Knowledge Management in the Health Sector

Este artigo consiste numa introdução à importancia de gestão do conhecimento nas organizações de saúde. frmas de gerir o conhecimento; formas e meios de partilha do conhecimento. Aborda igualamente as comunidade e pratica eas respectivas ferramentas utilizadas

Stakeholder participation in sustainable forest management in fire-prone areas

Os incêndios florestais, associados ao abandono do espaço rural, a pequena propriedade florestal e o desinteresse e o absentismo dos proprietários florestais têm sido apontados como fatores que têm afetado a sustentabilidade das florestas em Portugal. Apesar da formulação de políticas e de instrumentos de planeamento e de gestão florestal para lidar com estes constrangimentos, são ainda escassos os progressos para uma Gestão Florestal Sustentável. A nível internacional e europeu, a participação dos agentes já representa um aspeto-chave no processo de definição e de implementação de estratégias que promovam a multifuncionalidade da floresta, mas também se adeqúem às necessidades e aos interesses dos agentes locais. A temática da tese esteve focada nesta discussão, argumentando que existe uma escassa participação dos agentes nos processos de tomada de decisão relativos ao setor florestal. O principal objetivo da investigação foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia participativa para a discussão e negociação de estratégias locais para a Gestão Florestal Sustentável, que maximizem o potencial produtivo e o papel sócio-ambiental das florestas, diminuam o risco de incêndio e promovam o crescente interesse e participação dos agentes locais na gestão florestal. A tese está estruturada em três partes. A primeira parte apresenta uma avaliação do sector florestal nacional, com base numa revisão bibliográfica e numa comparação de indicadores, políticas e instrumentos de planeamento e gestão florestal (Capítulo 2) e com base num estudo de perceção social desenvolvido numa área de estudo localizada na região Centro de Portugal. Este estudo analisa as perceções técnicas (decisores políticos e técnicos) e sociais (proprietários florestais e outros membros da comunidade local) sobre as florestas, a gestão florestal e os incêndios florestais (Capítulo 4). As ‘Zonas de Intervenção Florestal’, enquanto ferramenta recente para a cooperação e organização dos proprietários e produtores florestais, foram também analisadas (Capítulo 3). A segunda parte da tese é dedicada à análise de processos de participação pública, com base numa revisão bibliográfica sobre os benefícios, níveis, abordagens e métodos de participação (Capítulo 5) e numa avaliação de processos de participação pública desenvolvidos em Portugal (Capítulo 6). A terceira parte da tese foca-se no desenho e no teste da metodologia participativa proposta no âmbito desta tese (Capítulo 7) e na formulação de algumas orientações para melhoria dos processos participativos na gestão florestal (Capítulo 8). Os resultados confirmaram a centralidade dos incêndios florestais e dos fatores associados ao contexto socioeconómico (e.g. despovoamento e envelhecimento populacional, absentismo, falta de gestão florestal, estrutura fundiária) como os principais problemas que afetam a floresta na região Centro de Portugal. A organização e cooperação dos proprietários florestais emergiu como solução possível para lidar com estas ameaças e promover a multifuncionalidade da floresta, sendo essencial aumentar o conhecimento e a participação dos agentes nas decisões associadas à floresta. É proposta uma ferramenta para esta participação, centrada no contexto local e facilmente utilizável por todos os agentes. A implementação da metodologia participativa revelou o seu potencial no desenvolvimento de uma participação equitativa e inclusiva dos múltiplos agentes.

Regional and urban air quality modelling under a climate change scenario

The better understanding of the interactions between climate change and air quality is an emerging priority for research and policy. Climate change will bring changes in the climate system, which will affect the concentration and dispersion of air pollutants. The main objective of the current study is to assess the impacts of climate change on air quality in 2050 over Portugal and Porto urban area. First, an evaluation and characterization of the air quality over mainland Portugal was performed for the period between 2002 and 2012. The results show that NO2, PM10 and O3 are the critical pollutants in Portugal. Also, the influence of meteorology on O3, NO2 and PM10 levels was investigate in the national main urban areas (Porto and Lisboa) and was verified that O3 has a statistically significant relationship with temperature in most of the components. The results also indicate that emission control strategies are primary regulators for NO2 and PM10 levels. After, understanding the national air quality problems and the influence that meteorology had in the historical air quality levels, the air quality modelling system WRF-CAMx was tested and the required inputs for the simulations were prepared to fulfil the main goal of this work. For the required air quality modelling inputs, an Emission Projections under RCP scenarios (EmiPro-RCP) model was developed to assist the estimation of future emission inventories for GHG and common air pollutants. Also, the current emissions were estimated for Portugal with a higher detailed disaggregation to improve the performance of the air quality simulations. The air quality modelling system WRF/CAMx was tested and evaluated over Portugal and Porto urban area and the results point out that is an adequate tool for the analysis of air quality under climate change. For this purpose, regional simulations of air quality during historical period and future (2045-2050) were conducted with CAMx version 6.0 to evaluate the impacts of simulated future climate and anthropogenic emission projections on air quality over the study area. The climate and the emission projections were produced under the RCP8.5 scenario. The results from the simulations point out, that if the anthropogenic emissions keep the same in 2050, the concentrations of NO2, PM10 and O3 will increase in Portugal. When, besides the climate change effects, is consider the projected anthropogenic emissions the annual mean concentrations of NO2 decrease significantly in Portugal and Porto urban area, and on the contrary the annual mean PM10 concentrations increases in Portugal and decrease in Porto urban area. The O3 results are mainly caused by the reduction of ozone precursors, getting the higher reductions in urban areas and increases in the surrounding areas. All the analysis performed for both simulations for Porto urban area support that, for PM10 and O3, there will be an increase in the occurrence of extreme values, surpassing the annual legislated parameters and having more daily exceedances. This study constitutes an innovative scientific tool to help in future air quality management in order to mitigate future climate change impacts on air quality.

Decentralizing IP mobility management in future networks

The massive adoption of sophisticated mobile devices and applications led to the increase of mobile data in the last decade, which it is expected to continue. This increase of mobile data negatively impacts the network planning and dimension, since core networks are heavy centralized. Mobile operators are investigating atten network architectures that distribute the responsibility of providing connectivity and mobility, in order to improve the network scalability and performance. Moreover, service providers are moving the content servers closer to the user, in order to ensure high availability and performance of content delivery. Besides the e orts to overcome the explosion of mobile data, current mobility management models are heavy centralized to ensure reachability and session continuity to the users connected to the network. Nowadays, deployed architectures have a small number of centralized mobility anchors managing the mobile data and the mobility context of millions of users, which introduces issues related to performance and scalability that require costly network mechanisms. The mobility management needs to be rethought out-of-the box to cope with atten network architectures and distributed content servers closer to the user, which is the purpose of the work developed in this Thesis. The Thesis starts with a characterization of mobility management into well-de ned functional blocks, their interaction and potential grouping. The decentralized mobility management is studied through analytical models and simulations, in which di erent mobility approaches distinctly distribute the mobility management functionalities through the network. The outcome of this study showed that decentralized mobility management brings advantages. Hence, it was proposed a novel distributed and dynamic mobility management approach, which is exhaustively evaluated through analytical models, simulations and testbed experiments. The proposed approach is also integrated with seamless horizontal handover mechanisms, as well as evaluated in vehicular environments. The mobility mechanisms are also speci ed for multihomed scenarios, in order to provide data o oading with IP mobility from cellular to other access networks. In the pursuing of the optimized mobile routing path, a novel network-based strategy for localized mobility is addressed, in which a replication binding system is deployed in the mobility anchors distributed through the access routers and gateways. Finally, we go further in the mobility anchoring subject, presenting a context-aware adaptive IP mobility anchoring model that dynamically assigns the mobility anchors that provide the optimized routing path to a session, based on the user and network context. The integration of dynamic and distributed concepts in the mobility management, such as context-aware adaptive mobility anchoring and dynamic mobility support, allow the optimization of network resources and the improvement of user experience. The overall outcome demonstrates that decentralized mobility management is a promising direction, hence, its ideas should be taken into account by mobile operators in the deployment of future networks.

Ecological quality assessment in transitional systems

Estuaries are poles of attraction for human settlement which is a source of pressures to surface water bodies. The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WDF, 2000/60/EC) has increased the investigation in order to develop methodologies to assess the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) of aquatic ecosystems. Transitional systems are naturally stressed and characterized by highly dynamic physical, chemical and hydro-morphologic conditions and by species with a higher level of tolerance to change, being more difficult to develop suitable quality indicators for these systems. The general purpose of this study is to test the ability of synthesis descriptors, including primary (S, taxa richness) and derived biological variable (H’, Shannon-Wiener diversity), biotic indices (AMBI and M-AMBI), body size properties (abundance distribution by body size classes, length, weight and length-weight relationships) and non-taxonomic indices (ISS), as well as functional indicators related to the decomposition rates of various experimental substrates, a macrophyte (Phragmites australis) and an alga (Fucus vesiculosus), to evaluate the environmental quality in transitional systems. This study was carried out in one of the most pristine channels of the Ria the Aveiro, Mira Channel, along a full salinity gradient and in a metals and metalloid sediment contamination area, the Estarreja Channel, and two reference channels (Canelas and Salreu). In this study were used different sampling techniques, the leaf-bag technique and a hand-held corer. In Mira Channel, the alga and the macrophyte presented an opposite trend in the decomposition rate along the salinity gradient, with the decomposition rates of the alga always higher than those of the macrophyte. The decomposition rates of the macrophyte and the alga were higher in the mid estuary and in higher salinity areas, respectively, corresponding to the preferencial distribution areas of each species. The macrobenthic fauna associated with the decaying and an artificial substrate (control) showed equally well the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas and, despite the strong differences in the decay rates, no significant differences were found between the benthic communities associated with the alga and the macrophyte. The body size properties of the macrobenthic fauna associated with the P. australis leaf-bag (1mm and 5mm) and corer samples were studied along the full salinity gradient. The dominant species of the sub-set of measured specimens were not the same of the original macrobenthic fauna sampled but, despite that, the sub-set of measured specimens was also able to show the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas. The body size abundance distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates according to the ISS size classes did not show a particular trend in any sampler along the salinity gradient. Significant differences were found in the length, weight and length-weight relationships of Annelids, , Molluscs and even some species along the salinity gradient. No significant differences were found in the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS values along the salinity gradient for all the samplers. The EQS of the corer samples obtained using the M-AMBI was lower than that of the leaf-bags. The EQS obtained with the ISS was higher than that obtained with the M-AMBI in the leaf-bags but not in the corer samples. The ecological effects of contaminated sediments associated with the industrial chemical effluents discharged in the Estarreja Channel were studied a decade after ceasing the emissions, using the Sediment Quality Triad approach and two reference channels. The results showed that despite the emissions ceased in 2004, the sediment remains polluted with high levels of metals and metalloid, available to bioaccumulation and with severe consequences at the community level. The sediment contamination problem was also studied using the leaf-bag technique with a macrophyte, an alga and a control substrate. The results showed that the decay rates, the associated macrofauna and the application of the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS indices to the mesh-bag samples were not able to identify the sediment contamination. Contrarily to the AMBI, the M-AMBI and the ISS showed significant differences between the contaminated and the reference channels for the corer samples. Although such statistical significance, the interest of using these complex biotic indices could be questioned, when much simple ones, like the S and H’ allow to reach the same conclusions.

Energy Management in UK Non-Domestic Buildings - a New Perspective to Provoke Reduced Carbon Emissions

Politicians, industry and the public generally accept the need for energy consumption to be cut to deliver climate change mitigation measures essential for us to avoid climate disaster. For non-domestic fuel users current energy policy has attempted to drive this through rational economic responses to energy cost pressures. This reliance on voluntary action has created an “Energy Inconsistency”, that is a marked difference between energy opportunities that have been proven technically viable, financially rational and retrofit feasible and those actually adopted. Other factors must therefore be involved to influence what appear to be simple carbon and cost saving opportunities. This paper presents a new approach to energy efficiency and consumption in non-domestic buildings, viewing attitudes and behaviours of building owners and users as the key driver of energy consumption. A new framework is proposed as a method to examine the impact of building ownership on the users’ and owners’ abilities to improve energy efficiency and consumption and identify opportunities to overcome the barriers inherent in these ownership structures.