Effect of a sardine supplement on C-reactive protein in patients receiving hemodialysis

Objective - The study evaluated the effect of a canned sardine supplement in C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) and the compliance and adherence to this supplement. Design - This was a quasi-experimental study: Participants with a serum CRP of 5 mg/dL or less volunteered to consume a sardine supplement or were maintained on the usual cheese/ham sandwich supplement. Setting - The study took place in two outpatient dialysis units in Lisbon, Portugal. Patients - The study comprised 63 patients receiving maintenance HD three times per week for at least 6 months and an initial CRP concentration of 5 mg/dL or less. Exclusion criteria included the presence of graft vascular access or history of cancer. Intervention - After a 4-week washout period, the nutritional intervention included a canned sardine sandwich for the case group (n = 31) and a cheese or ham sandwich for the control group (n = 32), to be ingested during each routine HD session, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Main outcome measure - Serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were the outcome measure. Results - Only 65 patients from the invited 186 patients met the inclusion criteria and agreed to eat the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week and were involved in the study. A significant proportion of 48% (n = 31, case group) consumed the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week for 8 weeks, fulfilling the requirements and completing the study. The present investigation showed that a sardine sandwich supplement had no effect on CRP levels among patients on HD. However, when participants were stratified according to tertiles of CRP distribution values at baseline, a reduction in CRP levels was found for those in the higher tertile, being higher for the case group (P = .047). Although diabetic patients were excluded from the analysis (eight in the sardine supplementation group and seven in the control group) a significant CRP reduction was found (P = .034). Conclusion - Although a supplement of low-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids had no effect on the plasma high-sensitivity CRP of the supplemented group, a reduction in CRP levels was found when patients were stratified for tertiles of CRP (for the upper tertile) and diabetic status (for nondiabetic patients). These findings need to be further confirmed. This canned sardine supplement was accepted by an important proportion of patients, enhancing diet variety and contributing for a greater n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake.

Invasion success and development of benthic assemblages: effect of timing, duration of submersion and substrate type

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neonatal mortality: description and effect of hospital of birth after risk adjustment

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of hospital of birth on neonatal mortality. METHODS: A birth cohort study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2004. All hospital births were assessed by daily visits to all maternity hospitals and 4558 deliveries were included in the study. Mothers were interviewed regarding potential risk factors. Deaths were monitored through regular visits to hospitals, cemeteries and register offices. Two independent pediatricians established the underlying cause of death based on information obtained from medical records and home visits to parents. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of hospital of birth, controlling for confounders related to maternal and newborn characteristics, according to a conceptual model. RESULTS: Neonatal mortality rate was 12.7‰ and it was highly influenced by birthweight, gestational age, and socioeconomic variables. Immaturity was responsible for 65% of neonatal deaths, followed by congenital anomalies, infections and intrapartum asphyxia. Adjusting for maternal characteristics, a three-fold increase in neonatal mortality was seen between similar complexity hospitals. The effect of hospital remained, though lower, after controlling for newborn characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal mortality was high, mainly related to immaturity, and varied significantly across maternity hospitals. Further investigations comparing delivery care practices across hospitals are needed to better understand NMR variation and to develop strategies for neonatal mortality reduction.

Desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para a determinação de resíduos de pesticidas em Vinhos do Douro e Vinhos do Porto

A produção de vinho é uma actividade de elevada importância ao nível económico, ambiental e social. Como tal, a protecção da vinha e/ou da uva através da utilização de pesticidas assume um papel fundamental nesta actividade, permitindo um aumento no rendimento da produção. No entanto, a transferência destes compostos da uva para o vinho é inevitável, ocorrendo, na maioria dos casos, em quantidades reduzidas. Apesar de, geralmente, a quantidade de pesticidas que pode ser transferida para o vinho não apresentar problemas relevantes para a saúde pública, o desenvolvimento de metodologias que permitam garantir um controlo rigoroso da qualidade do vinho é de elevada importância. O controlo deste produto, assim como de qualquer produto alimentar, não deve ser de certa forma virtual, levando a uma desconfiança crescente do consumidor. Ao longo deste trabalho foram desenvolvidos dois métodos para a determinação de pesticidas em diferentes tipos de vinhos, por SPME-GC-MS/MS. O primeiro método desenvolvido visa a determinação de 8 pesticidas organofosforados e o segundo método permite a determinação de 7 pesticidas, 4 organoclorados e 3 dicarboximidas. Foram estudadas quatro matrizes diferentes: vinho branco do Douro, vinho tinto do Douro, vinho branco do Porto e vinho tinto do Porto. As metodologias adoptadas permitiram a obtenção de bons resultados, apesar das condições adoptadas não serem as mais vantajosas para alguns dos compostos estudados. Dada a complexidade das matrizes, a detecção por espectrometria de massa mostrou ser fundamental para a identificação inequívoca de cada um dos pesticidas. Verificaram-se, de um modo geral, bons resultados ao nível da linearidade, para as gamas de concentrações escolhidas, para os dois métodos. Obtiveram-se também bons resultados para os limites de detecção e quantificação, cujos valores se situam abaixo dos limites máximos de resíduos para as uvas, impostos pela regulamentação europeia, para a maioria dos compostos. No caso dos organofosforados, os limites de detecção variam entre 0,05 μg/L e 13,00 μg/L para os pesticidas clorpirifos-metilo e metidatião, respectivamente. Os limites de quantificação variam entre 0,18 μg/L e 43,32 μg/L, também para os pesticidas clorpirifos-metilo e metidatião. No que se refere ao método para os pesticidas organoclorados e dicarboximidas, foram calculados vários limites de detecção para cada composto, em cada matriz estudada, a partir das rectas de calibração diárias, resultando num conjunto de valores com variações significativas entre cada um, para o mesmo pesticida e na mesma matriz. No entanto, apenas os limites de quantificação foram validados, recorrendo-se aos estudos de repetibilidade e precisão intermédia. Obtiveram-se os seguintes limites de quantificação: captana 52,10 μg/L; clortalonil 20,95 μg/L; dicofol 4,37 μg/L; folpete 93,60 μg/L; iprodiona 274,70 μg/L; procimidona 76,04 μg/L e vinclozolina 10,03 μg/L. Os pesticidas metidatião e captana apresentam-se como os compostos mais problemáticos, uma vez que os limites de quantificação obtidos não permitem a garantia do cumprimento dos limites máximos de resíduos regulamentados. Demonstra-se também que, apesar do efeito de matriz ser significativo na determinação de todos os compostos analisados, o mesmo pode ser atenuado, procedendo-se às calibrações nas respectivas matrizes. Observaram-se variações significativas ao nível da resposta do equipamento ao longo do tempo, quer pela alteração das condições operatórias, quer pela decomposição de alguns compostos ao longo do tempo. Este efeito, evidenciado nos estudos das precisões intermédias e repetibilidades, levou à adopção de um método de validação diferente para a determinação de pesticidas organoclorados e dicarboximidas, recorrendo-se então a calibrações diárias e sequências de trabalho mais pequenas.

Adverse effect of alcohol drinking: the role of oxidative stress

Atualmente, o álcool tem um papel importante na saúde pública e surge como um dos principais problemas sociais no mundo, dado que é a droga mais viciante aceite em encontros sociais. Provavelmente, por essa razão, os riscos do consumo abusivo do álcool são subestimados pelos jovens, mulheres grávidas e idosos. O álcool, quando ingerido em altas proporções, pode afetar todos os órgãos e desencadear inúmeras doenças, tais como a doença cardíaca coronariana, doença neurodegenerativa, as doenças crónicas e câncer. O álcool afeta ainda o estado psicológico, induzindo a violência, o estado antissocial e situações de risco de comportamentos. Por estas razões, o álcool tornou-se um foco principal da investigação, avaliando os seus efeitos sobre o corpo humano. Nesta pesquisa, foram suscitadas amostras de sangue de um grupo de pacientes em tratamento psicológico e/ou farmacêutico que serão analisadas com quatro métodos: Teste de Radicais Livres do Oxigénio (FORT), Defesa contra Radicais Livres do Oxigénio (FORD), cromatografia gasosa (GC) e cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC). Ambos os métodos FORT e FORD avaliam o stress oxidativo pela quantificação de radicais livres e a capacidade de antioxidantes em eliminar esses radicais livres, respetivamente. O stress oxidativo é o efeito do excesso de consumo de álcool, que é reduzido pela capacidade de ação dos antioxidantes. A boa reprodutibilidade, precisão e exatidão de ambos os métodos indicam que estes podem ser aplicados em rápidos diagnósticos. Para o método FORT e considerando o início do tratamento, os pacientes alcoólicos apresentaram uma média de 3,59±1.01mmol/LH2O2 e o grupo de controlo uma média de 1,42±0.53mmol/LH2O2, o que mostra uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P=0,0006). Para o método FORD, pacientes alcoólicos apresentam uma média de 1,07±0.53mmol/LH2O2 e o grupo de controlo, uma média de 2,81±0.46mmol/LH2O2, mostrando também uma média significativa (P=0,0075). Após 15 dias de tratamento observou-se que há uma diferença entre os dois grupos de pacientes alcoólicos, mas não há nenhum melhoramento em relação ao grupo de pacientes em tratamento. No método FORT os grupos mostram uma diferença significativa (P=0,0073), tendo os pacientes sem tratamento farmacêutico melhores resultados (2.37±0.44mmol/LH2O2) do que os pacientes com tratamento (3.72±1,04mmol/LH2O2). O oposto ocorre no método FORD, os pacientes em tratamento farmacêutico presentam melhores resultados (1.16±0.65mmol/LH2O2) do que o outro grupo (0.75±0.22mmol/LH2O2), não sendo, no entanto, uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (P=0.16). Os resultados obtidos para a concentração de MDA pelo método de HPLC mostraram que o grupo de controlo tem valores mais baixos do que os pacientes alcoólicos, embora a diferença não seja muito significativa (P = 0,084), mas é ainda elevada. Além disso, os dois grupos de pacientes não apresentaram uma diferença significativa entre os seus resultados no início (P=0,77) e no fim (P=0,79) do tratamento. De acrescentar ainda que, os resultados da concentração de álcool no sangue determinados pelo método de CG mostraram que só alguns pacientes sem tratamento consumiram álcool durante o período de tratamento, o que influencia negativamente a conclusão sobre o efeito do tratamento. Contudo, outros fatores externos podem ainda influenciar os resultados finais, tais como o estado nutricional e estado psicológico dos pacientes, se o paciente continua a beber durante o tempo de tratamento ou até mesmo se o paciente é exposto a outros tipos de substâncias nocivas. Existe ainda a possibilidade de o tempo de aplicação do tratamento não ser suficiente para apresentar um efeito positivo em relação ao stress oxidativo e este é um outro fator que contribui para a impossibilidade de confirmar sobre o efeito, quer seja positivo ou negativo, do tratamento antioxidante.

Influência da implementação de um sistema de gestão nas concessões rodoviárias

Se a implementação de Sistemas de Gestão dentro dos padrões recomendados pelas normas individuais de referência, já é prática comum nas empresas nacionais, a implementação de Sistemas Integrados de Gestão (SIG), verdadeiramente contidos uns nos outros como um só, é ainda invulgar. Constitui actualmente emblema de modernidade, enquanto aplicado à construção. Estudar todos os meandros e práticas associadas aos SIG, neste pequeno‐grande mundo, que é o das obras concessionadas, é de facto um grande desafio, não tanto pela novidade do conceito que representa, mas pela possibilidade de idealizar uma proposta de uma sistemática exequível, que me proponho apresentar. Assim, este trabalho baseia‐se numa pesquisa de informação teórica, bem como na prática da implementação de um Sistema Integrado numa empresa de referência no sector – a Empresa de Construções Amândio Carvalho, S.A. e neste caso, concretamente na obra ‐ “VRI: Aeroporto/IP4 – Lote 3”. O objectivo geral baseia‐se em diagnosticar as principais dificuldades e limitações enfrentadas por um sector de actividade, na adopção de um modelo específico de gestão da qualidade, ambiente e segurança no trabalho, baseando‐se nas normas de referência, ISO 9001: 2000, ISO 14001:2004 e OHSAS 18001: 2001. Normas estas, que embora agora tenham sido revistas a primeira e a última, na altura em que a obra decorreu, encontravam‐se em vigor. No caso especifico de estudo, comprova‐se a necessidade de implementação de um Sistema único, que atinja o nível de comprometimento dos recursos financeiros e humanos necessários para a execução de obra, respeitando os princípios apresentados pelo cliente. Pretende‐se ainda demonstrar que a adopção de Sistemas “desintegrados”, poderá conduzir ao colapso da estrutura montada para corresponder aos requisitos propostos.

Adoção da NCRF 17 nas maiores empresas do sector agrícola em Portugal

Mestrado em Contabilidade

Effect of deworming on hemoglobin concentration in children from 2 to 15 years from the Bengo Province, Angola

The most common causes of anemia are micronutrient deficiencies, but other factors may influence namely inflammation, parasitic infections and inherited disorders. One strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies is supplementation, yet, in zones with high prevalence of Schistosomiasis or Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH), supplementation could be not sufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of deworming, on hemoglobin concentration, in children from 2 to 15 years, from Bengo.

The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids intake during pregnancy on adiposity of healthy full-term offspring at birth

Objective - The adjusted effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake during pregnancy on adiposity at birth of healthy full-term appropriate-for-gestational age neonates was evaluated. Study Design - In a cross-sectional convenience sample of 100 mother and infant dyads, LCPUFA intake during pregnancy was assessed by food frequency questionnaire with nutrient intake calculated using Food Processor Plus. Linear regression models for neonatal body composition measurements, assessed by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry, were adjusted for maternal LCPUFA intakes, energy and macronutrient intakes, prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. Result - Positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and ponderal index in male offspring (β=0.165; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.031–0.299; P=0.017), and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and fat mass (β=0.021; 95% CI: 0.002–0.041; P=0.034) and percentage of fat mass (β=0.636; 95% CI: 0.125–1.147; P=0.016) in female offspring were found. Conclusion - Using a reliable validated method to assess body composition, adjusted positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and birth size in male offspring and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and adiposity in female offspring were found, suggesting that maternal LCPUFA intake strongly influences fetal body composition.

Adding value [valorization] to tannery fleshings: part II – effect of protein hydrolysates on leather dyeing

The tanning industry generates a high quantity of solid wastes. Therefore, there is a need to create valorization [added value] options for these wastes. The main objective of the present work was to study the effect of protein hydrolysates (HP) prepared from fleshings on leather dyeing. During previous studies it was found that the application of HP products, obtained from fleshings, in leather retannage intensified the colour of crust leather. In this work the CIELAB colour system was used to evaluate the effect of HP on retannage processes. The main conclusions of this study were: (i) HP can be used instead of a dicyanodiamide resin (Fortan DC) if the colour parameters of the standard procedure are to be maintained, and (ii) the replacement of an acrylic resin (Fortan A40) by glutaraldehyde-modified HP (GHP) results in a darker skin, and can therefore be interesting for the reduction of the quantity of dye used.

Precursors’ order effect on the properties of sulfurized Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

A dc magnetron sputtering-based method to grow high-quality Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films, to be used as an absorber layer in solar cells, is being developed. This method combines dc sputtering of metallic precursors with sulfurization in S vapour and with post-growth KCN treatment for removal of possible undesired Cu2−xS phases. In this work, we report the results of a study of the effects of changing the precursors’ deposition order on the final CZTS films’ morphological and structural properties. The effect of KCN treatment on the optical properties was also analysed through diffuse reflectance measurements. Morphological, compositional and structural analyses of the various stages of the growth have been performed using stylus profilometry, SEM/EDS analysis, XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance studies have been done in order to estimate the band gap energy of the CZTS films. We tested two different deposition orders for the copper precursor, namely Mo/Zn/Cu/Sn and Mo/Zn/Sn/Cu. The stylus profilometry analysis shows high average surface roughness in the ranges 300–550 nm and 230–250 nm before and after KCN treatment, respectively. All XRD spectra show preferential growth orientation along (1 1 2) at 28.45◦. Raman spectroscopy shows main peaks at 338 cm−1 and 287 cm−1 which are attributed to Cu2ZnSnS4. These measurements also confirm the effectiveness of KCN treatment in removing Cu2−xS phases. From the analysis of the diffuse reflectance measurements the band gap energy for both precursors’ sequences is estimated to be close to 1.43 eV. The KCN-treated films show a better defined absorption edge; however, the band gap values are not significantly affected. Hot point probe measurements confirmed that CZTS had p-type semiconductor behaviour and C–V analysis was used to estimate the majority carrier density giving a value of 3.3 × 1018 cm−3.

Modelling adhesive joints with cohesive zone models: effect of the cohesive law shape of the adhesive layer

Adhesively-bonded joints are extensively used in several fields of engineering. Cohesive Zone Models (CZM) have been used for the strength prediction of adhesive joints, as an add-in to Finite Element (FE) analyses that allows simulation of damage growth, by consideration of energetic principles. A useful feature of CZM is that different shapes can be developed for the cohesive laws, depending on the nature of the material or interface to be simulated, allowing an accurate strength prediction. This work studies the influence of the CZM shape (triangular, exponential or trapezoidal) used to model a thin adhesive layer in single-lap adhesive joints, for an estimation of its influence on the strength prediction under different material conditions. By performing this study, guidelines are provided on the possibility to use a CZM shape that may not be the most suited for a particular adhesive, but that may be more straightforward to use/implement and have less convergence problems (e.g. triangular shaped CZM), thus attaining the solution faster. The overall results showed that joints bonded with ductile adhesives are highly influenced by the CZM shape, and that the trapezoidal shape fits best the experimental data. Moreover, the smaller is the overlap length (LO), the greater is the influence of the CZM shape. On the other hand, the influence of the CZM shape can be neglected when using brittle adhesives, without compromising too much the accuracy of the strength predictions.

Anti-tumoral effect of the non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitor RG108 in human prostate cancer cells

Background: Current therapeutic strategies for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) are largely ineffective. Because aberrant DNA methylation associated with inappropriate gene-silencing is a common feature of PCa, DNA methylation inhibitors might constitute an alternative therapy. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer properties of RG108, a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), in PCa cell lines. Methods: The anti-tumoral impact of RG108 in LNCaP, 22Rv1, DU145 and PC-3 cell lines was assessed through standard cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays. Likewise, DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global levels of DNA methylation were evaluated in the same cell lines. The effectiveness of DNA demethylation was further assessed through the determination of promoter methylation and transcript levels of GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2, by quantitative methylation-specific PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: RG108 led to a significant dose and time dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in LNCaP, 22Rv1 and DU145. LNCaP and 22Rv1 also displayed decreased DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global DNA methylation. Interestingly, chronic treatment with RG108 significantly decreased GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2 promoter hypermethylation levels, although mRNA re-expression was only attained GSTP1 and APC. Conclusions: RG108 is an effective tumor growth suppressor in most PCa cell lines tested. This effect is likely mediated by reversion of aberrant DNA methylation affecting cancer related-genes epigenetically silenced in PCa. However, additional mechanism might underlie the anti-tumor effects of RG108. In vivo studies are now mandatory to confirm these promising results and evaluate the potential of this compound for PCa therapy.

Dosimetric effect of tissue heterogeneity for 125I prostate implants

Aim - To use Monte Carlo (MC) together with voxel phantoms to analyze the tissue heterogeneity effect in the dose distributions and equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for (125)I prostate implants. Background - Dose distribution calculations in low dose-rate brachytherapy are based on the dose deposition around a single source in a water phantom. This formalism does not take into account tissue heterogeneities, interseed attenuation, or finite patient dimensions effects. Tissue composition is especially important due to the photoelectric effect. Materials and Methods - The computed tomographies (CT) of two patients with prostate cancer were used to create voxel phantoms for the MC simulations. An elemental composition and density were assigned to each structure. Densities of the prostate, vesicles, rectum and bladder were determined through the CT electronic densities of 100 patients. The same simulations were performed considering the same phantom as pure water. Results were compared via dose-volume histograms and EUD for the prostate and rectum. Results - The mean absorbed doses presented deviations of 3.3-4.0% for the prostate and of 2.3-4.9% for the rectum, when comparing calculations in water with calculations in the heterogeneous phantom. In the calculations in water, the prostate D 90 was overestimated by 2.8-3.9% and the rectum D 0.1cc resulted in dose differences of 6-8%. The EUD resulted in an overestimation of 3.5-3.7% for the prostate and of 7.7-8.3% for the rectum. Conclusions - The deposited dose was consistently overestimated for the simulation in water. In order to increase the accuracy in the determination of dose distributions, especially around the rectum, the introduction of the model-based algorithms is recommended.

Effect of eliminating chronic diseases among elderly individuals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the elimination of certain chronic diseases is capable of leading to the compression of morbidity among elderly individuals.METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out with official data for the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil in 2000 and data from the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Ageing) study. Sullivan's method was used to calculate disability-free life expectancy. Cause-deleted life tables were used to calculate the probabilities of death and disabilities with the elimination of health conditions.RESULTS: The largest gains in disability-free life expectancy, with the elimination of chronic illness, occurred in the female gender. Among individuals of a more advanced age, gains in disability-free life expectancy occurred as result of a relative compression of morbidity. Among men aged 75 years, all conditions studied, except heart disease and systemic arterial pressure, led to an absolute expansion of morbidity and, at the same time, to a relative compression of morbidity upon being eliminated.CONCLUSIONS: The elimination of chronic diseases in the elderly could lead to the compression of morbidity in elderly men and women.