Fluoride in the groundwater of the Tubarao and Crystaline aquifers, Salto-Indaiatuba region (SP)

Anomalous concentrations of fluoride in groundwater were identified in 19 drilling wells in the Salto-Indaiatuba region, Sao Paulo State, with an average concentration of 3.03 mg dm(-3) and a maximum of 6.95 mg dm(-3), which constitute a restriction for the water`s usage in terms of human consumption. The wells exploit water from the Tubarao Aquifer (sedimentary, granular) and Crystalline Aquifer (granitic, fractured), used for sanitary or industrial purposes. These groundwaters are typically HCO(3) and HCO(3)-SO(4) types, with high concentrations of HCO(3) -and Na(+) and high pH-values between 7.5 and 10.0. The highest concentrations of F-are associated to the Tubarao and Tubarao/Crystalline aquifer drilling wells. The presence of F-in groundwater is controlled by these high pH-values, alkalinity, and fluorine availability. The source of fluoride in the Tubarao and Crystalline Aquifers can be related to the percolation of hydrothermal fluids associated with Mesozoic lava flow, emplaced due to the opening of Atlantic Ocean and/or hydrolysis of fluorine-rich minerals and clay minerals.

RNA Isolation method for polysaccharide rich algae: agar producing Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Rhodophyta)

RNA isolation is essential to study gene expression at the molecular level. However, RNA isolation is difficult in organisms (plants and algae) that contain large amounts of polysaccharides, which co-precipitate with RNA. Currently, there is no commercial kit available, specifically for the isolation of high-quality RNA from these organisms. Furthermore, because of the large amounts of polysaccharides, the common protocols for RNA isolation usually result in poor yields when applied to algae. Here we describe a simple method for RNA isolation from the marine red macroalga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia (Rhodophyta), which can be applied to other plants and algae.

Oxidation of anilinium ions intercalated in montmorillonite clay by electrochemical route

Resonance Raman, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray absorption at Si K-edge and electron microscopy were employed for characterizing the products formed through electrochemical oxidation of intercalated anilinium ions inside the cationic montmorillonite (MMT) clay. The layer silicate structure was not affected by the anilinium oxidation between the layers. The intercalated products present only an electronic absorption band at 400 nm, very low conductivity (ca. 10(-7) S cm(-1)) and their Raman spectrum displays bands, with high relative intensities, assigned to the benzidine dication, indicating that this product was formed in high amount. Nevertheless, bands that can be correlated to phenazine-like segments and 1,4-phenylenediamine repeat units (PANI like segments) are also observed. The very low EPR signal indicates that diamagnetic species are predominant. All results are compared to those obtained by anilinium-MMT chemically oxidized by persulfate and the differences are pointed out. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bacterial cellulose-laponite clay nanocomposites

A novel material comprised of bacterial cellulose (BC) and Laponite clay with different inorganic organic ratios (m/m) was prepared by the contact of never-dried membranes of BC with a previous dispersion of clay particles in water. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) data of composite materials revealed an effective adhesion of clay over the surface of BC membrane; inorganic particles also penetrate into the polymer bulk, with a significant change of the surface topography even at 5% of clay loading. As a consequence, the mechanical properties are deeply affected by the presence of clay, increasing the values of the Young modulus and the tensile strength. However the maximum strain is decreased when the clay content is increased in the composite in comparison to pristine BC. The main weight loss step of the composites is shifted towards higher temperatures compared to BC, indicating that the clay particles slightly protect the polymer from thermal and oxidative decomposition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Amylopectin-rich starch plasticized with glycerol for polymer electrolyte application

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of a solid polymer electrolyte based on amylopectin-rich starch plasticized with glycerol. The samples were characterized through ionic conductivity (sigma) measurements, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and spectroscopy in the UV-Vis-NIR region. The results showed that the highest sigma (1.1 x 10(-4) Scm(-1) at 30 degrees C) was obtained for the sample with n = [O]/[Li] = 6.5 ratio. In addition, the samples plasticized with 30-35 wt.% of glycerol presented high ionic conductivity, transparency and conduction stability. The ionic conductivity measurements as a function of lithium salt contents showed a maximum for n=6.5. The ionic conductivity as a function of time for amylopectin-rich starch plasticized with 30 wt.% of glycerol and containing [O]/[Li] = 10 showed conduction stability over 6 months (sigma similar to 3.01 x 10(-5) S cm(-1)). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contribuição ao estudo petrográfico e geoquímico dos carvões da jazida de Chico Lomã Santo Antônio da Patrulha

São apresentados os resultados dos estudos petrográfico e geoquímico dos carvões da jazida de Chico Lomã, localizada no município de Santo Antônio da Patrulha, no nordeste do Rio Grande da Sul, situada entre as jazidas de Morungava (limite oeste) e Santa Terezinha (limite leste). Na sondagem estudada - 02-TG-88-RS - foram identificadas 7 camadas e 5 leitos de carvão. Entre estes, apenas as camadas E e F apresentam suficiente extensão lateral para serem consideradas economicamente exploráveis. Os carvões são ricos em matéria mineral, constituída, principalmente, de argila. O grupo maceral mais freqüente é o da vitrinita. No que diz respeito aos microlitotipos, ocorre, em geral, o predomínio de carbominerita. Foram identificadas 3 associações de microlitotipos, determinando a existência das seguintes faciologias: ambiente telmático (predomínio de vitrita-clarita), limo-telmático (predomínio de carbargilita-vitrita) e límnico (predomínio de carbargilita-durita-trimacerita). Os carvões apresentam rank que varia de betuminoso alto volátil C/sub-betuminoso A a betuminoso alto volátil A (ASTM). A utilização tecnológica dos carvões das camadas E e F, na siderurgia, pode ser sugerida, mesmo considerando-se seu elevado teor em cinza, desde que sejam submetidos a processos de beneficiamento. Em relação aos argilo-minerais, constatou-se a presença de caolinita, aparentemente relacionada ao conteúdo da matéria orgânica, e do interestratificado ilita-montmorilonita, provavelmente de origem detrítica. Foram identificados 3 grupos de elementos traços : associados à fração orgânica (Co, Ge, Ni, V e Zr), elementos intermediários (Cr, Cu e Sr) e associados à fração inorgânica (B, Ba e Ga). Observou-se, também, que os elementos do primeiro grupo, de maneira geral, se enriquecem nos litotipos com maior conteúdo de vitrênio, ao contrário dos elementos do último grupo que tendem a se enriquecer no carvão fosco e nos folhelhos. Os estudos realizados indicam um paleoambiente de água doce, no qual, provavelmente, tenham ocorrido pequenas ingressões marinhas entre as fases de formação de turfa.

The implications of embodiment and Putty-Clay to economic development

In this paper we construct and analyze a growth model with the following three ingredients. (i) Technological progress is embodied. (ii) The production function of a firm is such that the firm makes both technology upgrade as well as capital and labor decisions. (iii) The firm’s production technology is putty-clay. We assume that there are disincentives to the accumulation of capital, resulting in a divergence between the social and the private cost of investment. We solve a single firm’s problem in this environment. Then we determine general equilibrium prices of capital goods of different vintages. Using these prices we aggregate firms’ decisions and construct the theoretical analogues of National Income statistics. This generates a relationship between disincentives and per capita incomes. We analyze this relationship and show the quantitative and qualitative roles of embodiment and putty-clay. We also show how the model is taken to data, quantified and used to determine to what extent income gaps across countries can be attributed to disincentives.

How resource rich countries attract foreign direct investments: a study of Western Asian countries and strategies of industrialization and diversification

Fuel is a self-depleting resource and long term dependency on this commodity alone will not suffice. An export trade oriented approach can lead to faster industrialization while diversification leads to economic sustainable growth. This research seeks to understand how countries compete for foreign direct investments, and how certain activities have the most impact in the competitive global marketplace. Research suggests that when companies decide to invest abroad, they seek only to find countries that facilitate their strategic objectives. The results conclude with appropriate levels of government accountability, credibility and visibility with the private sector, foreign direct investment is attracted by policy advocacy and policy reform. By reviewing countries such as United Arab Emirates in direct comparison to Western Asian countries, including Kuwait and Iraq with high levels of fuel exports, along with Qatar with optimistic marketplace indicators and plentitude of skills and capabilities – research seems to suggest that despite high capabilities and attractive GDP, promotional investment activities yield the highest returns using policy advocacy and reform.

Homogeneous middles vs. heterogeneous tails, and the end of the ‘Inverted-U’: the share of the rich is what it’s all about

This paper examines the current global scene of distributional disparities within-nations. There are six main conclusions. First, about 80 per cent of the world’s population now live in regions whose median country has a Gini not far from 40. Second, as outliers are now only located among middle-income and rich countries, the ‘upwards’ side of the ‘Inverted-U’ between inequality and income per capita has evaporated (and with it the statistical support there was for the hypothesis that posits that, for whatever reason, ‘things have to get worse before they can get better’). Third, among middle-income countries Latin America and mineral-rich Southern Africa are uniquely unequal, while Eastern Europe follows a distributional path similar to the Nordic countries. Fourth, among rich countries there is a large (and growing) distributional diversity. Fifth, within a global trend of rising inequality, there are two opposite forces at work. One is ‘centrifugal’, and leads to an increased diversity in the shares appropriated by the top 10 and bottom 40 per cent. The other is ‘centripetal’, and leads to a growing uniformity in the income-share appropriated by deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, half of the world’s population (the middle and upper-middle classes) have acquired strong ‘property rights’ over half of their respective national incomes; the other half, however, is increasingly up for grabs between the very rich and the poor. And sixth, Globalisation is thus creating a distributional scenario in which what really matters is the income-share of the rich — because the rest ‘follows’ (middle classes able to defend their shares, and workers with ever more precarious jobs in ever more ‘flexible’ labour markets). Therefore, anybody attempting to understand the within-nations disparity of inequality should always be reminded of this basic distributional fact following the example of Clinton’s campaign strategist: by sticking a note on their notice-boards saying “It’s the share of the rich, stupid”.

New metallomolecular wires based on carbon-rich bridging systems: a systematic study

This dissertation presents and discusses the preparation of molecular wires (MW) candidates that would then be probed for electron transfer properties. These wires are bridged by 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives with alkoxy side chains with palladium and ruthenium metal complex termini. Characterization of these compounds was performed by usual spectroscopic techniques like 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR, MS, FTIR and UV-Vis as well as by cyclic voltammetry which allowed classifying the candidates in the Robin–Day system and determination of bridges side chain and length effects on electronic transport. Preparation of the 1,4-diethynylbenzene derivatives was done with synthetic pathways that relied heavily in palladium catalyzed cross-couplings (Sonogashira). A family of single ringed 1,4-diethynylbenzene ligands with different length alkoxy side chains (OCH3, OC2H5, OC7H15) was thus prepared allowing for the influence of these ring decorations to be assessed. The ruthenium binuclear rods showed communication between metal centres only when the shorter ligands were used whereas the longer Ru complexes showed only one redox pair in CV studies which is in agreement to non-communicating metal centres. Cyclic voltammetry studies show irreversible one wave processes for palladium dinuclear complexes, making these rods function as molecular insulators. Fluorescence decay studies performed on the prepared compounds (ligands and complexes) show a pattern of decreasing decay times upon coordination to the metal centres which can due to ligand charge redistribution upon coordination leading to non-radiative relaxation paths. Regarding the X-ray structures, two new ligand related structures were obtained as well as new structure for a palladium rod. The effect of the side chains was observed to be important to the wires’ electronic properties when comparing with the analogues without a side chain. The effect brought by longer chains is nevertheless almost negligible.

Desevolvimento de nanocompósitos de poli(metacrilato de metila)/argila processados por mistura no estado fundido

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing using a montmorillonite-rich clay (MMT). The clay in natura was treated with acrylic acid to facilitate the dispersion in the polymer matrix. A masterbatch of PMMA/clay was prepared and combined with the pure PMMA and then subjected to extrusion process using singlescrew and twin-screw extruders followed by injection. Nanocomposites were processed with clay contents of 1, 3, 5 and 8 wt.%. The effect of shear processing on the morphology of the nanocomposites was evaluated by XRD, SEM and TEM. Thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated through TGA, DSC, HDT, VICAT, tensile and impact tests, to evaluate the effect of the addition of clay to the PMMA matrix. Flammability tests were also conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of clay on the flame retardation properties. SEM images of the nanocomposites indicated the presence of clay agglomerates, which resulted in the reduction of properties such as thermal stability, mechanical strength and impact resistance, and increased the rate of burning for materials processed by both extrusion routes

Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow-out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient-rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow-out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient-rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper-graded juveniles, lower-graded juveniles, non-graded juveniles + selective harvesting and traditional farming (non-grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N-ammonia and N-nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1-8.0) waters indicated a non-readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day(-1) and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow-out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient-rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non-readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient-rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.

Mineralogy of the clay fraction of Alfisols in two slope curvatures: III - spatial variability

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)