Mesoscale dynamics and boundary-layer structure in topographically forced low-level jets

Two types of mesoscale wind-speed jet and their effects on boundary-layer structure were studied. The first is a coastal jet off the northern California coast, and the second is a katabatic jet over Vatnajökull, Iceland. Coastal regions are highly populated, and studies of coastal meteorology are of general interest for environmental protection, fishing industry, and for air and sea transportation. Not so many people live in direct contact with glaciers but properties of katabatic flows are important for understanding glacier response to climatic changes. Hence, the two jets can potentially influence a vast number of people. Flow response to terrain forcing, transient behavior in time and space, and adherence to simplified theoretical models were examined. The turbulence structure in these stably stratified boundary layers was also investigated. Numerical modeling is the main tool in this thesis; observations are used primarily to ensure a realistic model behavior. Simple shallow-water theory provides a useful framework for analyzing high-velocity flows along mountainous coastlines, but for an unexpected reason. Waves are trapped in the inversion by the curvature of the wind-speed profile, rather than by an infinite stability in the inversion separating two neutral layers, as assumed in the theory. In the absence of blocking terrain, observations of steady-state supercritical flows are not likely, due to the diurnal variation of flow criticality. In many simplified models, non-local processes are neglected. In the flows studied here, we showed that this is not always a valid approximation. Discrepancies between simulated katabatic flow and that predicted by an analytical model are hypothesized to be due to non-local effects, such as surface inhomogeneity and slope geometry, neglected in the theory. On a different scale, a reason for variations in the shape of local similarity scaling functions between studies is suggested to be differences in non-local contributions to the velocity variance budgets.

Essays on Bayesian Inference for Social Networks

This thesis presents Bayesian solutions to inference problems for three types of social network data structures: a single observation of a social network, repeated observations on the same social network, and repeated observations on a social network developing through time. A social network is conceived as being a structure consisting of actors and their social interaction with each other. A common conceptualisation of social networks is to let the actors be represented by nodes in a graph with edges between pairs of nodes that are relationally tied to each other according to some definition. Statistical analysis of social networks is to a large extent concerned with modelling of these relational ties, which lends itself to empirical evaluation. The first paper deals with a family of statistical models for social networks called exponential random graphs that takes various structural features of the network into account. In general, the likelihood functions of exponential random graphs are only known up to a constant of proportionality. A procedure for performing Bayesian inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is presented. The algorithm consists of two basic steps, one in which an ordinary Metropolis-Hastings up-dating step is used, and another in which an importance sampling scheme is used to calculate the acceptance probability of the Metropolis-Hastings step. In paper number two a method for modelling reports given by actors (or other informants) on their social interaction with others is investigated in a Bayesian framework. The model contains two basic ingredients: the unknown network structure and functions that link this unknown network structure to the reports given by the actors. These functions take the form of probit link functions. An intrinsic problem is that the model is not identified, meaning that there are combinations of values on the unknown structure and the parameters in the probit link functions that are observationally equivalent. Instead of using restrictions for achieving identification, it is proposed that the different observationally equivalent combinations of parameters and unknown structure be investigated a posteriori. Estimation of parameters is carried out using Gibbs sampling with a switching devise that enables transitions between posterior modal regions. The main goal of the procedures is to provide tools for comparisons of different model specifications. Papers 3 and 4, propose Bayesian methods for longitudinal social networks. The premise of the models investigated is that overall change in social networks occurs as a consequence of sequences of incremental changes. Models for the evolution of social networks using continuos-time Markov chains are meant to capture these dynamics. Paper 3 presents an MCMC algorithm for exploring the posteriors of parameters for such Markov chains. More specifically, the unobserved evolution of the network in-between observations is explicitly modelled thereby avoiding the need to deal with explicit formulas for the transition probabilities. This enables likelihood based parameter inference in a wider class of network evolution models than has been available before. Paper 4 builds on the proposed inference procedure of Paper 3 and demonstrates how to perform model selection for a class of network evolution models.

Dynamics of the Gulf of California (GC). A case study of the internal waves using synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

Calificación: Matrícula de Honor

Elaboración de prototipos para el desarrollo de productos de tecnología social [

[ES] Concretamente, para el caso de las Matemáticas, encontramos numerosas aplicaciones orientadas al aprendizaje de operaciones básicas: suma, resta, multiplicación, división, pero ninguna que enseñe a los niños a aplicar dichas operaciones para la resolución de problemas.
 Y este es el fin de este Trabajo Fin de Grado; diseñar un prototipo de aplicación orientada a Tabletas, con tecnología Android, para la resolución de problemas matemáticos para alumnos de niños de 5º de primaria, con tres características fundamentales:
 1. La posibilidad de disponer de un espacio, en el cual los alumnos puedan realizar los cálculos necesarios para solucionar los problemas. 2. La posibilidad de incorporar un mecanismo, gracias al cual los usuarios puedan aportar nuevos problemas matemáticos, a modo de feedback con el usuario. 3. La combinación del aspecto lúdico con el académico. El principal objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado es el de : desarrollar un prototipo orientado hacia dispositivos Tablet basados en Android, que permitan el aprendizaje sobre la materia de Matemáticas para un nivel de alumnos de 5º de primaria; y que cumpla con las características fundamentales anteriormente descritas.

Numerical simulations of magma chamber dynamics at Campi Flegrei, and associated seismicity, deformation and gravity changes

Understanding the complex relationships between quantities measured by volcanic monitoring network and shallow magma processes is a crucial headway for the comprehension of volcanic processes and a more realistic evaluation of the associated hazard. This question is very relevant at Campi Flegrei, a volcanic quiescent caldera immediately north-west of Napoli (Italy). The system activity shows a high fumarole release and periodic ground slow movement (bradyseism) with high seismicity. This activity, with the high people density and the presence of military and industrial buildings, makes Campi Flegrei one of the areas with higher volcanic hazard in the world. In such a context my thesis has been focused on magma dynamics due to the refilling of shallow magma chambers, and on the geophysical signals detectable by seismic, deformative and gravimetric monitoring networks that are associated with this phenomenologies. Indeed, the refilling of magma chambers is a process frequently occurring just before a volcanic eruption; therefore, the faculty of identifying this dynamics by means of recorded signal analysis is important to evaluate the short term volcanic hazard. The space-time evolution of dynamics due to injection of new magma in the magma chamber has been studied performing numerical simulations with, and implementing additional features in, the code GALES (Longo et al., 2006), recently developed and still on the upgrade at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia in Pisa (Italy). GALES is a finite element code based on a physico-mathematical two dimensional, transient model able to treat fluids as multiphase homogeneous mixtures, compressible to incompressible. The fundamental equations of mass, momentum and energy balance are discretised both in time and space using the Galerkin Least-Squares and discontinuity-capturing stabilisation technique. The physical properties of the mixture are computed as a function of local conditions of magma composition, pressure and temperature.The model features enable to study a broad range of phenomenologies characterizing pre and sin-eruptive magma dynamics in a wide domain from the volcanic crater to deep magma feeding zones. The study of displacement field associated with the simulated fluid dynamics has been carried out with a numerical code developed by the Geophysical group at the University College Dublin (O’Brien and Bean, 2004b), with whom we started a very profitable collaboration. In this code, the seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous media with free surface (e.g. the Earth’s surface) is simulated using a discrete elastic lattice where particle interactions are controlled by the Hooke’s law. This method allows to consider medium heterogeneities and complex topography. The initial and boundary conditions for the simulations have been defined within a coordinate project (INGV-DPC 2004-06 V3_2 “Research on active volcanoes, precursors, scenarios, hazard and risk - Campi Flegrei”), to which this thesis contributes, and many researchers experienced on Campi Flegrei in volcanological, seismic, petrological, geochemical fields, etc. collaborate. Numerical simulations of magma and rock dynamis have been coupled as described in the thesis. The first part of the thesis consists of a parametric study aimed at understanding the eect of the presence in magma of carbon dioxide in magma in the convection dynamics. Indeed, the presence of this volatile was relevant in many Campi Flegrei eruptions, including some eruptions commonly considered as reference for a future activity of this volcano. A set of simulations considering an elliptical magma chamber, compositionally uniform, refilled from below by a magma with volatile content equal or dierent from that of the resident magma has been performed. To do this, a multicomponent non-ideal magma saturation model (Papale et al., 2006) that considers the simultaneous presence of CO2 and H2O, has been implemented in GALES. Results show that the presence of CO2 in the incoming magma increases its buoyancy force promoting convection ad mixing. The simulated dynamics produce pressure transients with frequency and amplitude in the sensitivity range of modern geophysical monitoring networks such as the one installed at Campi Flegrei . In the second part, simulations more related with the Campi Flegrei volcanic system have been performed. The simulated system has been defined on the basis of conditions consistent with the bulk of knowledge of Campi Flegrei and in particular of the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption (4100 B.P.), commonly considered as reference for a future high intensity eruption in this area. The magmatic system has been modelled as a long dyke refilling a small shallow magma chamber; magmas with trachytic and phonolitic composition and variable volatile content of H2O and CO2 have been considered. The simulations have been carried out changing the condition of magma injection, the system configuration (magma chamber geometry, dyke size) and the resident and refilling magma composition and volatile content, in order to study the influence of these factors on the simulated dynamics. Simulation results allow to follow each step of the gas-rich magma ascent in the denser magma, highlighting the details of magma convection and mixing. In particular, the presence of more CO2 in the deep magma results in more ecient and faster dynamics. Through this simulations the variation of the gravimetric field has been determined. Afterward, the space-time distribution of stress resulting from numerical simulations have been used as boundary conditions for the simulations of the displacement field imposed by the magmatic dynamics on rocks. The properties of the simulated domain (rock density, P and S wave velocities) have been based on data from literature on active and passive tomographic experiments, obtained through a collaboration with A. Zollo at the Dept. of Physics of the Federici II Univeristy in Napoli. The elasto-dynamics simulations allow to determine the variations of the space-time distribution of deformation and the seismic signal associated with the studied magmatic dynamics. In particular, results show that these dynamics induce deformations similar to those measured at Campi Flegrei and seismic signals with energies concentrated on the typical frequency bands observed in volcanic areas. The present work shows that an approach based on the solution of equations describing the physics of processes within a magmatic fluid and the surrounding rock system is able to recognise and describe the relationships between geophysical signals detectable on the surface and deep magma dynamics. Therefore, the results suggest that the combined study of geophysical data and informations from numerical simulations can allow in a near future a more ecient evaluation of the short term volcanic hazard.

Ri-abitare il margine urbano - Strategie di riqualificazione per il social housing: un edificio residenziale "ACER" come modello di intervento

La tesi individua alcune strategie di rigenerazione urbana e di riqualificazione edilizia, al fine di ottenere una serie di linee guida per l’intervento sul patrimonio di edilizia abitativa situata nelle periferie urbane. Tali principi sono stati poi applicati ad un edificio ACER collocato nella prima periferia di Forlì, per sperimentare l’efficacia delle strategie individuate. Dalla ricerca svolta sulle strategie di intervento volte alla riqualificazione sociale delle periferie, in particolare la teoria del “Defencible space” di Jacobs, si evidenzia l’importanza di accentuare nei residenti il sentimento di territorialità, ovvero la consapevolezza di far parte di una comunità specifica insediata in un particolare spazio, alimentata attraverso la frequentazione e l’appropriazione percettivo-funzionale degli spazi pubblici. Si è deciso quindi di allargare il campo di intervento alla rigenerazione dell’interno comparto, attraverso la riorganizzazione degli spazi verdi e la dotazione di attrezzature sportive e ricreative, in modo da offrire spazi specifici per le diverse utenze (anziani, giovani, bambini) e la definizione di un programma funzionale di servizi ricreativi e spazi destinati a piccolo commercio per integrare le dotazioni carenti dell’area. Dall’analisi approfondita dell’edificio sono emerse le criticità maggiori su cui intervenire: - l’intersezione dei percorsi di accesso all’edificio - la struttura portante rigida, non modificabile - la scarsa varietà tipologica degli alloggi - l’elevato fabbisogno energetico. La riqualificazione dell’edificio ha toccato quindi differenti campi: tecnologico, funzionale, energetico e sociale; il progetto è stato strutturato come una serie di fasi successive di intervento, eventualmente realizzabili in tempi diversi, in modo da consentire il raggiungimento di diversi obiettivi di qualità, in funzione della priorità data alle diverse esigenze. Secondo quest’ottica, il primo grado di intervento, la fase 1 - riqualificazione energetica, si limita all’adeguamento dello stato attuale alle prestazioni energetiche richieste dalla normativa vigente, in assenza di adeguamenti tipologici e spaziali. La fase 2 propone la sostituzione degli impianti di riscaldamento a caldaie autonome presenti attualmente con un impianto centralizzato con pompa di calore, un intervento invasivo che rende necessaria la realizzazione di un “involucro polifunzionale” che avvolge completamente l’edificio. Questo intervento nasce da tre necessità fondamentali : - architettonica: poter ampliare verso l’esterno le superfici degli alloggi, così da intervenire sulle unità abitative rendendole più rispondenti alle necessità odierne; - statica: non dover gravare in ciò sull’edificio esistente apportando ulteriori carichi, difficilmente sopportabili dalla struttura esistente, assicurando il rispetto della normativa antisismica in vigore; - impiantistica/tecnologica: alloggiare i condotti del nuovo impianto centralizzato per il riscaldamento, raffrescamento e acs; La fase 3 è invece incentrata sull’ampliamento dell’offerta abitativa, in modo da rispondere anche a necessità legate ad utenze speciali, come utenti disabili o anziani. L’addizione di nuovi volumi si sviluppa in tre direzioni: - un volume parassita, che aderisce all’edificio nel fronte sud/est, indipendente dal punto di vista strutturale, ruotato per sfruttare al meglio l’orientamento ottimale. - un volume satellite, indipendente, connesso all’edificio esistente tramite un elemento di raccordo, e nel quale sono collocati alcuni alloggi speciali. - un’addizione in copertura, che non appoggia direttamente sul solaio di copertura esistente, ma grava sull’elemento di chiusura del’involucro realizzato nella fase 2 Completano il progetto le addizioni volumetriche a piano terra, destinate a servizi quali un centro diurno, un micronido e un bar, i quali costituiscono la traduzione alla scala dell’edificio delle strategie applicate nel progetto di comparto. Questi interventi hanno consentito di trasformare un edificio costruito negli anni ’80 in un complesso residenziale moderno, dotato spazi accessori di grande qualità, tecnologie moderne che ne garantiscono il comfort abitativo, servizi alla persona disponibili in prossimità dell’edificio.