1000 resultados para defesa química
Resumo:
Microemulsions (MEs) are thermodynamically stable systems consisting of nanosized droplets dispersed in a solvent continuous medium (known as pseudo-phase), which is immiscible with the dispersed phase. These systems consist of water, a hydrophobic solvent called "oil," an amphiphile and often, a co-surfactant that is normally a medium chain alcohol. A large number of publications describe the importance of MEs in many branches of chemistry, and there is an intensive search for new applications. In addition, MEs have been applied in many areas, including oil extraction, removal of environmental pollutants from soils and effluents, dissolution of additives in lubricants and cutting oils, cleaning processes, dyeing and textile finishing, as nanoreactors to obtain nanoparticles of metals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic and photographic materials, and latex. However, only some studies indicate the potential applications of MEs in food and even fewer evaluate their chemical behavior. Potential applications of MEs in food comprise dissolution of lipophilic additives, stabilization of nutrients and biologically active compounds, using as an antimicrobial agent and to maximize the efficiency of food preservatives. This work consists of a literature review focusing on composition and physical and chemical characteristics of microemulsions. Despite the small number of studies on the subject reported in the literature, we demonstrate some potential applications of MEs in food chemistry.
Resumo:
This research aims to identify the reasons that lead students to pursue a specific course of chemistry teacher training, i.e., their perspectives on the course and the teaching career, and if they are motivated by trainers to become basic education (BE) teachers. It was concluded that most students did not want to be teachers of BE. They identified through the social context of the course that the teachers focused on the area of chemistry teaching sought to motivate them for this career, whereas the teachers of these specific areas of chemistry encouraged them to seek other career opportunities.
Resumo:
In this paper, we describe the development of low-cost teaching experiments of electrogravimetry for undergraduate students using principles of green chemistry. Copper was electrochemically deposited on brass under an electrical current density of 50 mA cm−2 from acidic solutions containing nitrate anions. Color changes at the brass electrode and of the solution were observed, indicating that the reduction of copper ions had occurred. The deposition efficiency values were between 92.8% and 93.8%, and the electrochemical efficiency values were between 85.6% and 86.5%. There was no significant contribution from parallel reactions. These experimental conditions facilitated the didactic exploration of gravimetric and electrochemical concepts. Following the principles of green chemistry, the experiments produced no toxic substances, all the materials could be recycled, and the energy consumption was the lowest. For this reason, this experiment was considered to be very interesting for didactical purposes.
Resumo:
Chemical investigation of the MeOH extract of root barks of P. pyramidallis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz resulted in the isolation of 3,3'-dimethylellagic acid and 3,3'-dimethylellagic acid-4'-O-β-D-xyloside. Lupeol, β-sitosterol/stigmasterol and the mixture of fatty acid methyl ester derivatives were also obtained. Chromatographic procedures of the MeOH extract of the flowers of this species led to obtain an unusual mixture of fatty alcohols, β-sitosterol/stigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and methyl gallate. The structures of the isolates were established by spectral data analysis. This is the first occurrence of 3,3'-dimethylellagic acid, 3,3'-dimethylellagic acid-4'- O-β-D-xyloside and free fatty alcohols in the Fabaceae family.
Resumo:
Drug trafficking and the introduction of new drugs onto the illicit market are one of the main challenges of the forensic community. In this study, the chemical profile of a new designer drug, 2-(4-iodine-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]etamine or 25I-NBOMe was explored using thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), attenuated total reflection with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR MS). First, the TLC technique was effective for identifying spots related to 25C-, 25B- and 25I-NBOMe compounds, all with the same retention factor, Rf ≈ 0.50. No spot was detected for 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine or lysergic acid diethylamide compounds. ATR-FTIR preserved the physical-chemical properties of the material, whereas GC-MS and ESI-MS showed better analytical selectivity. ESI(+)FT-ICR MS was used to identify the exact mass (m/z428.1706 for the [M + H]+ ion), molecular formula (M = C18H22INO3), degree of unsaturation (DBE = 8) and the chemical structure (from collision induced dissociation, CID, experiments) of the 25I-NBOMe compound. Furthermore, the ATR-FTIR and CID results suggested the presence of isomers, where a second structure is proposed as an isomer of the 25I-NBOMe molecule.
Resumo:
Blogs and other technology tools are commonly used in our society. Although we are familiar with the use of technology for social interaction, its application in the classroom environment is still not fully appreciated by the teaching community as a useful learning tool. This paper sheds light on this use by presenting the analysis of the comments posted on a blog used by undergraduate chemistry students for a scientific communication undergraduate course. On the course, students used the blog to ask questions and discuss assignments. All the comments were monitored by the professor and her teaching assistant, who also posted their comments. We analyzed the content of these comments using the model proposed by Henri and adapted by McKenzie and Murphy. The results show a predominance of administrative comments, followed by course content comments. The findings also indicated that this tool complements classroom discussions, supports the participation of students who would otherwise not take part, and allows a continuous learning process for all the students. We concluded that the use of blogs improved the classroom experience and supported the instructional classroom activities.
Resumo:
The use of spreadsheet softwares is not widespread in Chemical Education in Brazil as a computational education tool. By its turn the Qualitative Analytical Chemistry is considered a discipline with classical and non-flexible content. Thus in this work the spreadsheet software Excel® was evaluated as a teaching tool in a Qualitative Analytical Chemistry course for calculations of concentrations of the species in equilibrium in solutions of acids. After presenting the theory involved in such calculations the students were invited to elaborate the representation of the distribution of these species in a graphical form, using the spreadsheet software. Then the teaching team evaluated the resulting graphics regarding form and contents. The graphics with conceptual and/or formal errors were returned for correction, revealing significant improvement in the second presentation in all cases. The software showed to be motivating for the content of the discipline, improving the learning interest, while it was possible to prove that even in classical disciplines it is possible to introduce new technologies to help the teaching process.
Resumo:
This study aims to investigate the pedagogical knowledge of Higher Education Chemistry teachers. From the perspective of qualitative research, questionnaires were given, there was documentary analysis and were interviewed twenty-six teachers of the Institute of Chemistry of an institution of state public higher education of São Paulo. Discussed the relevance of pedagogic disciplines in Postgraduate courses and participation in monitoring programs and teacher training in higher education teacher formation. It was found that most teachers lack pedagogical training and some do not show interest in the subject, but look for ways to overcome the difficulties encountered. The results obtained demonstrate the urgency to rethink and reorganize the PostGraduate courses before the real need for training of teachers for higher education.
Resumo:
The profile analysis of CNPq Research Productivity Fellows (PQ) in the four subfields of chemistry and in their respective specialties highlighted particularities with regard to the indicators related to the judging criteria established by the Chemistry Advisory Committee. The curricula of all 727 PQ fellows with active grants in 15/03/2013 were analyzed spanning the past10 years (2003-2013). Out of all PQ-1 fellows, researchers in the subfield of Organic Chemistry had the highest median number of articles published per year. The subfield of Analytical Chemistry qualifies a higher number of postgraduate level students in comparison to other Chemistry subfields. Furthermore, this subfield had the highest average Hirsch index among PQ-1A and PQ-1B fellows. On the other hand, Inorganic Chemistry had the highest average number of patent applications per researcher, while Physical Chemistry had the specialties with the highest citation rates per paper and the highest average impact factors per journal. In all subfields, women made up a low proportion, especially at the highest levels of PQ fellowships. Although quantitative differences in scientific output were observed among the subfields, qualitative evaluation of science output was not carried out.
Resumo:
A explosão oxidativa é uma resposta de defesa da planta após o reconhecimento do patógeno, conduzindo à reação de hipersensibilidade (HR). Esta resposta é devido à geração de espécies ativas de oxigênio (ROS ou EAO's), tais como H2O2, O2-, e OH- As espécies ativas de oxigênio possuem várias funções na resposta de defesa da planta. Peróxido de higrogênio (H2O2) pode ser diretamente tóxico ao patógeno e está envolvido com o fortalecimento da parede celular, uma vez que o H2O2 é necessário para a biossíntese de lignina. Peróxido de hidrogênioatua também como mensageiro secundário, sendo responsável pela ativação da hidrolase do ácido benzóico, enzima responsável pela conversão do ácido benzóico em ácido salicílico. A explosão oxidativa não está confinada somente à HR macroscópica, uma vez que explosões oxidativas secundárias poderão ocorrer nos tecidos distantes, causando micro-HR's e conduzindo à resistência sistêmica adquirida (SAR), a qual é mediada pelo ácido salicílico como um sinal. Portanto, a ocorrência de HR e SAR é dependente da cascata de sinalização derivada da explosão oxidativa, que por sua vez é um evento inicial na resposta da planta contra a invasão do patógeno.
Resumo:
Peróxido de hidrogênio foi localizado citoquimicamente em virtude de sua reação com cloreto de cério, evidenciando H2O2 produzido em tomateiros (Lycopersicon esculentum) resistente e suscetível a Stemphylium solani. Precipitados de peridróxido de cério foram constatados nas células do mesofilo, na parede em contato com as hifas do patógeno. Portanto, não tendo sido observada reação diferencial entre as cultivares quanto ao acúmulo de H2O2, e, sendo sua presença detectada num dos controles negativos, sugere-se que este composto possivelmente não participe diretamente da resistência manifestada pela c.v. 'Motelle' contra S. solani, no tocante ao fortalecimento da parede celular.
Resumo:
Foi investigada a eficácia comparativa da pulverização foliar em tomateiro de acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) e Ecolife® na proteção contra Xanthomonas vesicatoria, bem como avaliada a ativação de algumas respostas bioquímicas de defesa de planta. Plantas de tomateiro cv. Santa Cruz Kada foram pulverizadas com acibenzolar S-metil (0,2 g l-1 ASM) e uma formulação natural proveniente de biomassa cítrica denominada Ecolife® (5 ml l-1). Quatro dias após as pulverizações, as plantas foram inoculadas com um isolado patogênico de Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Em experimentos de quantificação de doença, a pulverização foliar de Ecolife® e ASM conferiu 39,2% e 47,7% de proteção, respectivamente. A resistência induzida em plantas pulverizadas com ASM e Ecolife® foi evidenciada pelo aumento da atividade de peroxidases (POX) e oxidases de polifenóis (PPO), iniciado logo às primeiras horas após as pulverizações, continuando até 12 dias de avaliação. A despeito da tendência de queda nas atividades de amônia-liases de fenilalanina (PAL) a partir de 3 dias após as pulverizações, plantas tratadas com ASM e Ecolife® tiveram discreto aumento no acúmulo de lignina, principalmente aquelas pulverizadas com Ecolife® e inoculadas com X. vesicatoria. Teores de fenóis solúveis totais decresceram significativamente, 9 e 12 dias após pulverizações. O aumento nas atividades de POX e PPO poderia resultar em lignificação, a qual estaria associada a uma estratégia de defesa do tomateiro contra a mancha bacteriana.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se encontrar novos indutores de resistência contra a vassoura-de-bruxa (Crinipellis perniciosa) do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), com eficácia igual ou superior a aquela conferida pelo indutor de resistência padrão, acibenzolar-S-metil, e estudar possíveis respostas de defesa ativadas no cacaueiro por esses eliciadores mais eficazes. Foram testados extratos de várias plantas, principalmente, nativas do cerrado mineiro, bem como extratos provenientes de outras espécies cultivadas. Verificou-se que extratos aquosos produzidos a partir de ramos de lobeira (Solanum lycocarpum) com sintomas de vassoura-de-bruxa induziram proteção de mudas de cacaueiros contra a mesma doença em nível estatisticamente similar à proteção conferida pelo ASM. O extrato aquoso e fervido de lobeira, aqui denominado VLA, não foi tóxico in vitro, pelo contrário, induziu maior crescimento do fungo C. perniciosa em BDA, quando comparado à testemunha (crescimento em BDA puro). Quando se quantificou a atividade de proteínas relacionadas à patogênese (quitinase e beta-1,3-glucanase) estimuladas por VLA e ASM (como padrão), observou-se que ambos os tratamentos induziram maiores atividades de peroxidase, quitinase e beta-1,3-glucanase em mudas de cacaueiros, comparados às respectivas testemunhas, no período de 4 a 18 dias após a pulverização (DAP). Também o teor de lignina aumentou em plantas tratadas com VLA ou ASM, principalmente aos 18 DAP.
Resumo:
Oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica do oxigênio (DBO) e demanda química do oxigênio (DQO) foram utilizados como parâmetros para se avaliar o grau e capacidade de autodepuração do ribeirão Lavapés, que atravessa a cidade de Botucatu - SP. Avaliou-se o perfil de poluição orgânica e identificadas as zonas de autodepuração, e pontualmente foi realizado uma coleta de 24 horas, de hora em hora, onde foi possível correlacionar a poluição orgânica com as atividades domésticas. A DQO mostrou-se como a melhor técnica para avaliar o perfil de poluição orgânica, identificar as zonas de depuração, e para avaliar a poluição orgânica, neste curso dágua. A relação DQO/DBO foi em média 3,4 caracterizando um esgoto biodegradável, indicando que praticamente não existe adição de efluentes industriais, permitindo assim estimar a DBO através da DQO. Nos trechos de água limpa, nascente e foz, em que a DQO estava abaixo de 5 mg L-1 O2, foram utilizados os valores de oxigênio consumido (método do permanganato), o que não invalidou a identificação das zonas de depuração. No entanto pesquisas para desenvolver o método de DQO (dicromato) para baixas concentrações, abaixo de 5 mg L-1 são necessárias para uma melhor avaliação da recuperação do curso dágua.
Resumo:
Propõe-se metodologia analítica para a determinação da demanda química de oxigênio(DQO) em águas e efluentes pouco poluídos, pela espectrofotometria simultânea dos íons crômio(III) e dicromato, após a clássica oxidação sulfocrômica das amostras, à quente e catalisada por íons Ag+. Demonstra-se que a inter-relação entre as concentrações de DQO, de crômio(III) formado e de dicromato residual permite simplificar a resolução numérica do sistema - de multicomponente, envolvendo as concentrações desses dois íons, e medidas de absorbância em pelo menos dois comprimentos de onda para monocomponente, envolvendo diretamente a concentração em DQO, e medida de absorbância num único comprimento de onda.