Can the scaling behavior of electric conductivity be used to probe the self-organizational changes in solution with respect to the ionic liquid structure? The case of [C8MIM][NTf2]

Electrical conductivity of the supercooled ionic liquid [C8MIM][NTf2], determined as a function of temperature and pressure, highlights strong differences in its ionic transport behavior between low and high temperature regions. To date, the crossover effect which is very well known for low molecular van der Waals liquids has been rarely described for classical ionic liquids. This finding highlights that the thermal fluctuations could be dominant mechanisms driving the dramatic slowing down of ion motions near Tg. An alternative way to analyze separately low and high temperature dc-conductivity data using a density scaling approach was then proposed. Based on which a common value of the scaling exponent [gamma] = 2.4 was obtained, indicating that the applied density scaling is insensitive to the crossover effect. By comparing the scaling exponent [gamma] reported herein along with literature data for other ionic liquids, it appears that [gamma] decreases by increasing the alkyl chain length on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids. This observation may be related to changes in the interaction between ions in solution driven by an increase in the van der Waals type interaction by increasing the alkyl chain length on the cation. This effect may be related to changes in the ionic liquid nanostructural organization with the alkyl chain length on the cation as previously reported in the literature based on molecular dynamic simulations. In other words, the calculated scaling exponent [gamma] may be then used as a key parameter to probe the interaction and/or self-organizational changes in solution with respect to the ionic liquid structure.

Switching ‘on’ the Luminescence of One Metal Ion with Another: Selectivity Characteristics with Respect to the Emitting and Triggering Metal

Complexes 1a·EuIII and 1b·EuIII, but not 1a·TbIII and 1b·TbIII, display strong ‘off–on’ switching of delayed luminescence with alkali cations; the switching efficiency of 1b·EuIII is stronger with K+ rather than Na+.

Accessory minerals and potentially toxic elements in Tanzanian vermiculites with respect to agricultural applications

The study assessed accessory minerals and metals in Tanzanian vermiculites with respect to their potential suitability for agricultural applications. Mineral and chemical analyses were involved. Pot experiments were also conducted to assess plant uptake of metals from soil with vermiculites. Fibrous sepiolite and amphiboles were minerals of health concern found in some samples. The sepiolite fibers had aspect ratios similar to those of asbestos minerals, which cause respiratory disorders and lung cancer when inhaled and thus pose a potential health risk to animals and humans. The amphibole fibers were thicker than 10 μm and are unlikely to be inhaled. Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) concentrations in some samples were greater than the limits permitted in agricultural soils, but the elements are not highly plant available and do not inhibit the uptake of essential macronutrients. Heating vermiculites at 400-600° C enhanced extractability of Cr and Ni and should preferably be avoided. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The effect of heating temperature on the properties of vermiculites from Tanzania with respect to potential agronomic applications

This study was carried out to assess the properties of vermiculites from Tanzania with respect to the temperature used to expand them. Vermiculites from five locations in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania were sampled and heated at 15, 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in a muffle furnace. Palabora Europe Ltd provided one sample for comparison from their South Africa deposit which provides vermiculite used worldwide as a soil amendment. Water release characteristic, cation exchange capacity, pH, mass loss, and bulk density were among the properties assessed. All six vermiculites responded differently on heating, and had a significant variation in their agronomic properties. Water release characteristic varied with the degree of exfoliation and phase composition. Although vermiculites from Tanzania expanded on heating, their capacity to retain plant available water was relatively low as compared to vermiculite from Palabora. Disintegration on heating and the presence of a high amount of iron could be among the factors affecting their water release characteristic. Loss of hydroxyl water was higher in vermiculites than in hydrobiotites. Dehydroxylation enhanced the availability of exchangeable K<sup>+sup> and reduced significantly the cation exchange capacity of vermiculites. The optimum exchangeable K<sup>+sup> was obtained on heating at a temperature of 600 °C. The pH was unaffected by heating to a temperature of less than 600 °C. At higher temperature, the pH increased in some samples and was accompanied by substantial amounts of exchangeable Mg<sup>2+sup>. Thus, it was concluded that initial characterization of vermiculites is essential prior to potential agricultural applications in order to optimize their agronomic potential. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Challenging conventional risk assessment with respect to human exposure to multiple food contaminants in food: A case study using maize

Mycotoxins and heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment and contaminate many foods. The widespread use of pesticides in crop production to control disease contributes further to the chemical contamination of foods. Thus multiple chemical contaminants threaten the safety of many food commodities; hence the present study used maize as a model crop to identify the severity in terms of human exposure when multiple contaminants are present. High Content Analysis (HCA) measuring multiple endpoints was used to determine cytotoxicity of complex mixtures of mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides. Endpoints included nuclear intensity (NI), nuclear area (NA), plasma membrane permeability (PMP), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial mass (MM). At concentrations representing legal limits of each individual contaminant in maize (3. ng/ml ochratoxin A (OTA), 1. μg/ml fumonisin B1 (FB1), 2. ng/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 100. ng/ml cadmium (Cd), 150. ng/ml arsenic (As), 50. ng/ml chlorpyrifos (CP) and 5. μg/ml pirimiphos methyl (PM), the mixtures (tertiary mycotoxins plus Cd/As) and (tertiary mycotoxins plus Cd/As/CP/PM) were cytotoxic for NA and MM endpoints with a difference of up to 13.6% (. p≤. 0.0001) and 12% (. p≤. 0.0001) respectively from control values. The most cytotoxic mixture was (tertiary mycotoxins plus Cd/As/CP/PM) across all 4 endpoints (NA, NI, MM and MMP) with increases up to 61.3%, 23.0%, 61.4% and 36.3% (. p≤. 0.0001) respectively. Synergy was evident for two endpoints (NI and MM) at concentrations contaminating maize above legal limits, with differences between expected and measured values of (6.2-12.4% (. p≤. 0.05-. p≤. 0.001) and 4.5-12.3% (. p≤. 0.05-. p≤. 0.001) for NI and MM, respectively. The study introduces for the first time, a holistic approach to identify the impact in terms of toxicity to humans when multiple chemical contaminants are present in foodstuffs. Governmental regulatory bodies must begin to contemplate how to safeguard the population when such mixtures of contaminants are found in foods and this study starts to address this critical issue.

Los guardianes de la tierra: Los indígenas y su relación con el medio ambiente

La conservación de los bosques ha sido denominada "la guerra ambiental más grande de nuestro tiempo". La pérdida irreversible de recursos, la desaparición dé especies vivientes (flora y fauna), el recalentamiento de la atmósfera, son algunas de las consecuencias parangonables solo con el desastre cósmico que supuso la desaparición de los dinosaurios. Así, la lucha por la conservación del medio ambiente sobre todo de los bosques tropicales como la Amazonia, se ha vuelto una conquista que supera las fronteras e intereses nacionales para convertirse en una causa universal: la vida de toda la humanidad está en juego. : Páralos pueblos indígenas el drama es todavía mayor. Han aprendido a convivir con la naturaleza sin extorcionarlá ni destruirla, en una simbiosis tan completa y misteriosa, que no pueden desaparecer las selvas y los bosques sin que también desaparezcan las culturas que cobijan, y viceversa. Ello ha dado pie para que se pueda afirmar: defiende los indígenas, salva los bosques. Por eso, la causa indígena tiene tanto que ver con el problema ambiental y ecológico y por ello también, la civilización urbana, esa gran depredadora, extractivisma y de consumo, debe urgentemente considerar la actitud indígena para con la naturaleza si quiere encontrar un camino viable para asegurar su propio futuro.

Los Sionas y Secoyas: Su adaptación al ambiente amazónico

Este libro se basa en una investigación de campo entre los indfgenas Sionas y Secoyas del nororiente ecuatoriano en los aflos 1973 a 1975, y mi disertación docoral de 1976. Sin embargo, el presente texto ha sido aumentado con secciones nuevas, muchas correcciones y nuevas identificaciones de plantas y animales. Este libro no es solamente una descripción etnográfica de los Sionas y Secoyas, sino un estudio de su adaptación al medio ambiente de la floresa tropical y los ríos amazónicos. Se presentó información etnogáfica, pero siempre dentro de la estructura teórica de la ecologfa humana. A veces los datos presentados son muy técnicos (p. e., calorfas, tipos de suelos y los nombres cientfficos de la flora y la fauna). Espero que este aspecto no desanime a mis lectores. Los datos cientfficos revelan y documentan el conocimiento intimo elaborado del indígena acerca de la selva, y su adapación compleja a este ambierte.

Planeación estratégica aplicada en la empresa Seryflex para incrementar su productividad y mejorar su calidad.

La empresa Seryflex es una microempresa del sector gráfico, que presenta inconvenientes organizacionales, ya que no anticipa el futuro en todos sus ámbitos, por lo que no cuenta con un Plan Estratégico, que le ayude a planificar en términos de resultados. El tema propuesto, es realizar el Plan Estratégico para la empresa, con todos sus elementos, basándonos en un incremento de su productividad y un mejoramiento de la calidad, lo cual va a ser posible mediante la propuesta que se describe en los siguientes capítulos. La propuesta está sustentada mediante: la elaboración de un sistema de costos estándar para la empresa, el desarrollo de un plan operativo para el área de comercialización y la ejecución de índices de gestión para todas las áreas. Con esto se pretende alcanzar los resultados esperados para la organización, anticipándose al cambio y no esperando que el cambio llegue a la empresa. De ahí la importancia de tener la suficiente visión y el correcto liderazgo para implantarlo.

Creación de la Microempresa Procesadora de Flores inmortalizadas en la Parroquia el Quinche y su comercialización en la zona norte de Quito

El Ecuador es un país privilegiado que ocupa uno de los primeros lugares en el mundo por la calidad y la gran variedad de sus flores, la utilización de mano de obra calificada y la habilidad de manejar costos de producción más bajos que los de la competencia. La producción florícola en el Ecuador es la actividad exportable que mayor dinamismo y repunte ha alcanzado en los últimos 10 años, en virtud de los factores favorables ya mencionados que han permitido su desarrollo en un medio competitivo. Los empresarios deben reforzar sus factores para de esta forma enfrentar con éxito el creciente comercio internacional de estos productos. La situación actual, estructura e importancia de este sector dentro de la economía nacional, los mercados de destino y los potenciales para la comercialización contribuyen al mantenimiento y consolidación de la ventaja competitiva en la producción de flores.

Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de una Empresa de confecciones de ropa infantil y su comercialización en la ciudad de Quito.

El presente estudio de factibilidad evalúa la creación de una empresa de confecciones de ropa infantil y su comercialización en la ciudad de Quito. Consta de cinco capítulos que son: estudio de mercado, estudio técnico y administración, proceso de industrialización, estudio financiero y conclusiones y recomendaciones. En el estudio de mercado se determina la existencia de un nicho de mercado dentro del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito para los productos que la empresa “Creaciones Infantiles Pekes” propone. Dicho nicho constituye básicamente una alternativa a los gustos y preferencias de un segmento de mercado no satisfecho de acuerdo a características evaluadas en el presente estudio. También se establece un adecuado canal de distribución para los productos junto a estrategias de marketing que respaldan un crecimiento económico de la empresa y en consecuencia apoyan a las metas comerciales de la misma. En el estudio técnico y administración se analizan los diferentes factores por los cuales se elige a Calderón como lugar adecuado para la microlocalización del proyecto. Además se establece parte de la estructura y funciones de acuerdo a criterios estimados, los mismos que se resumen en la misión y visión de la empresa de confecciones de ropa infantil.

Development of open models and tools for seismic risk assessment: application to Portugal

The exponential growth of the world population has led to an increase of settlements often located in areas prone to natural disasters, including earthquakes. Consequently, despite the important advances in the field of natural catastrophes modelling and risk mitigation actions, the overall human losses have continued to increase and unprecedented economic losses have been registered. In the research work presented herein, various areas of earthquake engineering and seismology are thoroughly investigated, and a case study application for mainland Portugal is performed. Seismic risk assessment is a critical link in the reduction of casualties and damages due to earthquakes. Recognition of this relation has led to a rapid rise in demand for accurate, reliable and flexible numerical tools and software. In the present work, an open-source platform for seismic hazard and risk assessment is developed. This software is capable of computing the distribution of losses or damage for an earthquake scenario (deterministic event-based) or earthquake losses due to all the possible seismic events that might occur within a region for a given interval of time (probabilistic event-based). This effort has been developed following an open and transparent philosophy and therefore, it is available to any individual or institution. The estimation of the seismic risk depends mainly on three components: seismic hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The latter component assumes special importance, as by intervening with appropriate retrofitting solutions, it may be possible to decrease directly the seismic risk. The employment of analytical methodologies is fundamental in the assessment of structural vulnerability, particularly in regions where post-earthquake building damage might not be available. Several common methodologies are investigated, and conclusions are yielded regarding the method that can provide an optimal balance between accuracy and computational effort. In addition, a simplified approach based on the displacement-based earthquake loss assessment (DBELA) is proposed, which allows for the rapid estimation of fragility curves, considering a wide spectrum of uncertainties. A novel vulnerability model for the reinforced concrete building stock in Portugal is proposed in this work, using statistical information collected from hundreds of real buildings. An analytical approach based on nonlinear time history analysis is adopted and the impact of a set of key parameters investigated, including the damage state criteria and the chosen intensity measure type. A comprehensive review of previous studies that contributed to the understanding of the seismic hazard and risk for Portugal is presented. An existing seismic source model was employed with recently proposed attenuation models to calculate probabilistic seismic hazard throughout the territory. The latter results are combined with information from the 2011 Building Census and the aforementioned vulnerability model to estimate economic loss maps for a return period of 475 years. These losses are disaggregated across the different building typologies and conclusions are yielded regarding the type of construction more vulnerable to seismic activity.