La noci��n de jurisdicci��n en el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y su repercusi��n extraterritorial en el marco de los conflictos armados

Proyecto de investigaci��n realizado a partir de una estancia en el Institut des Hautes Etudes Europ��ennes, Francia, entre febrero y diciembre del 2007. El Consejo de Europa es una organizaci��n internacional que naci�� de los escombros de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en 1949, con la voluntad de los Estados fundadores de unir m��s estrechamente a sus miembros, y con el objetivo fundamental de ���salvaguardar y proteger los ideales y principios que son su patrimonio com��n, as�� como favorecer su progreso econ��mico y social���. Cada uno de sus Estados Miembros reconoce el principio de la preeminencia del Derecho y el principio en virtud del cual, toda persona que se halle bajo su jurisdicci��n, ha de gozar de los derechos humanos y de las libertades fundamentales���. Por ello, la firma del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos es condici��n indispensable para adherirse a la Organizaci��n. Como el derecho de reconocimiento de recurso individual y la jurisdicci��n del Tribunal son ahora, desde la entrada en vigor del Protocolo N�� 11, obligatorios para todo Estado parte al Convenio, cualquier persona sometida a la jurisdicci��n de cualquiera de los 46 Estados, puede acudir al Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos para quejarse de la vulneraci��n de sus derechos fundamentales. Esta cuesti��n implica que las reclamaciones relativas a los conflictos armados se examinan caso por caso, sin que el Tribunal pueda intervenir de otra forma que no sea, dentro del marco de sus competencias exclusivamente jurisdiccionales, mediante el examen de los casos concretos presentados ante ��l.

Cardiac expression of ms1/STARS, a novel gene involved in cardiac development and disease, is regulated by GATA4.

Ms1/STARS is a novel muscle-specific actin-binding protein that specifically modulates the myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-serum response factor (SRF) regulatory axis within striated muscle. This ms1/STARS-dependent regulatory axis is of central importance within the cardiac gene regulatory network and has been implicated in cardiac development and postnatal cardiac function/homeostasis. The dysregulation of ms1/STARS is associated with and causative of pathological cardiac phenotypes, including cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. In order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms governing ms1/STARS expression in the heart, we have coupled a comparative genomic in silico analysis with reporter, gain-of-function, and loss-of-function approaches. Through this integrated analysis, we have identified three evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs), α, SINA, and DINA, that act as cis-regulatory modules and confer differential cardiac cell-specific activity. Two of these ECRs, α and DINA, displayed distinct regulatory sensitivity to the core cardiac transcription factor GATA4. Overall, our results demonstrate that within embryonic, neonatal, and adult hearts, GATA4 represses ms1/STARS expression with the pathologically associated depletion of GATA4 (type 1/type 2 diabetic models), resulting in ms1/STARS upregulation. This GATA4-dependent repression of ms1/STARS expression has major implications for MRTF-SRF signaling in the context of cardiac development and disease.

Two Studies on the Interplay between Social Preferences and Individual Biological Features

Biological features and social preferences have been studied separately as factors influencing human strategic behaviour. We run two studies in order to explore the interplay between these two sets of factors. In the first study, we investigate to what extent social preferences may have some biological underpinnings. We use simple one-shot distribution experiments to attribute subjects one out of four types of social preferences: Self-interested (SI), Competitive (C), Inequality averse (IA) and Efficiency-seeking (ES). We then investigate whether these four groups display differences in their levels of facial Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA) and in proxies for exposure to testosterone during phoetal development and puberty. We observe that development-related biological features and social preferences are relatively independent. In the second study, we compare the relative weight of these two set of factors by studying how they affect subjects��� behaviour in the Ultimatum Game (UG). We find differences in offers made and rejection rates across the four social preference groups. The effect of social preferences is stronger than the effect of biological features even though the latter is significant. We also report a novel link between facial masculinity (a proxy for exposure to testosterone during puberty) and rejection rates in the UG. Our results suggest that biological features influence behaviour both directly and through their relation with the type of social preferences that individuals hold.

Sharp Bounds on Heterogeneous Individual Treatment Responses

This paper discusses how to identify individual-specific causal effects of an ordered discrete endogenous variable. The counterfactual heterogeneous causal information is recovered by identifying the partial differences of a structural relation. The proposed refutable nonparametric local restrictions exploit the fact that the pattern of endogeneity may vary across the level of the unobserved variable. The restrictions adopted in this paper impose a sense of order to an unordered binary endogeneous variable. This allows for a uni.ed structural approach to studying various treatment effects when self-selection on unobservables is present. The usefulness of the identi.cation results is illustrated using the data on the Vietnam-era veterans. The empirical findings reveal that when other observable characteristics are identical, military service had positive impacts for individuals with low (unobservable) earnings potential, while it had negative impacts for those with high earnings potential. This heterogeneity would not be detected by average effects which would underestimate the actual effects because different signs would be cancelled out. This partial identification result can be used to test homogeneity in response. When homogeneity is rejected, many parameters based on averages may deliver misleading information.

Complexity and Bounded Rationality in Individual Decision Problemsing.

I develop a model of endogenous bounded rationality due to search costs, arising implicitly from the problems complexity. The decision maker is not required to know the entire structure of the problem when making choices but can think ahead, through costly search, to reveal more of it. However, the costs of search are not assumed exogenously; they are inferred from revealed preferences through her choices. Thus, bounded rationality and its extent emerge endogenously: as problems become simpler or as the benefits of deeper search become larger relative to its costs, the choices more closely resemble those of a rational agent. For a fixed decision problem, the costs of search will vary across agents. For a given decision maker, they will vary across problems. The model explains, therefore, why the disparity, between observed choices and those prescribed under rationality, varies across agents and problems. It also suggests, under reasonable assumptions, an identifying prediction: a relation between the benefits of deeper search and the depth of the search. As long as calibration of the search costs is possible, this can be tested on any agent-problem pair. My approach provides a common framework for depicting the underlying limitations that force departures from rationality in different and unrelated decision-making situations. Specifically, I show that it is consistent with violations of timing independence in temporal framing problems, dynamic inconsistency and diversification bias in sequential versus simultaneous choice problems, and with plausible but contrasting risk attitudes across small- and large-stakes gambles.

Profile of a serial killer: cellular and molecular approaches to study individual cytotoxic T-cells following therapeutic vaccination.

T-cell vaccination may prevent or treat cancer and infectious diseases, but further progress is required to increase clinical efficacy. Step-by-step improvements of T-cell vaccination in phase I/II clinical studies combined with very detailed analysis of T-cell responses at the single cell level are the strategy of choice for the identification of the most promising vaccine candidates for testing in subsequent large-scale phase III clinical trials. Major aims are to fully identify the most efficient T-cells in anticancer therapy, to characterize their TCRs, and to pinpoint the mechanisms of T-cell recruitment and function in well-defined clinical situations. Here we discuss novel strategies for the assessment of human T-cell responses, revealing in part unprecedented insight into T-cell biology and novel structural principles that govern TCR-pMHC recognition. Together, the described approaches advance our knowledge of T-cell mediated-protection from human diseases.

Parasitismo natural de bufalinos em Botucatu, SP, Brasil: III. Din��mica do parasitismo gastro-intestinal em vacas e suas crias

Gastro-intestinal parasitism of 24 buffalo cows before parturition, and post-parturition, their infection and that of their respective calves during the following 30 weeks were studied. Willis, Hoffmann and whenever possible, the modified Gordon & Whitlock techniques were used for fecal examinations. Toxocara vitulorum eggs were the earliest forms encountered in calves feces, as follows: during the 1st week after birth, 58.33% of the calves were positive, and in the 4th week, 100% of these animals were positive. Eggs of Strongyloides sp were in the 1st week after birth in two of the calves and in the 5th week, all for them were positive. The next parasites to appear were the Coccidia of which oocysts were detected in the feces of two calves in the 2nd week after birth, and 58.33% of the calves were positive for these in the 3rd week, and in the 6th week, all calves shed oocysts in their feces. On the other hand, eggs of Strongylids were the last forms to appear in calves feces. However, despite their sporadic appearance in the feces, eggs of these parasites were observed continuously from the 11th week onwards, and at this point, the percentage of positive samples began to increase to reach its peak. Relatively to adult animals, eggs of T. vitulorum were observed in the feces of 11 cows, one or twice at most; eggs of Strongyloides sp were seen only once in the feces of four buffalo cows and eggs of Strongylids in 21 out of 24 cows. Oocysts of Coccidia were observed in 16 cows. Mechanisms of infestation of calves with these parasites are discussed.

Pol��tica p��blica en Francia: prohibici��n general o parcial del velo integral en el territorio nacional: Proyecto de ley del martes 11 de mayo de 2010

La Rep��blica francesa se ofende por los burkas y de los niqab deambulando por las calles. Ve a sus principios rectores de Libert��, ��galit��, Fraternit�� mofados, a su democracia desafiada, a su convivencia arriesgada. Por ello, el Gobierno franc��s ha impulsado desde hace un a��o una pol��tica p��blica que persigue la prohibici��n del velo integral -ll��mese burka o niqab- en el conjunto del espacio p��blico. A��os atr��s, Francia, pa��s que tanto aprecia los debates, se vio inmersa en la cuesti��n m��s general de la identidad nacional desde las reacciones de las banlieues en el 2005. Y por ello, Nicolas Sarkosy, en su programa electoral camino de las presidenciales en el 2007, ya inclu��a como una prioridad el tema de los valores y principios genuinamente franceses y europeos. Y en esta perspectiva, el Ministerio de Inmigraci��n a��adi�� sus calificativos de Integraci��n e Identidad Nacional. El burka en el espacio p��blico ha asaltado los medios de comunicaci��n y la sociedad en su conjunto, especialmente desde hace dos o tres a��os. Es un problema sin precedentes en las democracias asentadas -aunque podr��amos recordar el mot��n de Esquilache en 1766 bajo el reinado de Carlos III- sin una Jurisprudencia asentada al respecto, ni un marco normativo que lo prevea directamente. Y por ello, la ��lite pol��tica se divide estos d��as entre los prudentes y los atrevidos, los que se conforman con una prohibici��n parcial y los que persiguen una prohibici��n absoluta. Se trata de una pol��tica p��blica at��pica, pues los bienes afectados son en realidad valores, principios y conceptos abstractos. Es la Rep��blica francesa y la cohesi��n social los que se ven desafiados. Veremos en un primer momento, la etapa de identificaci��n como problema p��blico y su inclusi��n en la agenda pol��tica, por ende desde un punto de vista t��cnico, analizaremos brevemente esta pol��tica p��blica Top down limitada, y en el ��ltimo apartado compararemos los argumentos de las dos alternativas que dispone actualmente el Parlamento para aprobar o no una ley al respecto. Por su parte, la Comisi��n Parlamentaria alegar�� principios de ��ndole m��s filos��fica que pragm��tica, mientras que el Consejo de Estado se centrar�� exclusivamente en los t��rminos jur��dicos y en la Jurisprudencia reduciendo en gran medida el impulso inicial del Gobierno. Quedar�� por ver estos d��as de debate en l���Assembl��e Nationale1 si la prohibici��n ser�� total o parcial.

International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes

Challenging environmental conditions, including heat and humidity, cold, and altitude, pose particular risks to the health of Olympic and other high-level athletes. As a further commitment to athlete safety, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission convened a panel of experts to review the scientific evidence base, reach consensus, and underscore practical safety guidelines and new research priorities regarding the unique environmental challenges Olympic and other international-level athletes face. For non-aquatic events, external thermal load is dependent on ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, while clothing and protective gear can measurably increase thermal strain and prompt premature fatigue. In swimmers, body heat loss is the direct result of convection at a rate that is proportional to the effective water velocity around the swimmer and the temperature difference between the skin and the water. Other cold exposure and conditions, such as during Alpine skiing, biathlon and other sliding sports, facilitate body heat transfer to the environment, potentially leading to hypothermia and/or frostbite; although metabolic heat production during these activities usually increases well above the rate of body heat loss, and protective clothing and limited exposure time in certain events reduces these clinical risks as well. Most athletic events are held at altitudes that pose little to no health risks; and training exposures are typically brief and well-tolerated. While these and other environment-related threats to performance and safety can be lessened or averted by implementing a variety of individual and event preventative measures, more research and evidence-based guidelines and recommendations are needed. In the mean time, the IOC Medical Commission and International Sport Federations have implemented new guidelines and taken additional steps to mitigate risk even further.

Avaluaci�� alternativa de l'assignatura "Geografia Humana" en el context de l'Espai Europeu d'Educaci�� Superior

Aquest projecte ha aplicat algunes noves metodologies docents que seran imprescindibles per a la integraci�� en l'EEES i, en particular, sistemes d'avaluaci�� alternatius que puguin formar la base d'un sistema d'avaluaci�� continuada per als continguts i adquisici�� d'habilitats que fins ara s'han aplegat en l'assignatura "Geografia Humana" de la llicenciatura de Geografia de la Universitat de Barcelona. A partir de la reflexi�� conjunta entre els membres de l���equip integrant del projecte sobre les compet��ncies i continguts que es desitja que adquireixi l'estudiant s'han dissenyat un conjunt de recursos per a l���avaluaci��: 1. exercicis individuals, destinats a valorar la capacitat d���estructurar idees, expressi�� escrita i gr��fica, presentaci�� etc. 2. treballs en equip, destinats a fomentar l���esperit de divisi�� del treball i de cooperaci�� entre els estudiants i a mostrar el guany individual del treball col��lectiu. 3. proves objectives (tipus test), destinades a valorar l���adquisici�� de conceptes i de continguts b��sics. 4. preguntes d'autoavaluaci��, amb la finalitat que l���estudiant pugui fer el seu propi seguiment de l���adquisici�� de Coneixements. 5. q��estionaris d���autovaloraci�� dels exercicis individuals i dels treballs en equip, amb l���objectiu que els alumnes reflexionin sobre el treball realitzat i que serveixin de base per a contrastar amb la valoraci�� del professor. L���objectiu final ��s que l���estudiant pugui ser avaluat de manera cont��nua en el portafoli que recull el treball acumulat al llarg del curs. Tot i que el projecte s���ha basat en l�����s de l���eina dels ���dossiers electr��nics��� de la UB, en el futur immediat els resultats obtinguts passaran a integrar-se en el Campus Virtual de la UB que utilitza la plataforma Moodle, les posibilitats t��cniques de la qual permetran afegir una dimensi�� cooperativa m��s gran al treball avaluable (acc��s al treball dels grups, cooperaci�� en la construcci�� de bases de dades, wikis editades pel conjunt de la classe etc.)

Pilot study of induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemotherapy and IMRT or tomotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: Standard treatment of locally advanced (stages III and IV A-B) nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) consists in chemoradiotherapy with 5-y survival rates of around 60%. However, acute toxicity prevents the administration of adequate adjuvant chemotherapy in nearly half of the patients. This situation has led to the hypothesis that induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy may be a superior approach. Many ongoing studies are testing the role of induction chemotherapy in this setting. Newer radiotherapy techniques are becoming available (intensity modulated radiotherapy [IMRT] and tomotherapy). They can achieve a higher degree of accuracy in conforming the radiation to the planned target volume while sparing normal tissue resulting in less acute and long-term toxicity. Methods: We report here our local experience of 11 consecutive locally advanced NPC patients treated between June 2004 and October 2007. Median age was 46 years (range, 17-65). All but one were male patients. Initial stage was stage III in 5, and stage IVA-B in 6 patients. Treatment consisted of 3 cycles of induction TCF (Docetaxel 75 mg/m2- Cisplatin 75 mg/m2- 5-fluorouracil 750 mg/m2/d 5 days) chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy with 3 cycles of cisplatin (100 mg/m2), or carboplatin (AUC 5) in case of renal impairment. Radiotherapy was delivered by either IMRT or tomotherapy. Macroscopic disease (tumor + involved lymph nodes) was treated with 70 Gy, 2 Gy/fraction (IMRT), or 69.6 Gy, 1.12 Gy/fraction (simultaneus integrated boost [SIB] technique). Elective nodal irradiation of 46-54 Gy lymph was performed in all patients, whereas elective irradiation of the entire nasopharynx (60 Gy) half of patients. Results: All but one tumor were EBV positive. Induction chemotherapy was done as planned for 8 patients (73%). Two patients had only 2 cycles, 1 patient had only1 cycle of TCF, and the other without docetaxel. Concomitant chemotherapy was given as planned in 7 patients (64%). Four patients had only 2 cycles. Radiotherapy could be delivered as planned in all patients. Eight weeks post treatment all patients proved to have a CR (CR or uCR). After a median follow-up of 11 months (range, 6-38 months) only one patient has relapsed. Details on acute and 1 year toxicities will be presented. Conclusion: Treatment of locally advancedNPC with induction and concomitant chemotherapy is feasible and well tolerated. The use of IMRT or tomotherapy technique seems to ameliorate the therapeutic index particularly in regard with xerostomia. All our patients presented a complete response. For the assessment of survival and long-term toxicity, a longer follow-up period is needed.

Towards the Physical Map of the Trypanosoma cruzi Nuclear Genome: Construction of YAC and BAC Libraries of the Reference Clone T. cruzi CL-Brener

Strategies to construct the physical map of the Trypanosoma cruzi nuclear genome have to capitalize on three main advantages of the parasite genome, namely (a) its small size, (b) the fact that all chromosomes can be defined, and many of them can be isolated by pulse field gel electrophoresis, and (c) the fact that simple Southern blots of electrophoretic karyotypes can be used to map sequence tagged sites and expressed sequence tags to chromosomal bands. A major drawback to cope with is the complexity of T. cruzi genetics, that hinders the construction of a comprehensive genetic map. As a first step towards physical mapping, we report the construction and partial characterization of a T. cruzi CL-Brener genomic library in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) that consists of 2,770 individual YACs with a mean insert size of 365 kb encompassing around 10 genomic equivalents. Two libraries in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have been constructed, BACI and BACII. Both libraries represent about three genome equivalents. A third BAC library (BAC III) is being constructed. YACs and BACs are invaluable tools for physical mapping. More generally, they have to be considered as a common resource for research in Chagas disease

Singling out individual inventors from patent data

An increasing number of studies have sprung up in recent years seeking to identify individual inventors from patent data. Different heuristics have been suggested to use their names and other information disclosed in patent documents in order to find out ���who is who��� in patents. This paper contributes to this literature by setting forth a methodology to identify them using patents applied to the European Patent Office (EPO hereafter). As in the large part of this literature, we basically follow a three-steps procedure: (1) the parsing stage, aimed at reducing the noise in the inventor���s name and other fields of the patent; (2) the matching stage, where name matching algorithms are used to group possible similar names; (3) the filtering stage, where additional information and different scoring schemes are used to filter out these potential same inventors. The paper includes some figures resulting of applying the algorithms to the set of European inventors applying to the EPO for a large period of time.

Individual versus standard quality of life assessment in a phase II clinical trial in mesothelioma patients: feasibility and responsiveness to clinical changes.

BACKGROUND: In patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma undergoing a multimodality therapy, treatment toxicity may outweigh the benefit of progression-free survival. The subjective experience across different treatment phases is an important clinical outcome. This study compares a standard with an individual quality of life (QoL) measure used in a multi-center phase II trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients with stage I-III technically operable pleural mesothelioma were treated with preoperative chemotherapy, followed by pleuropneumonectomy and subsequent radiotherapy. QoL was assessed at baseline, at day 1 of cycle 3, and 1, 3 and 6 months post-surgery by using the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL) and the Schedule for the Evaluation of Quality of Life-Direct Weighting (SEIQoL-DW), a measure that is based on five individually nominated and weighted QoL-domains. RESULTS: Completion rates were 98% (RSCL) and 92% (SEIQoL) at baseline and 98%/89% at cycle 3, respectively. Of the operated patients (N=45) RSCL and SEIQoL were available from 86%/72%, 93%/74%, and 94%/76% at months 1, 3, and 6 post-surgery. Average assessment time for the SEIQoL was 24min compared to 8min needed for the RSCL. Median changes from baseline indicate that both RSCL QoL overall score and SEIQoL index remained stable during chemotherapy with a clinically significant deterioration (change>or=8 points) 1 month after surgery (median change of -66 and -14 for RSCL and SEIQoL, respectively). RSCL QoL overall scores improved thereafter, but remained beneath baseline level until 6 months after surgery. SEIQoL scores improved to baseline-level at month 3 after surgery, but worsened again at month 6. RSCL QoL overall score and SEIQoL index were moderately correlated at baseline (r=.30; p<or=.05) and at 6-month follow-up (r=.42; p<or=.05) but not at the other time points. CONCLUSION: The SEIQoL assessment seems to be feasible within a phase II clinical trial, but may require more effort from staff. More distinctive QoL changes in accordance with clinical changes were measured with the RSCL. Our findings suggest that the two measures are not interchangeable: the RSCL is to favor when mainly information related to the course of disease- and treatment is of interest.