Structural studies of analgesics and their interactions. XII. Structure and interactions of anti-inflammatory fenamates. A concerted crystallographic and theoretical conformational study

A theoretical conformational analysis of fenamates, which are N-arylated derivatives of anthranilic acid or 2-aminonicotinic acid with different substituents on the aryl (phenyl) group, is reported. The analysis of these analgesics, which are believed to act through the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, was carried out using semi-empirical potential functions. The results and available crystallographic observations have been critically examined in terms of their relevance to drug action. Crystallographic studies of these drugs and their complexes have revealed that the fenamate molecules share a striking invariant feature, namely, the sixmembered ring bearing the carboxyl group is coplanar with the carboxyl group and the bridging imino group,the coplanarity being stabilized by resonance interactions and an internal hydrogen bond between the imino and carboxyl groups. The results of the theoretical analysis provide a conformational rationale for the observed invariant coplanarity. The second sixmembered ring, which provides hydrophobicity in a substantial part of the molecule, has limited conformational flexibility in meclofenamic, mefenamic and flufenamic acids. Comparison of the conformational energy maps of these acids shows that they could all assume the same conformation when bound to the relevant enzyme. The present study provides a structural explanation for the difference in the activity of niflumic acid, which can assume a conformation in which the whole molecule is nearly planar. The main role of the carboxyl group appears to be to provide a site for intermolecular interactions in addition to helping in stabilizing the invariant coplanar feature and providing hydrophilicity at one end of the molecule. The fenamates thus provide a good example of conformation- dependent molecular asymmetry.

Structure of 6-acetoxycoumarin: topochemical photodimerization and analysis of acetoxy...acetoxy interactions in the solid state

C~HaO 4, Mr=204.2, monoclinic, P2Jn,a=3.900(1), =37.530(6), c=6.460(1)A, fl=103.7 (1) °, V= 918.5 (5) A 3, Z = 4, D m = 1.443, D x --- 1.476 Mg m -3, Cu Ks, 2 = 1.5418 ,/k, /t = 0.86 mm -~, F(000) = 424, T= 293 K, R = 0.075 for 1019 significant reflections. Molecules pack in fl-type stacking mode which is characterized by the close packing of parallel and nearly planar reactive double bonds with a separation of 3.900/~ along the a axis.The syn head-head dimer obtained is the direct consequence of this packing arrangement. Molecular packing is stabilized by intermolecular C-H...O hydrogen bonding. Analysis of acetoxy...acetoxy interactions in the acetoxy compounds retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database reveal that the majority of them are anti-dipolar.

Study Of The Hvdc-Torsional Interactions Through Digital Dynamic Simulation

This paper presents the detailed dynamic digital simulation for the study of phenomenon of torsional interaction between HVDC-Turbine generator shaft, dynamics using the novel converter model presented in [ 1 ] The system model includes detailed representation of the synchronous generator and the shaft dynamics, the ac and dc network transients. The results of a case study indicate the various factors that influence the torsional interaction.

Innate Immune Recognition of RNA-virus infection in human macrophages

Innate immunity and host defence are rapidly evoked by structurally invariant molecular motifs common to microbial world, called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition to PAMPs, endogenous molecules released in response to inflammation and tissue damage, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are required for eliciting the response. The most important PAMPs of viruses are viral nucleic acids, their genome or its replication intermediates, whereas the identity and characteristics of virus infection-induced DAMPs are poorly defined. PAMPs and DAMPs engage a limited set of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immune and non-immune cells. Membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRs) are important PRRs involved in the recognition of the molecular signatures of viral infection, such as double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs). Engagement of PRRs results in local and systemic innate immune responses which, when activated against viruses, evoke secretion of antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and programmed cell death i.e., apoptosis of the virus-infected cell. Macrophages are the central effector cells of innate immunity. They produce significant amounts of antiviral cytokines, called interferons (IFNs), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. IL-1β and IL-18 are synthesized as inactive precursors, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, that are processed by caspase-1 in a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex, called the inflammasome. After processing, these cytokines are biologically active and will be secreted. The signals and secretory routes that activate inflammasomes and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 during virus infections are poorly characterized. The main goal of this thesis was to characterize influenza A virus-induced innate immune responses and host-virus interactions in human primary macrophages during an infection. Methodologically, various techniques of cellular and molecular biology, as well as proteomic tools combined with bioinformatics, were utilized. Overall, the thesis provides interesting insights into inflammatory and antiviral innate immune responses, and has characterized host-virus interactions during influenza A virus-infection in human primary macrophages.

Theoretical studies on alpha-helix--DNA interactions

The interaction energies between (Ala)10 and alpha-helix fragment and different nucleotide sequences in right-handed B-form have been optimized using semi-empirical potential energy functions. The energies are calculated for two different orientations of the alpha-helix, viz., when the alpha-helix axis taken in the N----C direction is (i) parallel and (ii) antiparallel to the 5'-3' ascending strand of DNA, proximal to it. When both the DNA molecule as well as the alpha-helix are treated as rigid molecules it is found that a polyalanine alpha-helix has slightly more favourable contacts when it is in the proximity of a four nucleotide sequence of 5'-(N-A-T-N)-3' type, where N is either a purine or a pyrimidine. However, when the two interacting molecules are allowed to undergo local structural variations then the interaction energy appears to be independent of the base sequence confirming the non-specific nature of these interactions.

Directing role of functional groups in selective generation of C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions: In situ cryo-crystallographic studies on benzyl derivatives

The in situ cryo-crystallization study of benzyl derivatives reveals that the molecular packing in these compounds is either through methylene (sp(3)) C-H center dot center dot center dot pi or aromatic (sp(2)) C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions depending on the level of acidity of the benzyl proton. These studies of low melting compounds bring out the subtle features of such weak interactions and point to the directional preferences depending on the nature (electron withdrawing, polarizability) of the neighbouring functional group.

Fishes of the Darkness : Water colour-regulated competitive interactions in humic lakes

Humic lakes are abundant in the temperate and cold regions of the Boreal Zone. High levels of water colour and strong thermal stratification of humic lakes limit the potential fish habitats and give a special role to the intraspecific and interspecific interactions. Water colour has different effects on species depending on species-specific life-history traits and trophic interactions. Fish species whose success in predation is based on visual cues are more susceptible to suffer in competition. The main aim of the thesis was to demonstrate the effects of water colour on European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in humic lakes. The contribution of water colour to diet, feeding, growth and competitive interactions of fish was studied both in laboratory and in small humic lakes with varying levels of water colour. The main findings of the thesis were that water colour has different effects on species, depending on species-specific life-history traits and trophic interactions. Water colour affected visually-oriented perch feeding and growth negatively, and the prolonged benthic feeding phase of perch resulting from the increased water colour could increase intraspecific competition in perch populations and may result in a partial bottleneck in growth for perch. Moreover, water colour may act as a proximate factor behind the population dependency of sexual growth dimorphism in perch.

Analysis of Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl and C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl intermolecular interactions involving chlorine in substituted 2-chloroquinoline derivatives

Six crystal structures of substituted 2-chloroquinoline derivatives have been analysed to evaluate the role of Cl atom as a self recognizing unit resulting in the formation of Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl and C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl interactions to generate supramolecular assembly in the solid state. The features of Type I and Type II geometries associated with Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl interactions have been analysed to show directional preferences leading to differences in the packing motifs in these crystal structures. C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl interactions are generated exclusively in structures depicting Type II Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl interaction have been observed in these structures.

Drug epidemiology, interactions and pharmacogenetics : A post-mortem database study

Use of adverse drug combinations, abuse of medicinal drugs and substance abuse are considerable social problems that are difficult to study. Prescription database studies might fail to incorporate factors like use of over-the-counter drugs and patient compliance, and spontaneous reporting databases suffer from underreporting. Substance abuse and smoking studies might be impeded by poor participation activity and reliability. The Forensic Toxicology Unit at the University of Helsinki is the only laboratory in Finland that performs forensic toxicology related to cause-of-death investigations comprising the analysis of over 6000 medico-legal cases yearly. The analysis repertoire covers most commonly used drugs and drugs of abuse, and the ensuing database contains also background information and information extracted from the final death certificate. In this thesis, the data stored in this comprehensive post-mortem toxicology database was combined with additional metabolite and genotype analyses that were performed to complete the profile of selected cases. The incidence of drug combinations possessing serious adverse drug interactions was generally low (0.71%), but it was notable for the two individually studied drugs, a common anticoagulant warfarin (33%) and a new generation antidepressant venlafaxine (46%). Serotonin toxicity and adverse cardiovascular effects were the most prominent possible adverse outcomes. However, the specific role of the suspected adverse drug combinations was rarely recognized in the death certificates. The frequency of bleeds was observed to be elevated when paracetamol and warfarin were used concomitantly. Pharmacogenetic factors did not play a major role in fatalities related to venlafaxine, but the presence of interacting drugs was more common in cases showing high venlafaxine concentrations. Nicotine findings in deceased young adults were roughly three times more prevalent than the smoking frequency estimation of living population. Contrary to previous studies, no difference in the proportion of suicides was observed between nicotine users and non-nicotine users. However, findings of abused substances, including abused prescription drugs, were more common in the nicotine users group than in the non-nicotine users group. The results of the thesis are important for forensic and clinical medicine, as well as for public health. The possibility of drug interactions and pharmacogenetic issues should be taken into account in cause-of-death investigations, especially in unclear cases, medical malpractice suspicions and cases where toxicological findings are scarce. Post-mortem toxicological epidemiology is a new field of research that can help to reveal problems in drug use and prescription practises.

Detection, epidemiology and host spectrum of cowpox and Borna disease virus infections

Several orthopoxviruses (OPV) and Borna disease virus (BDV) are enveloped, zoonotic viruses with a wide geographical distribution. OPV antibodies cross-react, and former smallpox vaccination has therefore protected human populations from another OPV infection, rodent-borne cowpox virus (CPXV). Cowpox in humans and cats usually manifests as a mild, self-limiting dermatitis and constitutional symptoms, but it can be severe and even life-threatening in the immunocompromised. Classical Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis in horses and sheep known in central Europe for centuries. Nowadays the virus or its close relative infects humans and also several other species in central Europe and elsewhere, but the existence of human Borna disease with its suspected neuropsychiatric symptoms is controversial. The epidemiology of BDV is largely unknown, and the present situation is even more intriguing following the recent detection of several-million-year-old, endogenized BDV genes in primate and various other vertebrate genomes. The aims of this study were to elucidate the importance of CPXV and BDV in Finland and in possible host species, and particularly to 1) establish relevant methods for the detection of CPXV and other OPVs as well as BDV in Finland, 2) determine whether CPXV and BDV exist in Finland, 3) discover how common OPV immunity is in different age groups in Finland, 4) characterize possible disease cases and clarify their epidemiological context, 5) establish the hosts and possible reservoir species of these viruses and their geographical distribution in wild rodents, and 6) elucidate the infection kinetics of BDV in the bank vole. An indirect immunofluorescence assay and avidity measurement were established for the detection, timing and verification of OPV or BDV antibodies in thousands of blood samples from humans, horses, ruminants, lynxes, gallinaceous birds, dogs, cats and rodents. The mostly vaccine-derived OPV seroprevalence was found to decrease gradually according to the year of birth of the sampled human subjects from 100% to 10% in those born after 1977. On the other hand, OPV antibodies indicating natural contact with CPXV or other OPVs were commonly found in domestic and wild animals: the horse, cow, lynx, dog, cat and, with a prevalence occasionally even as high as 92%, in wild rodents, including some previously undetected species and new regions. Antibodies to BDV were detected in humans, horses, a dog, cats, and for the first time in wild rodents, such as bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Because of the controversy within the human Borna disease field, extra verification methods were established for BDV antibody findings: recombinant nucleocapsid and phosphoproteins were produced in Escherichia coli and in a baculovirus system, and peptide arrays were additionally applied. With these verification assays, Finnish human, equine, feline and rodent BDV infections were confirmed. Taken together, wide host spectra were evident for both OPV and BDV infections based on the antibody findings, and OPV infections were found to be geographically broadly distributed. PCR amplification methods were utilised for hundreds of blood and tissue samples. The methods included conventional, nested and real-time PCRs with or without the reverse transcription step and detecting four or two genes of OPVs and BDV, respectively. OPV DNA could be amplified from two human patients and three bank voles, whereas no BDV RNA was detected in naturally infected individuals. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, the Finnish OPV sequences were closely related although not identical to a Russian CPXV isolate, and clearly different from other CPXV strains. Moreover, the Finnish sequences only equalled each other, but the short amplicons obtained from German rodents were identical to monkeypox virus, in addition to German CPXV variants. This reflects the close relationship of all OPVs. In summary, RNA of the Finnish BDV variant could not be detected with the available PCR methods, but OPV DNA infrequently could. The OPV species infecting the patients of this study was proven to be CPXV, which is most probably also responsible for the rodent infections. Multiple cell lines and some newborn rodents were utilised in the isolation of CPXV and BDV from patient and wildlife samples. CPXV could be isolated from a child with severe, generalised cowpox. BDV isolation attempts from rodents were unsuccessful in this study. However, in parallel studies, a transient BDV infection of cells inoculated with equine brain material was detected, and BDV antigens discovered in archival animal brains using established immunohistology. Thus, based on several independent methods, both CPXV and BDV (or a closely related agent) were shown to be present in Finland. Bank voles could be productively infected with BDV. This experimental infection did not result in notable pathological findings or symptoms, despite the intense spread of the virus in the central and peripheral nervous system. Infected voles commonly excreted the virus in urine and faeces, which emphasises their possible role as a BDV reservoir. Moreover, BDV RNA was regularly reverse transcribed into DNA in bank voles, which was detected by amplifying DNA by PCR without reverse transcription, and verified with nuclease treatments. This finding indicates that BDV genes could be endogenized during an acute infection. Although further transmission studies are needed, this experimental infection demonstrated that the bank vole can function as a potential BDV reservoir. In summary, multiple methods were established and applied in large panels to detect two zoonoses novel to Finland: cowpox virus and Borna disease virus. Moreover, new information was obtained on their geographical distribution, host spectrum, epidemiology and infection kinetics.

Effect of a QSO on the interstellar medium of its host galaxy

We consider the hydrodynamic evolution of gas in the interstellar medium of the host galaxy of a quasar due to Compton heating by the QSO radiation. We show that a Lagrangean formulation of the problem is necessary. It is found that the "hydrodynamic time scale" becomes important compared to the Compton heating time scale. We also relax the "single fluid" approximation by considering the existence of clouds and taking into account the mass loss from stars. The results predict star burst activity, and thus we explain the blue colors of the active galaxies.

Amino acid-lanthanide interactions, Part 2. The X-ray crystal structures of lanthanide and calcium complexes of 1-amino-cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (Acc6)

The structures of [Nd-2(Acc(6))(H2O)(6)](ClO4)(6) .(H2O)(6) (1) [Er-2(Acc(6))(4)(H2O)(8)](ClO4)(6) .(H2O)(11) (2) and [Ca-5(Acc(6))(12)(H2O)(6)](ClO4)(10).(H2O)(4) (3) (Acc(6) = 1-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The lanthanide complexes 1 and 2 are dimeric in which two lanthanide cations are bridged by four carboxylato groups of Acc(6) molecules. In addition, the neodymium complex (1) features the unidentate coordination of the carboxyl group of an Acc(6) molecule in place of a water molecule in the erbium complex (2). The coordination number in both 1 and 2 is eight. The calcium Acc(6) complex (3) is polymeric; three different calcium environments are observed in the asymmetric unit. Two calcium ions are hexa-coordinated and one is hepta-coordinated. Considerable differences are observed between the solid state structures of Ln(III) and Ca-II complexes of Acc(6

Interactions of methoxyamine with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-Schiff's base at the active site of sheep liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase

The mechanism of interaction of methoxyamine with sheep liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) (SHMT) was established by measuring changes in enzyme activity, visible absorption spectra, circular dichroism and fluorescence, and by evaluating the rate constant by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Methoxyamine can be considered as the smallest substituted aminooxy derivative of hydroxylamine. It was a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 25 microM) of SHMT similar to O-amino-D-serine. Like in the interaction of O-amino-D-serine and aminooxyacetic acid, the first step in the reaction was very fast. This was evident by the rapid disappearance of the enzyme-Schiff base absorbance at 425 nm with a rate constant of 1.3 x 10(3) M-1 sec-1 and CD intensity at 430 nm. Concomitantly, there was an increase in absorbance at 388 nm (intermediate I). The next step in the reaction was the unimolecular conversion (1.1 x 10(-3) sec-1) of this intermediate to the final oxime absorbing at 325 nm. The identity of the oxime was established by its characteristic fluorescence emission at 460 nm when excited at 360 nm and by high performance liquid chromatography. These results highlight the specificity in interactions of aminooxy compounds with sheep liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase and that the carboxyl group of the inhibitors enhances the rate of the initial interaction with the enzyme.