Groundfish Markets: An Exercise in International Cooperation

Over roughly the last decade, most of the fishery resources of the continental shelf and nearshore areas of the world's oceans have come under the control of coastal nations. One consequence of this extension of fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ) by any individual state has been the expansion of its production possibilities. That is, with strengthened property rights in the ocean resources off its shores, a coastal nation experiences increased opportunities to produce goods and services from its newly enlarged pool of resources. Such a nation, then, would appear to be a potential gainer from EFJ.

Proposed Environmental Quality Standards for Phenol in Water

This is the Proposed Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Phenol in Water prepared for the National Rivers Authority, and published by the Environment Agency in 1995. The report reviews the properties and uses of phenol, its fate, behaviour and reported concentrations in the environment and critically assesses the available data on its toxicity and bioaccumulation. The information is used to derive EQSs for the protection of fresh and saltwater life and for the abstraction of water to potable supply. Phenol is widely used as a chemical intermediate and the main sources for phenol in the environment are of anthropogenic origin. Phenol may also be formed during natural decomposition of organic material. The persistence of phenol in the aquatic environment is low with biodegradation being the main degradation process (half-lives of hours to days). Phenol is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms and its potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms is low.

Proposed Environmental Quality Standards for Nonylphenol in Water

This is the Proposed Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for Nonylphenol in Water produced by the Environment Agency in 1997. The report reviews the properties and uses of Nonylphenol, its fate, behaviour and reported concentrations in the environment, and critically assesses available data on its toxicity and bioaccumulation. The information is used to derive EQSs for the protection of fresh and saltwater life as well as for water abstracted to potable supply.Nonylphenol (NP) is used extensively in the production of other substances such as non-ionic ethoxylate surfactants. It is through the incomplete anaerobic biodegradation of these surfactants that most nonylphenol reaches the aquatic environment in effluents, e.g. from sewage treatment works and certain manufacturing operations. It was explicitly stated by the Environment Agency that the EQS was to be derived for NP and not Nonylphenol ethoxylates. However, since NP is unlikely to be present in the aquatic environment in the absence of other nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) degradation by-products, the toxicity, fate and behaviour of some of these (i.e. nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO), mono- and di-nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NP1EC and NP2EC) have also been considered in this report. In the aquatic environment and during sewage treatment, NPEs are rapidly degraded to NP under aerobic conditions. NP may then be either fully mineralised or may be adsorbed to sediments. Since NP cannot be biodegraded under anaerobic conditions it can accumulate in sediments to high concentrations.

River Gowy and Thornton Brook improvements. Environmental Action Plan March 2000

This is the River Gowy and Thornton Brook improvements: Environmental Action Plan report produced by the Environment Agency in 2000. This Environmental Action Plan relates to the proposals by the Environment Agency to improve the flood defences of land adjacent to the River Gowy, about 3 km east of Ellesmere Port, Cheshire. The purpose of the Environmental Action Plan (EAP) is to provide details of how the issues addressed in the Environmental Statement (ES) will be carried through to the completion of the project. The EAP represents a commitment to the environmental recommendations formulated during the environmental assessment process and should be closely adhered to during the design, construction and post project monitoring o f the works. For any matters that cannot be finalised until during construction the constraints will be detailed in the plan so they are implemented in the contracts.

International legal instruments relevant to fisheries and fishing communities : a handbook. Theme IV. Environmental pollution

This handbook provides detailed information for a wide range of legal instruments relevant to fisheries and fishworkers. It covers 114 legal instruments, categorized into the following seven themes: Theme I. Human Rights, Food Security, Women and Development. Theme II. Environment and Sustainable Development. Theme III. Oceans and Fisheries Management. Theme IV. Environmental Pollution Theme V. Fishing Vessels and Safety at Sea Theme VI. Labour Theme VII. Trade The handbook also includes the working of the instruments (decision-making bodies, monitoring and implementation agencies, periodicity of meetings, rules for participation in meetings of the decision-making bodies and implementation agencies for States and non-governmental organizations), regional instrument and agencies. Apart from being a ready reckoner to the instruments, it highlights the important sections of relevance to fisheries or small-scale fisheries and fishworkers. The companion CD-ROM provides the full texts of the instruments in a searchable database. The handbook will be useful for fishworker and non-governmental organizations, and also for researchers and others interested in fisheries issues.