917 resultados para Urea as fertilizer
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The persistence time and risk of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in cropland via irrigation were investigated under laboratory conditions. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the potential adsorption and biodegradation of MC-RR in cropland and the persistence time of MC-RR for crop irrigation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the amount of MC-RR in solutions. Our study indicated that MC-RR could be adsorbed and biodegraded in cropland soils. MC-RR at 6.5 mg/L could be completely degraded within 6 days with a lag phase of 1 - 2 days. In the presence of humic acid, the same amount of MC-RR could be degraded within 4 days without a lag phase. Accordingly, the persistence time of MC-RR in cropland soils should be about 6 days. This result also suggested the beneficial effects of the organic fertilizer utilization for the biodegradation of MC-RR in cropland soils. Our studies also demonstrated that MC-RR at low concentration (< 10 mu g/L) could accelerate the growth of plants, while high concentration of MC-RR (> 100 mu g/L) significantly inhibited the growth of plants. High sensitivity of the sprouting stage plants to MC-RR treatments as well as the strong inhibitory effects resulting from prolonged irrigation further indicated that this MC-RR growth-inhibition may vary with the duration of irrigation and life stage of the plants. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Alterations in hematological indices such as decreases in blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are key symptoms of anemia. However, few experiments were conducted to examine changes in hematological indices of fish exposed to microcystins that are believed to be fatal to circulatory systems of vertebrates. An acute toxicological experiment was designed to study hematological changes of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted microcystins at two doses, 50 and 200 mu g MC-LReqkg(-1) body weight. After being i.p. injected with microcystins, the fish exhibited behavioral abnormity. There were significant decreases in RBC in the high-dose group, and in Ht and Hb concentrations in both dose groups, while erythrocte sedimentation rate (ESR) significantly increased, indicating the appearance of normocytic anemia. There were no prominent changes in the three red cell indices, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH,), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) in both dose groups suggest the occurrence of kidney impairment. Alteration in blood indices was reversible at the low dose group. Conclusively, anemia induced by kidney impairment was a key factor to cause abnormity of swimming behaviors and high mortality of crucian carp. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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In the present paper, sorption, persistence, and leaching behavior of three microcystin variants in Chinese agriculture soils were examined. Based on this study, the values of capacity factor and slope for three MCs variants in three soils ranged from 0.69 to 6.00, and 1.01 to 1.54, respectively. The adsorption of MCs in the soils decreased in the following order: RR > Dha(7) LR > LR. Furthermore, for each MC variant in the three soils, the adsorption rate in the soils decreased in the following order: soil A > soil C > soil B. The calculated half-time ranged between 7.9 and 17.8 days for MC-RR, 6.0-17.1 days for MC-LR, and 7.1-10.2 days for MC-Dha(7) LR. Results from leaching experiments demonstrated that recoveries of toxins in leachates ranged from 0-16.7% for RR, 73.2-88.9% for LR, and 8.9-73.1% for Dha 7 LR. The GUS value ranged from 1.48 to 2.06 for RR, 1.82-2.88 for LR, and 1.76-2.09 for Dha(7) LR. Results demonstrated the use of cyanobacterial collections as plant fertilizer is likely to be unsafe in soils. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A cyanobacterial strain, which produced high content of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) but no rnicrocystin-RR (MC-RR), was isolated from the hypertrophic Dianchi Lake in China and identified as Microcystis aeruginosa DC-1. Effects of nitrogen containing chemicals and trace elements on the growth and the production of MC-LR by this strain were Studied. In the presence of bicine, compared with urea and ammonium, nitrate greatly promoted the growth and the production of MC-LR. However, leucine and arginine, which were the constitutional components in the molecular structure of MC-LR or RR, inhibited the production of MC-LR. Iron and silicon up to 10mg/L had little effects on the growth of M. aeruginosa DC-1, but the production of MC-LR was apparently enhanced. Under all conditions studied here, only MC-LR but no RR was detected within the cells of M. aeruginosa DC-1. Thus, chemical forms of nitrogen, rather than the usually concerned the total nitrogen, Lind trace elements played important roles in the production of MC toxins during cyanobacterial blooms.
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The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study. An integrated biological pond system was operated for more than 3 years to purify the wastewater from a medium-sized city, Central China. The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing their purification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influent purification, effluent upgrading and multi-utilization. These regions were further divided into several zones and subzones. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, algae, microorganisms and zooplankton, were effectively cooperating in the wastewater treatment in this system. The system attained high reductions of BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, TP and other pollutants. The purification efficiencies of this system were higher than those of most traditional oxidation ponds or ordinary macrophyte ponds. The mutagenic effect and numbers of bacteria and viruses declined significantly during the process of purification. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone, the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield dramatic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, though it did significantly affect the biomass productivity of the macrophytes. The effluent from this system could be utilized in irrigation and aquaculture. Some aquatic products were harvested from this system and some biomass was utilized for food, fertilizer, fodder and some other uses. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.
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The bioaccumulation, elimination and degradation of C-14-labelled diflubenzuron (DFB) and of 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (CCU) was studied in a laboratory algae culture system of scenedesmus subspicatus. Algae were exposed at an initial concentration of 200 mug/l for seven days. Neither substance had an inhibitory effect on the growth of algae. The half life of DFB and CCU was 3 and 1 days, respectively, as measured by HPLC. The distribution of C-14 between medium and algae was measured. In the case of DFB radioactivity in algae increased steadily and levelled off at approximately 60 % after 5 days. Due to algae growth BCF values decreased from 4310 to 889 for DFB and from 6719 to 304 for CCU during the exposure period. The relationship between algae density and bioconcentration could be correlated by an adsorption isotherm. Elimination of both compounds was rapid during the first hours.
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利用中国科学院长武农田生态试验站的长期田间试验(1984年2~007年),研究了小麦产量,耕层有机碳变化,评价了土壤管理和气候因素对土壤有机碳(Soil organic C,SOC)变化的影响。研究涉及6个处理:休闲地(F);不施肥(CK);有机肥(M);氮肥(N);氮、磷肥(NP)和氮、磷、有机肥(NPM)处理。结果表明,施肥可以显著提高作物产量和SOC积累,CK、M、N、NP、NPM处理平均产量依次为1.5、2.6、2.0、3.3、4.0 t/hm2,2007年F、CK、M、N、NP、NPM处理0—20 cm土层SOC积累量依次为-1.09、0.76、8.59、1.02、3.42和9.5 t/hm2。作物产量与SOC含量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.80),有机碳输入量与SOC含量相关性更好(r=0.97),外源有机碳的输入也是提高SOC的重要措施。施肥措施对作物固碳和SOC影响存在显著(P<0.05)差异。土壤固碳速率(Y)与SOC输入量(X)符合线性方程Y=0.231X-0.0813(r=0.98)。施肥可以提高黄土高原半干旱地区土壤生产力和SOC的积累,且无机肥和有机肥配施效果最佳。
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选用9 a生盛果期矮化密植梨枣树为试验材料,研究乙酰丙酸钾叶面喷施对黄土高原山地红枣生长发育及产量品质的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾,对枣树的生长发育、产量和品质都有明显的促进作用,建议在黄土高原区红枣实际生产中采用稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾喷施。
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采用田间小区试验,监测夏玉米不同生长期土壤水分和硝态氮剖面含量变化,研究不同施氮量对其时空变化及籽粒产量、水肥利用效率的影响,探讨氮肥对水肥资源高效利用的调节作用。结果表明:不同施氮处理,土壤剖面水分和硝态氮随土壤深度的变化趋势基本一致,即表层50 cm土壤水分和硝态氮含量较高且呈降低态,50~110 cm相对较低且波动较小,灌浆期二者均达到最低值;各生长期表层50 cm土壤含水量呈不施氮处理均高于施氮处理,50~110 cm土层则相反;施氮能提高土壤硝态氮含量,土壤硝态氮运移受土壤水分状况和含量的影响,含量越高,向下移动越深;施氮能显著提高水分利用效率及籽粒产量,增产效果明显(增产28.52%~37.86%),二者均以施氮240 kg/hm2处理最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒产量及籽粒吸氮量和水分利用效率增幅均表现为先升高后降低之趋势,当施氮量超过240 kg/hm2后,籽粒产量和水分利用效率提高并不显著;不施氮与施氮处理氮素生产力、氮肥利用率之间均存在极显著差异。在本试验条件下,从控制土壤硝态氮积累及取得较高的产量和氮素利用率综合考虑,夏玉米的适宜施氮量范围应控制在120~240 kg/hm2较好。
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为了确定合理环保的耕作制度,2007~2008安塞田间定位试验黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine maxL)、玉米(Zea maysL)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumLinn.)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明:在作物花期,大豆、玉米土壤脲酶活性较高,蔗糖酶活性较低,而红小豆、马铃薯则与之相反,差异极显著。到作物收获后,玉米土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性增高,增幅在83%以上,而马铃薯、红小豆、大豆三种作物土壤脲酶活性降低,降幅在10%以上,蔗糖酶活性增强,增幅在40%以上。从花期到收获后,免耕降低了土壤脲酶活性,提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性,在黄土丘陵沟壑旱作农区两种土壤酶活性表现较优的作物为大豆、玉米,较优的处理为NM玉米、NF大豆,其田间环保效应为:作物生长期间两种酶活性比较高,收获后两种酶活性则降低,有利于提高作物生长期土壤肥效利用率,减少作物收获后温室气体的排放。
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为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%~73.31%。马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质。在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案。
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研究不同施磷水平对夏玉米生长期土壤硝态氮时空分布、累积量及玉米籽粒产量的影响,为夏玉米合理施肥提供参考依据。【方法】采用田间小区试验,在施磷水平分别为0,60,120和180 kg/hm2时,研究施磷对夏玉米产量及土壤氮素吸收累积的影响。【结果】在0~110 cm土层,随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤硝态氮含量逐渐降低,0~30 cm土层明显高于30~110 cm土层且变幅较大,施磷肥能显著降低土壤硝态氮含量。随夏玉米生育期推进,0~110 cm土层硝态氮累积量呈先降低后升高的趋势,于灌浆期达到最低值;当施磷水平为120 kg/hm2时,成熟期0~110 cm土层硝态氮累积量低于施磷60和180 kg/hm2的处理;施磷肥能显著增加玉米籽粒产量、籽粒吸氮量及氮收获指数,均以施磷水平为120 kg/hm2时最高。【结论】在施氮基础上施用磷肥,有利于提高玉米籽粒产量,促进作物对氮素的吸收累积,减少土壤中硝态氮的累积及向更深土层中的运移量。
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为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0~20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)~(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...
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以津优1号黄瓜为试材,设3个土壤相对含水量水平(50%~60%、70%~80%、90%~100%)和2个肥料追施量(600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5·hm-2,420kgN.hm-2和294kgP2O5·hm-2)处理,研究了不同水肥供应对日光温室黄瓜土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响.结果表明:土壤中NH4+-N含量随施肥量的增加而提高,随土壤相对含水量的增加而降低;水肥供给的增加有利于提高土壤中速效磷含量和蔗糖酶活性;肥料增加使土壤中蛋白酶活性降低,而水分降低使土壤中脲酶活性提高.土壤中微生物多样性与土壤中养分含量无显著相关性,与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关.土壤相对含水量70%~80%、氮肥追施量600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5.hm-2处理的土壤养分含量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性较高,且土壤中微生物多样性和均匀度显著高于其他处理,土壤生产潜力最优.
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随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐降低,上层土壤含水量变幅大于下层。在同一氮肥水平下,夏玉米各生长期内0~50 cm土层含水量呈施磷处理高于不施磷处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。苗期—拔节—灌浆—收获期0~110 cm土壤蓄水量呈升高—降低—升高趋势;苗期呈氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,其它生长期氮肥与磷肥水平为120 kg/hm2配施处理最高;表层50 cm土层蓄水量均呈现氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。氮磷配施能显著提高产量及水分利用效率,二者均以配施磷肥120 kg/hm2处理最高;当施磷量超过120 kg/hm2后,产量和水分利用效率反而有下降趋势。