Digital chaotic output from an optically processing element

Digital chaotic behavior in an optically processing element is reported. It is obtained as the result of processing two fixed trains of bits. The process is performed with an optically programmable logic gate, previously reported as a possible main block for optical computing. Outputs for some specific conditions of the circuit are given. Digital chaos is obtained using a feedback configuration. Period doublings in a Feigenbaum‐like scenario are obtained. A new method to characterize this type of digital chaos is reported.

Synchronizing chaotic optically-programmable digital circuits

In this paper an approach to the synchronization of chaotic circuits has been reported. It is based on an optically programmable logic cell and the signals involved are fully digital. It is based on the reception of the same input signal on sender and receiver and from this approach, with a posterior correlation between both outputs, an identical chaotic output is obtained in both systems. No conversion from analog to digital signals is needed. The model here presented is based on a computer simulation.

Experimental evidence of a hard transition to chaos

A generic, sudden transition to chaos has been experimentally verified using electronic circuits. The particular system studied involves the near resonance of two coupled oscillators at 2:1 frequency ratio when the damping of the first oscillator becomes negative. We identified in the experiment all types of orbits described by theory. We also found that a theoretical, ID limit map fits closely a map of the experimental attractor which, however, could be strongly disturbed by noise. In particular, we found noisy periodic orbits, in good agreement with noise theory.

Reduced three-wave model to study the hard transition to chaotic dynamics in Alfven wave-fronts

The derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation, describing propagation of circularly polarized Alfven waves of finite amplitude in a cold plasma, is truncated to explore the coherent, weakly nonlinear, cubic coupling of three waves near resonance, one wave being linearly unstable and the other waves damped. In a reduced three-wave model (equal damping of daughter waves, three-dimensional flow for two wave amplitudes and one relative phase), no matter how small the growth rate of the unstable wave there exists a parametric domain with the flow exhibiting chaotic dynamics that is absent for zero growth-rate. This hard transition in phase-space behavior occurs for left-hand (LH) polarized waves, paralelling the known fact that only LH time-harmonic solutions of the DNLS equation are modulationally unstable.

Fully 3-wave model to study the hard transition to chaotic dynamics in alfven wave-fronts

The derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation, describing propagation of circularly polarized Alfven waves of finite amplitude in a cold plasma, is truncated to explore the coherent, weakly nonlinear coupling of three waves near resonance, one wave being linearly unstable and the other waves damped. No matter how small the growth rate of the unstable wave, the four-dimensional flow for the three wave amplitudes and a relative phase, with both resistive damping and linear Landau damping, exhibits chaotic relaxation oscillations that are absent for zero growth-rate. This hard transition in phase-space behavior occurs for left-hand (LH) polarized waves, paralleling the known fact that only LH time-harmonic solutions of the DNLS equation are modulationally unstable. The parameter domain developing chaos is much broader than the corresponding domain in a reduced 3-wave model that assumes equal dampings of the daughter waves

Quasi chaotic digital behaviour in an optically processing

Digital chaotic behavior in an optically processing element is reported. It is obtained as the result of processing two fixed train of bits. The process is performed with an Optically Programmable Logic Gate. Possible outputs for some specific conditions of the circuit are given. These outputs have some fractal characteristics, when input variations are considered. Digital chaotic behavior is obtained by using a feedback configuration. A random-like bit generator is presented.

Secure transmission of information by digital chaotic signals

Protecting signals is one of the main tasks in information transmission. A large number of different methods have been employed since many centuries ago. Most of them have been based on the use of certain signal added to the original one. When the composed signal is received, if the added signal is known, the initial information may be obtained. The main problem is the type of masking signal employed. One possibility is the use of chaotic signals, but they have a first strong limitation: the need to synchronize emitter and receiver. Optical communications systems, based on chaotic signals, have been proposed in a large number of papers. Moreover, because most of the communication systems are digital and conventional chaos generators are analogue, a conversion analogue-digital is needed. In this paper we will report a new system where the digital chaos is obtained from an optically programmable logic structure. This structure has been employed by the authors in optical computing and some previous results in chaotic signals have been reported. The main advantage of this new system is that an analogue-digital conversion is not needed. Previous works by the authors employed Self-Electrooptical Effect Devices but in this case more conventional structures, as semiconductor laser amplifiers, have been employed. The way to analyze the characteristics of digital chaotic signals will be reported as well as the method to synchronize the chaos generators located in the emitter and in the receiver.

Analysis of digital chaotic optical signals

The main objective of this paper is to present some tools to analyze a digital chaotic signal. We have proposed some of them previously, as a new type of phase diagrams with binary signals converted to hexadecimal. Moreover, the main emphasis will be given in this paper to an analysis of the chaotic signal based on the Lempel and Ziv method. This technique has been employed partly by us to a very short stream of data. In this paper we will extend this method to long trains of data (larger than 2000 bit units). The main characteristics of the chaotic signal are obtained with this method being possible to present numerical values to indicate the properties of the chaos.

Chaotic behaviour evaluation in optical logic gates with fractal concepts

A chaotic output was obtained previously by us, from an Optical Programmable Logic Cell when a feedback is added. Some time delay is given to the feedback in order to obtain the non-linear behavior. The working conditions of such a cell is obtained from a simple diagram with fractal properties. We analyze its properties as well as the influence of time delay on the characteristics of the working diagram. A further study of the chaotic obtained signal is presented.

Time evolution of frequency components In a chaotic digital signal

The type of signals obtained has conditioned chaos analysis tools. Almost in every case, they have analogue characteristics. But in certain cases, a chaotic digital signal is obtained and theses signals need a different approach than conventional analogue ones. The main objective of this paper will be to present some possible approaches to the study of this signals and how information about their characteristics may be obtained in the more straightforward possible way. We have obtained digital chaotic signals from an Optical Logic Cell with some feedback between output and one of the possible control gates. This chaos has been reported in several papers and its characteristics have been employed as a possible method to secure communications and as a way to encryption. In both cases, the influence of some perturbation in the transmission medium gave problems both for the synchronization of chaotic generators at emitter and receiver and for the recovering of information data. A proposed way to analyze the presence of some perturbation is to study the noise contents of transmitted signal and to implement a way to eliminate it. In our present case, the digital signal will be converted to a multilevel one by grouping bits in packets of 8 bits and applying conventional methods of time-frequency analysis to them. The results give information about the change in signals characteristics and hence some information about the noise or perturbations present. Equivalent representations to the phase and to the Feigenbaum diagrams for digital signals are employed in this case.

Transmission of digital chaotic and information-bearing signals in optical communication systems

A new proposal to have secure communications in a system is reported. The basis is the use of a synchronized digital chaotic systems, sending the information signal added to an initial chaos. The received signal is analyzed by another chaos generator located at the receiver and, by a logic boolean function of the chaotic and the received signals, the original information is recovered. One of the most important facts of this system is that the bandwidth needed by the system remain the same with and without chaos.

Optically programmable logic cells as basic units for transmission and synchronization of chaotic signals

We proposed an optical communications system, based on a digital chaotic signal where the synchronization of chaos was the main objective, in some previous papers. In this paper we will extend this work. A way to add the digital data signal to be transmitted onto the chaotic signal and its correct reception, is the main objective. We report some methods to study the main characteristics of the resulting signal. The main problem with any real system is the presence of some retard between the times than the signal is generated at the emitter at the time when this signal is received. Any system using chaotic signals as a method to encrypt need to have the same characteristics in emitter and receiver. It is because that, this control of time is needed. A method to control, in real time the chaotic signals, is reported.

Performance of coupled ED-tether/ion thrsuter system

Use of propulsion systems that couple electyrodynamic tethers to ion thrusters, as suggested in the literature, is discussed. The system establishes electrical contact with the ionospheric plasma, at the anodic end of the tether, by ejecting ions instead of collecting electrons; also, the ion thruster adds its thrust to the Lorentz force on the tether. In this paper, we analyze the performance of this coupled system, as measured by the ratio of mission impulse (thrust times mission duration) to the overall system mass, which includes the power subsystem mass, the tether subsystem mass, and the propellant mass consumed in the ion thruster. It is shown that a tether acting by itself, collecting electrons at its anodic end, substantially outperforms the coupled system for times longer than a characteristic time of the ion thruster, for which propellant mass equals the power subsystem mass; for shorter times performances are shown to be similar.

Dynamic gamma frequency feedback coupling between higher and lower order visual cortices underlies perceptual completion in humans

To perceive a coherent environment, incomplete or overlapping visual forms must be integrated into meaningful coherent percepts, a process referred to as ?Gestalt? formation or perceptual completion. Increasing evidence suggests that this process engages oscillatory neuronal activity in a distributed neuronal assembly. A separate line of evidence suggests that Gestalt formation requires top-down feedback from higher order brain regions to early visual cortex. Here we combine magnetoencephalography (MEG) and effective connectivity analysis in the frequency domain to specifically address the effective coupling between sources of oscillatory brain activity during Gestalt formation. We demonstrate that perceptual completion of two-tone ?Mooney? faces induces increased gamma frequency band power (55?71 Hz) in human early visual, fusiform and parietal cortices. Within this distributed neuronal assembly fusiform and parietal gamma oscillators are coupled by forward and backward connectivity during Mooney face perception, indicating reciprocal influences of gamma activity between these higher order visual brain regions. Critically, gamma band oscillations in early visual cortex are modulated by top-down feedback connectivity from both fusiform and parietal cortices. Thus, we provide a mechanistic account of Gestalt perception in which gamma oscillations in feature sensitive and spatial attention-relevant brain regions reciprocally drive one another and convey global stimulus aspects to local processing units at low levels of the sensory hierarchy by top-down feedback. Our data therefore support the notion of inverse hierarchical processing within the visual system underlying awareness of coherent percepts.

Hybrid analysis of nonlinear circuits: DAE models with indices zero and one

We extend in this paper some previous results concerning the differential-algebraic index of hybrid models of electrical and electronic circuits. Specifically, we present a comprehensive index characterization which holds without passivity requirements, in contrast to previous approaches, and which applies to nonlinear circuits composed of uncoupled, one-port devices. The index conditions, which are stated in terms of the forest structure of certain digraph minors, do not depend on the specific tree chosen in the formulation of the hybrid equations. Additionally, we show how to include memristors in hybrid circuit models; in this direction, we extend the index analysis to circuits including active memristors, which have been recently used in the design of nonlinear oscillators and chaotic circuits. We also discuss the extension of these results to circuits with controlled sources, making our framework of interest in the analysis of circuits with transistors, amplifiers, and other multiterminal devices.