Thermohaline variability in the upper layers of the Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is an area of complex air-sea interaction processes with seasonal reversing monsoons. The associated thermohaline variability in the upper layers appears to control the large scale monsoon flow which is not yet completely understood. The variability in the thermohaline fields is known to occur in temporal domain ranging from intra-diurnal to inter-annual time scales and on spatial domains of few tens of kilometers to few thousands of kilometers. In the Arabian Sea though the surface temperature was routinely measured by both conventional measurements and satellites, the corresponding information on the subsurface thermohaline field is very sparse due to the lack cw adequate measurements. In such cases the numerical models offer promise in providing information on the subsurface features given an initial thermohaline field and surface heat flux boundary conditions. This thesis is an outcome of investigations carried out on the various aspects of the thermohaline variability on different time scales. In addition to the description of the mean annual cycle. the one dimensional numerical models of Miller (1976) and Price et a1 (1986) are utilised to simulate the observed mixed layer characteristics at selected locations in the Arabian Sea on time scales ranging from intra-diurnal to synoptic scales under variable atmospheric forcing.

Photometric and fundamental plane studies of galaxies

Determining the morphological parameters that describe galaxies has always been a challenging task. The studies on the correlations between different photometric as well as spectroscopic parameters of the galaxies help in understanding their structure, properties of the stars and gas which constitute the galaxy, the various physical and chemical processes which determine the properties, and galaxy formation and evolution. In the last few decades, the advent of Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) and near infrared arrays ha\·e provided quick and reliable digitized data acquisition, in the optical and near infrared bands. This has provided an avalanche of data, which can be processed using sophisticated image analysis techniques to obtain information about the morphology of galaxies. The photometric analysis performed in this thesis involve the extraction of structural parameters of early type gala.xies imaged in the near infrared K (2.2ttm) band, obtaining correlations between these, parameters and using them to constrain the large scale properties of galaxi,~s.

A Multi-Objective Antenna Placement Genetic Algorithm for Matched Array Synthesis on Complex Platforms

A Multi-Objective Antenna Placement Genetic Algorithm (MO-APGA) has been proposed for the synthesis of matched antenna arrays on complex platforms. The total number of antennas required, their position on the platform, location of loads, loading circuit parameters, decoupling and matching network topology, matching network parameters and feed network parameters are optimized simultaneously. The optimization goal was to provide a given minimum gain, specific gain discrimination between the main and back lobes and broadband performance. This algorithm is developed based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) technique for producing diverse solutions when the number of objectives is increased beyond two. The proposed method is validated through the design of a wideband airborne SAR

Image Denoising Using Sure-Based Adaptive Thresholding In Directionlet Domain

The standard separable two dimensional wavelet transform has achieved a great success in image denoising applications due to its sparse representation of images. However it fails to capture efficiently the anisotropic geometric structures like edges and contours in images as they intersect too many wavelet basis functions and lead to a non-sparse representation. In this paper a novel de-noising scheme based on multi directional and anisotropic wavelet transform called directionlet is presented. The image denoising in wavelet domain has been extended to the directionlet domain to make the image features to concentrate on fewer coefficients so that more effective thresholding is possible. The image is first segmented and the dominant direction of each segment is identified to make a directional map. Then according to the directional map, the directionlet transform is taken along the dominant direction of the selected segment. The decomposed images with directional energy are used for scale dependent subband adaptive optimal threshold computation based on SURE risk. This threshold is then applied to the sub-bands except the LLL subband. The threshold corrected sub-bands with the unprocessed first sub-band (LLL) are given as input to the inverse directionlet algorithm for getting the de-noised image. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the standard wavelet-based denoising methods in terms of numeric and visual quality

Study of chemical properties and evaluation of collagen in mantle, epidermal connective tissue and tentacle of Indian Squid, Loligo duvauceli Orbigny

The chemical composition and evaluation of Indian squid (Loligo duvauceli) mantle, epidermal connective tissue and tentacle is investigated in this current study. It is observed that squid mantle contains 22.2% total protein; 63.5% of the total protein is myofibrillar protein. The unique property of squid myofibrillar protein is its water solubility. Squid mantle contains 12.0% total collagen. Epidermal connective tissue has highest amounts of total collagen (17.8%). SDS-PAGE of total collagen identified high molecular weight α-, β- and γ- sub-chains. Amino acid profile analysis indicates that mantle and tentacle contain essential amino acids. Arginine forms a major portion of mantle collagen (272.5 g/100 g N). Isoleucine, glutamic acid and lysine are other amino acids that are found in significantly high amounts in the mantle. Sulphur containing cystine is deficit in mantle collagen. Papain digest of mantle and epidermal connective tissue is rich in uronic acid, while papain digest, collagenase digest and urea digest of epidermal connective tissue has significant amounts of sialic acid (25.2, 33.2 and 99.8 μmol /100 g, respectively). PAS staining of papain digest, collagenase digest and urea digest also identify the association of hexoses with low molecular weight collagen fragments. Histochemical sectioning also emphasized the localized distribution of collagen in epidermal and dermal region and very sparse fibres traverse the myotome bundles

Study on period search methods of variable stars: Application to ASAS and CRTS databases

Study on variable stars is an important topic of modern astrophysics. After the invention of powerful telescopes and high resolving powered CCD’s, the variable star data is accumulating in the order of peta-bytes. The huge amount of data need lot of automated methods as well as human experts. This thesis is devoted to the data analysis on variable star’s astronomical time series data and hence belong to the inter-disciplinary topic, Astrostatistics. For an observer on earth, stars that have a change in apparent brightness over time are called variable stars. The variation in brightness may be regular (periodic), quasi periodic (semi-periodic) or irregular manner (aperiodic) and are caused by various reasons. In some cases, the variation is due to some internal thermo-nuclear processes, which are generally known as intrinsic vari- ables and in some other cases, it is due to some external processes, like eclipse or rotation, which are known as extrinsic variables. Intrinsic variables can be further grouped into pulsating variables, eruptive variables and flare stars. Extrinsic variables are grouped into eclipsing binary stars and chromospheri- cal stars. Pulsating variables can again classified into Cepheid, RR Lyrae, RV Tauri, Delta Scuti, Mira etc. The eruptive or cataclysmic variables are novae, supernovae, etc., which rarely occurs and are not periodic phenomena. Most of the other variations are periodic in nature. Variable stars can be observed through many ways such as photometry, spectrophotometry and spectroscopy. The sequence of photometric observa- xiv tions on variable stars produces time series data, which contains time, magni- tude and error. The plot between variable star’s apparent magnitude and time are known as light curve. If the time series data is folded on a period, the plot between apparent magnitude and phase is known as phased light curve. The unique shape of phased light curve is a characteristic of each type of variable star. One way to identify the type of variable star and to classify them is by visually looking at the phased light curve by an expert. For last several years, automated algorithms are used to classify a group of variable stars, with the help of computers. Research on variable stars can be divided into different stages like observa- tion, data reduction, data analysis, modeling and classification. The modeling on variable stars helps to determine the short-term and long-term behaviour and to construct theoretical models (for eg:- Wilson-Devinney model for eclips- ing binaries) and to derive stellar properties like mass, radius, luminosity, tem- perature, internal and external structure, chemical composition and evolution. The classification requires the determination of the basic parameters like pe- riod, amplitude and phase and also some other derived parameters. Out of these, period is the most important parameter since the wrong periods can lead to sparse light curves and misleading information. Time series analysis is a method of applying mathematical and statistical tests to data, to quantify the variation, understand the nature of time-varying phenomena, to gain physical understanding of the system and to predict future behavior of the system. Astronomical time series usually suffer from unevenly spaced time instants, varying error conditions and possibility of big gaps. This is due to daily varying daylight and the weather conditions for ground based observations and observations from space may suffer from the impact of cosmic ray particles. Many large scale astronomical surveys such as MACHO, OGLE, EROS, xv ROTSE, PLANET, Hipparcos, MISAO, NSVS, ASAS, Pan-STARRS, Ke- pler,ESA, Gaia, LSST, CRTS provide variable star’s time series data, even though their primary intention is not variable star observation. Center for Astrostatistics, Pennsylvania State University is established to help the astro- nomical community with the aid of statistical tools for harvesting and analysing archival data. Most of these surveys releases the data to the public for further analysis. There exist many period search algorithms through astronomical time se- ries analysis, which can be classified into parametric (assume some underlying distribution for data) and non-parametric (do not assume any statistical model like Gaussian etc.,) methods. Many of the parametric methods are based on variations of discrete Fourier transforms like Generalised Lomb-Scargle peri- odogram (GLSP) by Zechmeister(2009), Significant Spectrum (SigSpec) by Reegen(2007) etc. Non-parametric methods include Phase Dispersion Minimi- sation (PDM) by Stellingwerf(1978) and Cubic spline method by Akerlof(1994) etc. Even though most of the methods can be brought under automation, any of the method stated above could not fully recover the true periods. The wrong detection of period can be due to several reasons such as power leakage to other frequencies which is due to finite total interval, finite sampling interval and finite amount of data. Another problem is aliasing, which is due to the influence of regular sampling. Also spurious periods appear due to long gaps and power flow to harmonic frequencies is an inherent problem of Fourier methods. Hence obtaining the exact period of variable star from it’s time series data is still a difficult problem, in case of huge databases, when subjected to automation. As Matthew Templeton, AAVSO, states “Variable star data analysis is not always straightforward; large-scale, automated analysis design is non-trivial”. Derekas et al. 2007, Deb et.al. 2010 states “The processing of xvi huge amount of data in these databases is quite challenging, even when looking at seemingly small issues such as period determination and classification”. It will be beneficial for the variable star astronomical community, if basic parameters, such as period, amplitude and phase are obtained more accurately, when huge time series databases are subjected to automation. In the present thesis work, the theories of four popular period search methods are studied, the strength and weakness of these methods are evaluated by applying it on two survey databases and finally a modified form of cubic spline method is intro- duced to confirm the exact period of variable star. For the classification of new variable stars discovered and entering them in the “General Catalogue of Vari- able Stars” or other databases like “Variable Star Index“, the characteristics of the variability has to be quantified in term of variable star parameters.

Heterochromatin und epigenetische Kontrolle der Centromere in Dictyostelium discoideum

Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein required for formation of a higher-order chromatin structures and epigenetic gene silencing. The objective of the present work was to functionally characterise HP1-like proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum, and to investigate their function in heterochromatin formation and transcriptional gene silencing. The Dictyostelium genome encodes three HP1-like proteins (hcpA, hcpB, hcpC), from which only two, hcpA and hcpB, but not hcpC were found to be expressed during vegetative growth and under developmental conditions. Therefore, hcpC, albeit no obvious pseudogene, was excluded from this study. Both HcpA and HcpB show the characteristic conserved domain structure of HP1 proteins, consisting of an N-terminal chromo domain and a C-terminal chromo shadow domain, which are separated by a hinge. Both proteins show all biochemical activities characteristic for HP1 proteins, such as homo- and heterodimerisation in vitro and in vivo, and DNA binding activtity. HcpA furthermore seems to bind to K9-methylated histone H3 in vitro. The proteins thus appear to be structurally and functionally conserved in Dictyostelium. The proteins display largely identical subnuclear distribution in several minor foci and concentration in one major cluster at the nuclear periphery. The localisation of this cluster adjacent to the nucleus-associated centrosome and its mitotic behaviour strongly suggest that it represents centromeric heterochromatin. Furthermore, it is characterised by histone H3 lysine-9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which is another hallmark of Dictyostelium heterochromatin. Therefore, one important aspect of the work was to characterise the so-far largely unknown structural organisation of centromeric heterochromatin. The Dictyostelium homologue of inner centromere protein INCENP (DdINCENP), co-localized with both HcpA and H3K9me2 during metaphase, providing further evidence that H3K9me2 and HcpA/B localisation represent centromeric heterochromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that two types of high-copy number retrotransposons (DIRS-1 and skipper), which form large irregular arrays at the chromosome ends, which are thought to contain the Dictyostelium centromeres, are characterised by H3K9me2. Neither overexpression of full-length HcpA or HcpB, nor deletion of single Hcp isoforms resulted in changes in retrotransposon transcript levels. However, overexpression of a C-terminally truncated HcpA protein, assumed to display a dominant negative effect, lead to an increase in skipper retrotransposon transcript levels. Furthermore, overexpression of this protein lead to severe growth defects in axenic suspension culture and reduced cell viability. In order to elucidate the proteins functions in centromeric heterochromatin formation, gene knock-outs for both hcpA and hcpB were generated. Both genes could be successfully targeted and disrupted by homologous recombination. Surprisingly, the degree of functional redundancy of the two isoforms was, although not unexpected, very high. Both single knock-out mutants did not show any obvious phenotypes under standard laboratory conditions and only deletion of hcpA resulted in subtle growth phenotypes when grown at low temperature. All attempts to generate a double null mutant failed. However, both endogenous genes could be disrupted in cells in which a rescue construct that ectopically expressed one of the isoforms either with N-terminal 6xHis- or GFP-tag had been introduced. The data imply that the presence of at least one Hcp isoform is essential in Dictyostelium. The lethality of the hcpA/hcpB double mutant thus greatly hampered functional analysis of the two genes. However, the experiment provided genetic evidence that the GFP-HcpA fusion protein, because of its ability to compensate the loss of the endogenous HcpA protein, was a functional protein. The proteins displayed quantitative differences in dimerisation behaviour, which are conferred by the slightly different hinge and chromo shadow domains at the C-termini. Dimerisation preferences in increasing order were HcpA-HcpA << HcpA-HcpB << HcpB-HcpB. Overexpression of GFP-HcpA or a chimeric protein containing the HcpA C-terminus (GFP-HcpBNAC), but not overexpression of GFP-HcpB or GFP-HcpANBC, lead to increased frequencies of anaphase bridges in late mitotic cells, which are thought to be caused by telomere-telomere fusions. Chromatin targeting of the two proteins is achieved by at least two distinct mechanisms. The N-terminal chromo domain and hinge of the proteins are required for targeting to centromeric heterochromatin, while the C-terminal portion encoding the CSD is required for targeting to several other chromatin regions at the nuclear periphery that are characterised by H3K9me2. Targeting to centromeric heterochromatin likely involves direct binding to DNA. The Dictyostelium genome encodes for all subunits of the origin recognition complex (ORC), which is a possible upstream component of HP1 targeting to chromatin. Overexpression of GFP-tagged OrcB, the Dictyostelium Orc2 homologue, showed a distinct nuclear localisation that partially overlapped with the HcpA distribution. Furthermore, GFP-OrcB localized to the centrosome during the entire cell cycle, indicating an involvement in centrosome function. DnmA is the sole DNA methyltransferase in Dictyostelium required for all DNA(cytosine-)methylation. To test for its in vivo activity, two different cell lines were established that ectopically expressed DnmA-myc or DnmA-GFP. It was assumed that overexpression of these proteins might cause an increase in the 5-methyl-cytosine(5-mC)-levels in the genomic DNA due to genomic hypermethylation. Although DnmA-GFP showed preferential localisation in the nucleus, no changes in the 5-mC-levels in the genomic DNA could be detected by capillary electrophoresis.

Nuclear organisation and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum

A series of vectors for the over-expression of tagged proteins in Dictyostelium were designed, constructed and tested. These vectors allow the addition of an N- or C-terminal tag (GFP, RFP, 3xFLAG, 3xHA, 6xMYC and TAP) with an optimized polylinker sequence and no additional amino acid residues at the N or C terminus. Different selectable markers (Blasticidin and gentamicin) are available as well as an extra chromosomal version; these allow copy number and thus expression level to be controlled, as well as allowing for more options with regard to complementation, co- and super-transformation. Finally, the vectors share standardized cloning sites, allowing a gene of interest to be easily transfered between the different versions of the vectors as experimental requirements evolve. The organisation and dynamics of the Dictyostelium nucleus during the cell cycle was investigated. The centromeric histone H3 (CenH3) variant serves to target the kinetochore to the centromeres and thus ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. A number of Dictyostelium histone H3-domain containing proteins as GFP-tagged fusions were expressed and it was found that one of them functions as CenH3 in this species. Like CenH3 from some other species, Dictyostelium CenH3 has an extended N-terminal domain with no similarity to any other known proteins. The targeting domain, comprising α-helix 2 and loop 1 of the histone fold is required for targeting CenH3 to centromeres. Compared to the targeting domain of other known and putative CenH3 species, Dictyostelium CenH3 has a shorter loop 1 region. The localisation of a variety of histone modifications and histone modifying enzymes was examined. Using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and CenH3 chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) it was shown that the six telocentric centromeres contain all of the DIRS-1 and most of the DDT-A and skipper transposons. During interphase the centromeres remain attached to the centrosome resulting in a single CenH3 cluster which also contains the putative histone H3K9 methyltransferase SuvA, H3K9me3 and HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1). Except for the centromere cluster and a number of small foci at the nuclear periphery opposite the centromeres, the rest of the nucleus is largely devoid of transposons and heterochromatin associated histone modifications. At least some of the small foci correspond to the distal telomeres, suggesting that the chromosomes are organised in a Rabl-like manner. It was found that in contrast to metazoans, loading of CenH3 onto Dictyostelium centromeres occurs in late G2 phase. Transformation of Dictyostelium with vectors carrying the G418 resistance cassette typically results in the vector integrating into the genome in one or a few tandem arrays of approximately a hundred copies. In contrast, plasmids containing a Blasticidin resistance cassette integrate as single or a few copies. The behaviour of transgenes in the nucleus was examined by FISH, and it was found that low copy transgenes show apparently random distribution within the nucleus, while transgenes with more than approximately 10 copies cluster at or immediately adjacent to the centromeres in interphase cells regardless of the actual integration site along the chromosome. During mitosis the transgenes show centromere-like behaviour, and ChIP experiments show that transgenes contain the heterochromatin marker H3K9me2 and the centromeric histone variant H3v1. This clustering, and centromere-like behaviour was not observed on extrachromosomal transgenes, nor on a line where the transgene had integrated into the extrachromosomal rDNA palindrome. This suggests that it is the repetitive nature of the transgenes that causes the centromere-like behaviour. A Dictyostelium homolog of DET1, a protein largely restricted to multicellular eukaryotes where it has a role in developmental regulation was identified. As in other species Dictyostelium DET1 is nuclear localised. In ChIP experiments DET1 was found to bind the promoters of a number of developmentally regulated loci. In contrast to other species where it is an essential protein, loss of DET1 is not lethal in Dictyostelium, although viability is greatly reduced. Loss of DET1 results in delayed and abnormal development with enlarged aggregation territories. Mutant slugs displayed apparent cell type patterning with a bias towards pre-stalk cell types.

Identifizierung und funktionelle Charakterisierung neuer A-Kinase-Ankerproteine (AKAPs) im Modellorganismus C. elegans

In dieser Arbeit sollten neue Interaktionspartner der regulatorischen Untereinheit (R-UE) der Proteinkinase A (PKA) und des Modellorganismus C. elegans identifiziert und funktionell charakterisiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu Säugern (vier Isoformen), exprimiert der Nematode nur eine PKA-R-Isoform. Mittels in silico Analysen und so genannten „Pulldown“ Experimenten, wurde insbesondere nach A Kinase Ankerproteinen (AKAP) in C. elegans gesucht. Aus in silico Recherchen resultiert das rgs5 Protein als mögliches Funktionshomolog des humanen AKAP10. Rgs5 enthält eine potenzielle, amphipathische Helix (AS 421-446, SwissProt ID A9Z1K0), die in Peptide-SPOT-Arrays (durchgeführt im Biotechnologie Zentrum in Oslo, AG Prof. K. Taskén) eine Bindung an RI und RII-UE zeigt. Eine ähnliche Lokalisation von rgs5 und hAKAP10 in der Zelle, sowie vergleichende BRET² Studien, weisen auf eine mögliche Funktionshomologie zwischen AKAP10 und rgs5 hin. Die hier durchgeführten Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass es sich bei rgs5 um ein neues, klassisches AKAP mit „RII bindender Domäne“ Motiv im Modellorganismus C. elegans handelt. Basierend auf so genannten „pulldown“ Versuchen können, neben „klassischen“ AKAPs (Interaktion über amphipathische Helices), auch Interaktionspartner ohne typische Helixmotive gefunden werden. Dazu gehört auch RACK1, ein multifunktionales Protein mit 7 WD40 Domänen, das ubiquitär exprimiert wird und bereits mehr als 70 Interaktionspartner in unterschiedlichsten Signalwegen komplexiert (Adams et al., 2011). Durch BRET² Interaktionsstudien und Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (SPR) Analysen konnten hRI und kin2 als spezifische Interaktionspartner von RACK1 verifiziert werden. Untersuchungen zur Identifikation der Interaktionsflächen der beiden Proteine RACK1 und hRI zeigten im BRET² System, dass RACK1 über die WD40 Domänen 1-2 und 6-7 interagiert. Die Analyse unterschiedlicher hRI-Deletionsmutanten deutet auf die DD-Domäne im N-Terminus und zusätzlich auf eine potenzielle BH3 Domäne im C-Terminus des Proteins als Interaktionsfläche mit RACK1 hin. Die Koexpression von hRI BH3 und RACK1 zeigt einen auffälligen ein Phänotyp in Cos7 Zellen. Dieser zeichnet sich unter anderem durch eine Degradation des Zellkerns, DNA Kondensation und eine starke Vakuolisierung aus, was beides als Anzeichen für einen programmierten Zelltod interpretiert werden könnte. Erste Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus des ausgelösten Zelltods deuten auf eine Caspase unabhängige Apoptose (Paraptose) hin und einen bislang unbekannten Funktionsmechanismus der PKA hin.

Abbildung von XML-Dokumenten auf SQL:2003-konforme Datentypen

Die Auszeichnungssprache XML dient zur Annotation von Dokumenten und hat sich als Standard-Datenaustauschformat durchgesetzt. Dabei entsteht der Bedarf, XML-Dokumente nicht nur als reine Textdateien zu speichern und zu transferieren, sondern sie auch persistent in besser strukturierter Form abzulegen. Dies kann unter anderem in speziellen XML- oder relationalen Datenbanken geschehen. Relationale Datenbanken setzen dazu bisher auf zwei grundsätzlich verschiedene Verfahren: Die XML-Dokumente werden entweder unverändert als binäre oder Zeichenkettenobjekte gespeichert oder aber aufgespalten, sodass sie in herkömmlichen relationalen Tabellen normalisiert abgelegt werden können (so genanntes „Flachklopfen“ oder „Schreddern“ der hierarchischen Struktur). Diese Dissertation verfolgt einen neuen Ansatz, der einen Mittelweg zwischen den bisherigen Lösungen darstellt und die Möglichkeiten des weiterentwickelten SQL-Standards aufgreift. SQL:2003 definiert komplexe Struktur- und Kollektionstypen (Tupel, Felder, Listen, Mengen, Multimengen), die es erlauben, XML-Dokumente derart auf relationale Strukturen abzubilden, dass der hierarchische Aufbau erhalten bleibt. Dies bietet zwei Vorteile: Einerseits stehen bewährte Technologien, die aus dem Bereich der relationalen Datenbanken stammen, uneingeschränkt zur Verfügung. Andererseits lässt sich mit Hilfe der SQL:2003-Typen die inhärente Baumstruktur der XML-Dokumente bewahren, sodass es nicht erforderlich ist, diese im Bedarfsfall durch aufwendige Joins aus den meist normalisierten und auf mehrere Tabellen verteilten Tupeln zusammenzusetzen. In dieser Arbeit werden zunächst grundsätzliche Fragen zu passenden, effizienten Abbildungsformen von XML-Dokumenten auf SQL:2003-konforme Datentypen geklärt. Darauf aufbauend wird ein geeignetes, umkehrbares Umsetzungsverfahren entwickelt, das im Rahmen einer prototypischen Applikation implementiert und analysiert wird. Beim Entwurf des Abbildungsverfahrens wird besonderer Wert auf die Einsatzmöglichkeit in Verbindung mit einem existierenden, ausgereiften relationalen Datenbankmanagementsystem (DBMS) gelegt. Da die Unterstützung von SQL:2003 in den kommerziellen DBMS bisher nur unvollständig ist, muss untersucht werden, inwieweit sich die einzelnen Systeme für das zu implementierende Abbildungsverfahren eignen. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass unter den betrachteten Produkten das DBMS IBM Informix die beste Unterstützung für komplexe Struktur- und Kollektionstypen bietet. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens besser beurteilen zu können, nimmt die Arbeit Untersuchungen des nötigen Zeitbedarfs und des erforderlichen Arbeits- und Datenbankspeichers der Implementierung vor und bewertet die Ergebnisse.

Modellbildung in der algebraischen Kryptoanalyse

In der algebraischen Kryptoanalyse werden moderne Kryptosysteme als polynomielle, nichtlineare Gleichungssysteme dargestellt. Das Lösen solcher Gleichungssysteme ist NP-hart. Es gibt also keinen Algorithmus, der in polynomieller Zeit ein beliebiges nichtlineares Gleichungssystem löst. Dennoch kann man aus modernen Kryptosystemen Gleichungssysteme mit viel Struktur generieren. So sind diese Gleichungssysteme bei geeigneter Modellierung quadratisch und dünn besetzt, damit nicht beliebig. Dafür gibt es spezielle Algorithmen, die eine Lösung solcher Gleichungssysteme finden. Ein Beispiel dafür ist der ElimLin-Algorithmus, der mit Hilfe von linearen Gleichungen das Gleichungssystem iterativ vereinfacht. In der Dissertation wird auf Basis dieses Algorithmus ein neuer Solver für quadratische, dünn besetzte Gleichungssysteme vorgestellt und damit zwei symmetrische Kryptosysteme angegriffen. Dabei sind die Techniken zur Modellierung der Chiffren von entscheidender Bedeutung, so das neue Techniken entwickelt werden, um Kryptosysteme darzustellen. Die Idee für das Modell kommt von Cube-Angriffen. Diese Angriffe sind besonders wirksam gegen Stromchiffren. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche Varianten klassifiziert und mögliche Erweiterungen vorgestellt. Das entstandene Modell hingegen, lässt sich auch erfolgreich auf Blockchiffren und auch auf andere Szenarien erweitern. Bei diesen Änderungen muss das Modell nur geringfügig geändert werden.

2D-3D Rigid-Body Registration of X-Ray Fluoroscopy and CT Images

The registration of pre-operative volumetric datasets to intra- operative two-dimensional images provides an improved way of verifying patient position and medical instrument loca- tion. In applications from orthopedics to neurosurgery, it has a great value in maintaining up-to-date information about changes due to intervention. We propose a mutual information- based registration algorithm to establish the proper align- ment. For optimization purposes, we compare the perfor- mance of the non-gradient Powell method and two slightly di erent versions of a stochastic gradient ascent strategy: one using a sparsely sampled histogramming approach and the other Parzen windowing to carry out probability density approximation. Our main contribution lies in adopting the stochastic ap- proximation scheme successfully applied in 3D-3D registra- tion problems to the 2D-3D scenario, which obviates the need for the generation of full DRRs at each iteration of pose op- timization. This facilitates a considerable savings in compu- tation expense. We also introduce a new probability density estimator for image intensities via sparse histogramming, de- rive gradient estimates for the density measures required by the maximization procedure and introduce the framework for a multiresolution strategy to the problem. Registration results are presented on uoroscopy and CT datasets of a plastic pelvis and a real skull, and on a high-resolution CT- derived simulated dataset of a real skull, a plastic skull, a plastic pelvis and a plastic lumbar spine segment.

Learning-Based Approach to Real Time Tracking and Analysis of Faces

This paper describes a trainable system capable of tracking faces and facialsfeatures like eyes and nostrils and estimating basic mouth features such as sdegrees of openness and smile in real time. In developing this system, we have addressed the twin issues of image representation and algorithms for learning. We have used the invariance properties of image representations based on Haar wavelets to robustly capture various facial features. Similarly, unlike previous approaches this system is entirely trained using examples and does not rely on a priori (hand-crafted) models of facial features based on optical flow or facial musculature. The system works in several stages that begin with face detection, followed by localization of facial features and estimation of mouth parameters. Each of these stages is formulated as a problem in supervised learning from examples. We apply the new and robust technique of support vector machines (SVM) for classification in the stage of skin segmentation, face detection and eye detection. Estimation of mouth parameters is modeled as a regression from a sparse subset of coefficients (basis functions) of an overcomplete dictionary of Haar wavelets.

Observations on Cortical Mechanisms for Object Recognition andsLearning

This paper sketches a hypothetical cortical architecture for visual 3D object recognition based on a recent computational model. The view-centered scheme relies on modules for learning from examples, such as Hyperbf-like networks. Such models capture a class of explanations we call Memory-Based Models (MBM) that contains sparse population coding, memory-based recognition, and codebooks of prototypes. Unlike the sigmoidal units of some artificial neural networks, the units of MBMs are consistent with the description of cortical neurons. We describe how an example of MBM may be realized in terms of cortical circuitry and biophysical mechanisms, consistent with psychophysical and physiological data.

The Individual is Nothing, the Class Everything: Psychophysics and Modeling of Recognition in Obect Classes

Most psychophysical studies of object recognition have focussed on the recognition and representation of individual objects subjects had previously explicitely been trained on. Correspondingly, modeling studies have often employed a 'grandmother'-type representation where the objects to be recognized were represented by individual units. However, objects in the natural world are commonly members of a class containing a number of visually similar objects, such as faces, for which physiology studies have provided support for a representation based on a sparse population code, which permits generalization from the learned exemplars to novel objects of that class. In this paper, we present results from psychophysical and modeling studies intended to investigate object recognition in natural ('continuous') object classes. In two experiments, subjects were trained to perform subordinate level discrimination in a continuous object class - images of computer-rendered cars - created using a 3D morphing system. By comparing the recognition performance of trained and untrained subjects we could estimate the effects of viewpoint-specific training and infer properties of the object class-specific representation learned as a result of training. We then compared the experimental findings to simulations, building on our recently presented HMAX model of object recognition in cortex, to investigate the computational properties of a population-based object class representation as outlined above. We find experimental evidence, supported by modeling results, that training builds a viewpoint- and class-specific representation that supplements a pre-existing repre-sentation with lower shape discriminability but possibly greater viewpoint invariance.