La sorpresa come fattore critico indicatore di sintonizzazione emotiva in bambini normali e con disturbi pervasivi dello sviluppo

The topic of this study is surprise, re gard as an evolutionary complex process, with manifold implication in different fields, from neurological, since aspecific correlate of surprise exist more or less at every level of neuronal processes (e.g. Rao e Ballard, 1999.), to behavioral , inasmuch a s our ability to quickly valuate(assess), recognize and learn from surprising events, are be regarded as pivotal for survival (e.g. Ranganath e Rainer, 2003). In particular this work, going from belief that surprise is really a psychoevolutive mechanism of primary relevance, has the objective to investigate if there may be a substantial connection between development of surprise' emotion and specific developmental problems, or, if in subjects with pervasive developmental disorders surprise may embody (represent) a essential mechanism of emotional tuning, and consequently if abnormalities in such process may be at the base of at least a part of cognitive and behavioural problems that determine (describe) this pathology. Theoretical reasons lead us to conside r this particular pathologic condition, recall to a broad area of research concern the comprehension of belief as marker of ability to reasons about mental states of others (i.e. Theory of Mind), and in addition, at the detection of specific subjects' diff iculty in this field. On the experimental side, as well as limited of this work, we have to compare comprehension and expression of surprise in a sample of 21 children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), with a sample of 35 children without deve lopmental problems, in a range of age 3-12. Method After the customary approach to become friendly with the child, an experimenter and an accomplice showed three boxes of nuts, easily to distinguish one from the other because of their different colours an d , working together with the child, the contents of one of the boxes were replaced and a different material (macaroni, pebbles) was put in the box. for the purpose of preparing a surprise for someone. At this stage, the accomplice excused himself/herself and left and the experimenter suggested to the child that he prepare another surprise, replacing the contents in the second box. When the accomplice came back, the child was asked to prepare a surprise for him by picking out the box that he thought was the right one for the purpose. After, and the child doesn't know it, the accomplice change the content of one of the boxes with candies and asked out to the children to open the box, in order to see if he show surprise. Result Date have obtain a significant difference between autistic and normal group, in all four tests. The expression of surprise too, is present in significantly lower degree in autistic group than in control group. Moreover, autistic children do not provide appropriate metarappresentative explanations. Conclusion Our outcome, with knowledge of the limit of our investigation at an experimental level (low number of the champions, no possibility of video registration to firm the expressions ) orient to consider eventuality that surprise, may be seen as relevant component, or indicative, in autistic spectrum disorders.

The dark side of the board: advances in chess Kriegspiel

While imperfect information games are an excellent model of real-world problems and tasks, they are often difficult for computer programs to play at a high level of proficiency, especially if they involve major uncertainty and a very large state space. Kriegspiel, a variant of chess making it similar to a wargame, is a perfect example: while the game was studied for decades from a game-theoretical viewpoint, it was only very recently that the first practical algorithms for playing it began to appear. This thesis presents, documents and tests a multi-sided effort towards making a strong Kriegspiel player, using heuristic searching, retrograde analysis and Monte Carlo tree search algorithms to achieve increasingly higher levels of play. The resulting program is currently the strongest computer player in the world and plays at an above-average human level.

Sistemi riconfigurabili a basso consumo per applicazioni di monitoraggio distribuito

The term Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to a vision on the future of the information society where smart, electronic environment are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people and their activities (Context awareness). In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in an easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices. This promotes the creation of pervasive environments improving the quality of life of the occupants and enhancing the human experience. AmI stems from the convergence of three key technologies: ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous communication and natural interfaces. Ambient intelligent systems are heterogeneous and require an excellent cooperation between several hardware/software technologies and disciplines, including signal processing, networking and protocols, embedded systems, information management, and distributed algorithms. Since a large amount of fixed and mobile sensors embedded is deployed into the environment, the Wireless Sensor Networks is one of the most relevant enabling technologies for AmI. WSN are complex systems made up of a number of sensor nodes which can be deployed in a target area to sense physical phenomena and communicate with other nodes and base stations. These simple devices typically embed a low power computational unit (microcontrollers, FPGAs etc.), a wireless communication unit, one or more sensors and a some form of energy supply (either batteries or energy scavenger modules). WNS promises of revolutionizing the interactions between the real physical worlds and human beings. Low-cost, low-computational power, low energy consumption and small size are characteristics that must be taken into consideration when designing and dealing with WSNs. To fully exploit the potential of distributed sensing approaches, a set of challengesmust be addressed. Sensor nodes are inherently resource-constrained systems with very low power consumption and small size requirements which enables than to reduce the interference on the physical phenomena sensed and to allow easy and low-cost deployment. They have limited processing speed,storage capacity and communication bandwidth that must be efficiently used to increase the degree of local ”understanding” of the observed phenomena. A particular case of sensor nodes are video sensors. This topic holds strong interest for a wide range of contexts such as military, security, robotics and most recently consumer applications. Vision sensors are extremely effective for medium to long-range sensing because vision provides rich information to human operators. However, image sensors generate a huge amount of data, whichmust be heavily processed before it is transmitted due to the scarce bandwidth capability of radio interfaces. In particular, in video-surveillance, it has been shown that source-side compression is mandatory due to limited bandwidth and delay constraints. Moreover, there is an ample opportunity for performing higher-level processing functions, such as object recognition that has the potential to drastically reduce the required bandwidth (e.g. by transmitting compressed images only when something ‘interesting‘ is detected). The energy cost of image processing must however be carefully minimized. Imaging could play and plays an important role in sensing devices for ambient intelligence. Computer vision can for instance be used for recognising persons and objects and recognising behaviour such as illness and rioting. Having a wireless camera as a camera mote opens the way for distributed scene analysis. More eyes see more than one and a camera system that can observe a scene from multiple directions would be able to overcome occlusion problems and could describe objects in their true 3D appearance. In real-time, these approaches are a recently opened field of research. In this thesis we pay attention to the realities of hardware/software technologies and the design needed to realize systems for distributed monitoring, attempting to propose solutions on open issues and filling the gap between AmI scenarios and hardware reality. The physical implementation of an individual wireless node is constrained by three important metrics which are outlined below. Despite that the design of the sensor network and its sensor nodes is strictly application dependent, a number of constraints should almost always be considered. Among them: • Small form factor to reduce nodes intrusiveness. • Low power consumption to reduce battery size and to extend nodes lifetime. • Low cost for a widespread diffusion. These limitations typically result in the adoption of low power, low cost devices such as low powermicrocontrollers with few kilobytes of RAMand tenth of kilobytes of program memory with whomonly simple data processing algorithms can be implemented. However the overall computational power of the WNS can be very large since the network presents a high degree of parallelism that can be exploited through the adoption of ad-hoc techniques. Furthermore through the fusion of information from the dense mesh of sensors even complex phenomena can be monitored. In this dissertation we present our results in building several AmI applications suitable for a WSN implementation. The work can be divided into two main areas:Low Power Video Sensor Node and Video Processing Alghoritm and Multimodal Surveillance . Low Power Video Sensor Nodes and Video Processing Alghoritms In comparison to scalar sensors, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, velocity, and acceleration sensors, vision sensors generate much higher bandwidth data due to the two-dimensional nature of their pixel array. We have tackled all the constraints listed above and have proposed solutions to overcome the current WSNlimits for Video sensor node. We have designed and developed wireless video sensor nodes focusing on the small size and the flexibility of reuse in different applications. The video nodes target a different design point: the portability (on-board power supply, wireless communication), a scanty power budget (500mW),while still providing a prominent level of intelligence, namely sophisticated classification algorithmand high level of reconfigurability. We developed two different video sensor node: The device architecture of the first one is based on a low-cost low-power FPGA+microcontroller system-on-chip. The second one is based on ARM9 processor. Both systems designed within the above mentioned power envelope could operate in a continuous fashion with Li-Polymer battery pack and solar panel. Novel low power low cost video sensor nodes which, in contrast to sensors that just watch the world, are capable of comprehending the perceived information in order to interpret it locally, are presented. Featuring such intelligence, these nodes would be able to cope with such tasks as recognition of unattended bags in airports, persons carrying potentially dangerous objects, etc.,which normally require a human operator. Vision algorithms for object detection, acquisition like human detection with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and abandoned/removed object detection are implemented, described and illustrated on real world data. Multimodal surveillance: In several setup the use of wired video cameras may not be possible. For this reason building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. Energy efficiency for wireless smart camera networks is one of the major efforts in distributed monitoring and surveillance community. For this reason, building an energy efficient wireless vision network for monitoring and surveillance is one of the major efforts in the sensor network community. The Pyroelectric Infra-Red (PIR) sensors have been used to extend the lifetime of a solar-powered video sensor node by providing an energy level dependent trigger to the video camera and the wireless module. Such approach has shown to be able to extend node lifetime and possibly result in continuous operation of the node.Being low-cost, passive (thus low-power) and presenting a limited form factor, PIR sensors are well suited for WSN applications. Moreover techniques to have aggressive power management policies are essential for achieving long-termoperating on standalone distributed cameras needed to improve the power consumption. We have used an adaptive controller like Model Predictive Control (MPC) to help the system to improve the performances outperforming naive power management policies.

Mathematical Modeling to Investigate Antiarrhythmic Drug Side Effects: Rate-Dependence Role in Ionic Currents and Action Potentials Shape in the O’Hara Model

Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. In the last decades, it has proven that anti-arrhythmic drugs, which prolong the refractory period by means of prolongation of the cardiac action potential duration (APD), play a good role in preventing of relevant human arrhythmias. However, it has long been observed that the “class III antiarrhythmic effect” diminish at faster heart rates and that this phenomenon represent a big weakness, since it is the precise situation when arrhythmias are most prone to occur. It is well known that mathematical modeling is a useful tool for investigating cardiac cell behavior. In the last 60 years, a multitude of cardiac models has been created; from the pioneering work of Hodgkin and Huxley (1952), who first described the ionic currents of the squid giant axon quantitatively, mathematical modeling has made great strides. The O’Hara model, that I employed in this research work, is one of the modern computational models of ventricular myocyte, a new generation began in 1991 with ventricular cell model by Noble et al. Successful of these models is that you can generate novel predictions, suggest experiments and provide a quantitative understanding of underlying mechanism. Obviously, the drawback is that they remain simple models, they don’t represent the real system. The overall goal of this research is to give an additional tool, through mathematical modeling, to understand the behavior of the main ionic currents involved during the action potential (AP), especially underlining the differences between slower and faster heart rates. In particular to evaluate the rate-dependence role on the action potential duration, to implement a new method for interpreting ionic currents behavior after a perturbation effect and to verify the validity of the work proposed by Antonio Zaza using an injected current as a perturbing effect.

Analisi di performance di un terminal aeroportuale e sistemi a coda: studio teorico e applicazione numerica per la mobilità land-side dell'aeroporto `G.Marconi' di Bologna

Questa tesi si propone di indagare l'impatto di alcuni scenari di sviluppo aeroportuale legati alla prevista implementazione di un sistema di trasporto APM - People Mover, in termini di performance del terminal passeggeri dell'Aeroporto `G.Marconi' di Bologna, per fornire soluzioni efficaci alla mobilità. Il background teorico è rappresentato dai risultati ottenuti dalla ricerca sperimentale e ormai acquisiti dalla trattazione classica per code markoviane avanzate (bulk queus), mentre il metodo messo a punto, del tutto generale,parte dagli arrivi schedulati e attraverso una serie di considerazioni econometriche costruisce una serie di scenari differenti,implementati poi attraverso la simulazione dinamica con l'utilizzo del software ARENA. Le principali grandezze di stato descrittive dei processi modellizzati ottenute in output vengono confrontate e valutate nel complesso, fornendo in prima approssimazione previsioni sull'efficacia del sistema previsto. Da ultimo, vengono proposti e confrontati i due approcci forniti tanto dalla manualistica di settore quanto da contributi di ricerca per arrivare a definire un dimensionamento di massima di strutture per la mobilità (una passerella di collegamento del terminal alla stazione APM) e una verifica della piattaforma per l'attesa ad essa contigua.

Algorithms for on-line image registration from multiple views

Images of a scene, static or dynamic, are generally acquired at different epochs from different viewpoints. They potentially gather information about the whole scene and its relative motion with respect to the acquisition device. Data from different (in the spatial or temporal domain) visual sources can be fused together to provide a unique consistent representation of the whole scene, even recovering the third dimension, permitting a more complete understanding of the scene content. Moreover, the pose of the acquisition device can be achieved by estimating the relative motion parameters linking different views, thus providing localization information for automatic guidance purposes. Image registration is based on the use of pattern recognition techniques to match among corresponding parts of different views of the acquired scene. Depending on hypotheses or prior information about the sensor model, the motion model and/or the scene model, this information can be used to estimate global or local geometrical mapping functions between different images or different parts of them. These mapping functions contain relative motion parameters between the scene and the sensor(s) and can be used to integrate accordingly informations coming from the different sources to build a wider or even augmented representation of the scene. Accordingly, for their scene reconstruction and pose estimation capabilities, nowadays image registration techniques from multiple views are increasingly stirring up the interest of the scientific and industrial community. Depending on the applicative domain, accuracy, robustness, and computational payload of the algorithms represent important issues to be addressed and generally a trade-off among them has to be reached. Moreover, on-line performance is desirable in order to guarantee the direct interaction of the vision device with human actors or control systems. This thesis follows a general research approach to cope with these issues, almost independently from the scene content, under the constraint of rigid motions. This approach has been motivated by the portability to very different domains as a very desirable property to achieve. A general image registration approach suitable for on-line applications has been devised and assessed through two challenging case studies in different applicative domains. The first case study regards scene reconstruction through on-line mosaicing of optical microscopy cell images acquired with non automated equipment, while moving manually the microscope holder. By registering the images the field of view of the microscope can be widened, preserving the resolution while reconstructing the whole cell culture and permitting the microscopist to interactively explore the cell culture. In the second case study, the registration of terrestrial satellite images acquired by a camera integral with the satellite is utilized to estimate its three-dimensional orientation from visual data, for automatic guidance purposes. Critical aspects of these applications are emphasized and the choices adopted are motivated accordingly. Results are discussed in view of promising future developments.

The APSEL4D Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor and its Usage in a Single Electron Interference Experiment

We have realized a Data Acquisition chain for the use and characterization of APSEL4D, a 32 x 128 Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor, developed as a prototype for frontier experiments in high energy particle physics. In particular a transition board was realized for the conversion between the chip and the FPGA voltage levels and for the signal quality enhancing. A Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA was used for real time data processing, for the chip control and the communication with a Personal Computer through a 2.0 USB port. For this purpose a firmware code, developed in VHDL language, was written. Finally a Graphical User Interface for the online system monitoring, hit display and chip control, based on windows and widgets, was realized developing a C++ code and using Qt and Qwt dedicated libraries. APSEL4D and the full acquisition chain were characterized for the first time with the electron beam of the transmission electron microscope and with 55Fe and 90Sr radioactive sources. In addition, a beam test was performed at the T9 station of the CERN PS, where hadrons of momentum of 12 GeV/c are available. The very high time resolution of APSEL4D (up to 2.5 Mfps, but used at 6 kfps) was fundamental in realizing a single electron Young experiment using nanometric double slits obtained by a FIB technique. On high statistical samples, it was possible to observe the interference and diffractions of single isolated electrons traveling inside a transmission electron microscope. For the first time, the information on the distribution of the arrival time of the single electrons has been extracted.

Criteri di progetto degli elementi dell'area air-side di un aeroporto

Analisi degli aspetti tecnici relativi alla progettazione aeroportuale

Test hardware del secondo batch di schede ROD per il layer 2 del pixel detector dell'esperimento ATLAS al CERN

In questa tesi viene seguito il lavoro di test delle schede ROD del layer 2 del Pixel Detector dell’ esperimento ATLAS, che mira a verificare la loro corretta funzionalità, prima che vengano spedite nei laboratori del CERN. Queste nuove schede gestiscono i segnali in arrivo dal Pixel Detector di ATLAS, per poi inviarli ai computer per la successiva elaborazione. Le schede ROD andranno a sostituire le precedenti schede SiROD nella catena di acquisizione dati dell’esperimento, procedendo dal nuovo strato IBL, e proseguendo con i tre layer del Pixel Detector, corroborando l’aggiornamento tecnologico e prestazionale necessario in vista dell’incremento di luminosità dell’esperimento.

Scheda di controllo JTAG per l'elettronica di readout del pixel detector dell'esperimento ATLAS

Il sistema di acquisizione dati del nuovo layer IBL di ATLAS conta attualmente 15 schede ROD attive sull’esperimento. In ognuna di queste schede sono presenti due catene JTAG per la programmazione e il test. La prima catena è facilmente accessibile da remoto tramite uno standard VME o Ethernet, mentre la seconda è accessibile solo tramite un programmatore JTAG. Accedere alla catena secondaria di tutte 15 le ROD è in primo luogo sconveniente poiché sarebbero necessari 15 programmatori diversi; in secondo luogo potrebbe risultare difficoltoso doverli gestire tutti da un unico computer. Nasce così l’esigenza di sviluppare un’elettronica aggiuntiva con funzione di controllo che riesca, tramite un unico programmatore, a distribuire un segnale JTAG in ingresso a 15 uscite selezionabili in maniera esclusiva. In questa tesi vengono illustrati i vari passaggi che hanno portato alla realizzazione del progetto ponendo attenzione alla scelta, al funzionamento e all’eventuale programmazione dei componenti elettronici che lo costituiscono. Per ogni parte è stato realizzato un ambiente hardware di prototipazione che ne ha garantito il test delle funzionalità. La scheda, basata su un microcontrollore ATmega 328-P, è attualmente in fase di completamento nel laboratorio di progettazione elettronica dell’INFN di Bologna. Il prototipo studiato e realizzato tramite il lavoro di questa tesi verrà anche utilizzato in ambiente CERN una volta che ne sarà convalidata l’affidabilità e potrà anche essere facilmente adattato a tutti gli esperimenti che usano un protocollo JTAG per la programmazione di dispositivi remoti.

USB monitor in LabVIEW per il controllo remoto delle schede DAQ del pixel detector di ATLAS

L’esperimento ATLAS al CERN di Ginevra ha un complesso sistema di rivelatori che permettono l’acquisizione e il salvataggio di dati generati dalle collisioni di particelle fondamentali. Il rivelatore per cui trova una naturale applicazione il lavoro di questa tesi è il Pixel Detector. Esso è il più vicino alla beam pipe e si compone di più strati, il più interno dei quali, l’Insertable B-Layer (IBL), aggiunto in seguito allo shut down dell’LHC avvenuto nel 2013, ha apportato diverse innovazioni per migliorare la risoluzione spaziale delle tracce e la velocità di acquisizione dei dati. E’ stato infatti necessario modificare il sistema di acquisizione dati dell’esperimento aggiungendo nuove schede chiamate ROD, ReadOut Driver, e BOC, Back Of Crate. Entrambe le due tipologie di schede sono montate su un apparato di supporto, chiamato Crate, che le gestisce. E’ evidente che avere un sistema remoto che possa mostrare in ogni momento il regime di funzionamento del crate e che dia la possibilità di pilotarlo anche a distanza risulta estremamente utile. Così, tramite il linguaggio di programmazione LabVIEW è stato possibile progettare un sistema multipiattaforma che permette di comunicare con il crate in modo da impostare e ricevere svariati parametri di controllo del sistema di acquisizione dati, come ad esempio la temperatura, la velocità delle ventole di raffreddamento e le correnti assorbite dalle varie tensioni di alimentazione. Al momento il software viene utilizzato all’interno dell’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) di Bologna dove è montato un crate W-Ie-Ne-R, speculare a quello presente al CERN di Ginevra, contenente delle schede ROD e BOC in fase di test. Il progetto ed il programma sviluppato e presentato in questa tesi ha ulteriori possibilità di miglioramento e di utilizzo, dal momento che anche per altri esperimenti dell’LHC le schede di acquisizione vengono montate sullo stesso modello di crate.

Server-side scripting: confronto fra PHP, Python e server-side JS integrato in NodeJs

Lo scopo della tesi è quello di descrivere e mettere a confronto tre diversi linguaggi, e quindi approcci, alla programmazione server-side e di back-end, ovvero il linguaggio PHP, il linguaggio Python ed il linguaggio Javascript, utilizzato però per una programmazione “Server Side”, e quindi associato al framework NodeJS. Questo confronto si pone l’obiettivo di sottolineare le differenti caratteristiche di ogni linguaggio, gli scopi a cui esso maggiormente si addice e di fornire una sorta di guida per far in modo che si possa comprendere al meglio quale dei tre linguaggi maggiormente usati per la programmazione backend si conformi meglio all’obiettivo prepostosi.

Elaborazioni complesse server side multipiattaforma

Poiché nell’ultimo decennio i dispositivi mobile assumono un ruolo sempre più determinante nello svolgimento della vita stessa, nel corso del tempo si sono ricercate e sviluppate app per facilitare le più svariate operazioni quotidiane. Visto la vastità del mercato degli smartphone, nel tempo sono stati sviluppati vari sistemi operativi in grado di governare queste piattaforme. Per una azienda, tuttavia, gestire i costi di implementazione di una stessa app in ambienti differenti risulta più oneroso che gestire i costi di una sola in grado di operare nei diversi sistemi operativi. Quest’ultimo tipo di app viene comunemente denominato app multipiattaforma. Un modo per implementare questo genere di applicazioni vede come strumento di utilizzo Visual Studio, noto IDE. Nel caso specifico Visual Studio ha integrato il progetto Apache Cordova per le creazione di applicativi multipiattaforma. In questo elaborato di tesi tramite i due strumenti appena introdotti si sono sviluppate due differenti app, al fine di valutarne le performance in termini di tempo. La prima app propone la risoluzione di un noto problema di calcolo combinatorio conosciuto con il nome di Knapsack, ovvero il problema dello zaino. La seconda cerca invece di digitalizzare una semplice espressione matematica contenuta in un’immagine e di fornirne quindi il risultato. Dai dati ottenuti si possono operare confronti per determinare la validità dello strumento di sviluppo, mettendo in luce anche possibili evoluzioni di queste due app.