Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were studied after oral dose of 50 mg/kg for 7 days. To find the differences between Nile tilapia and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis), the residues of enrofloxacin in P chinensis were also studied under the same conditions. The results showed that enrofloxacin metabolized into ciprofloxacin in both Nile tilapia and P chinensis, the maximal concentration of enrofloxacin in muscle, liver and plasma of Nile tilapia were 3.61 mu g/g, 5.96 mu g/g, 1.25 mu g/ml respectively, and ciprofloxacin in muscle was 0.22 mu g/g. The maximal concentration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in P chinensis were 1.68 mu g/g and 0.07 mu g/g respectively. The predicted withdrawal time for Nile tilapia was 22 days, and P. chinensis was 12 days under our experiment conditions. The residues of fitrazolidone [3-(5-nitrofurfurylidenamino)-2-oxazolidinone] and its main metabolite 3-amina-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in Nile tilapia were first determined by HPLC/MS. Results showed that after oral dose of 30 mg/kg for 7 days, the maximum concentration of farazolidone in Nile tilapia was 413 mu g/kg after 6 h, whereas AOZ residue reached its maximum (31 mu g/kg) right after stopping treatment. In contrast to the high metabolic rate of furazolidone, AOZ was very difficult to eliminate in vivo, thus the withdrawal time of furazolidone in Nile tilapia was 22 days at least. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genetic improvement on Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis): growth and viability performance in F1 hybrids of different populations

Fenneropenaeus chinensis distributed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Different geographical populations represent potentially different genetic resources. To learn further the characteristics of different geographical population, crosses among two wild and three farmed populations were produced. The two wild populations were from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (WYP), and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and coast (WKN). The three farmed populations included the offspring of first generation of wild shrimp from coast in Korea (FKN), the Huang Hai (the Yellow Sea in Chinese) No.1 (HH1), and JK98. The phenotypes growth and survival rates of these populations were compared to confirm the feasibility for crossbreeding. The body length (BL), carapace length (CL), carapace width (CW), height of the second and third abdominal segment (HST), width of the second and third abdominal segment (WST), length of the first abdominal segment (LF), length of the last abdominal segment (LL), live body weight (BW), and survival rate were measured. Different combinations were statistically performed with ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results show that the survival rate of JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) was the highest, followed by WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) and WYP(a (TM) Euro)xFKN(a (TM),); the body weight of FKN(a (TM) Euro)sxHH1(a (TM),) was the highest, followed by FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),), WYP(a (TM) Euro)xFKN(a (TM),) and JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),); the total length had the same ranking as the body weight. All growth traits in hybrids JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) were the lowest among all combinations. F1 hybrids had significant difference (P < 0.05) in BL, CL, HST, LL, and BW; and insignificant difference (P > 0.05) in other growth traits and survival rate. The results of Duncan's Multiple Range Test are that BL and CL of JK98(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),) were significantly different from the other combinations; HST different from the combination of FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),), FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) and WYP(a (TM) Euro)xWKN(a (TM),); and BW different from FKN(a (TM) Euro)xWYP(a (TM),) and FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),). As a whole, the results indicate that the FKN(a (TM) Euro)xHH1(a (TM),) was the best combination in all growth traits. Therefore, hybridization can introduce the variation to base populations. The systematic selection program based on additive genetic performance may be more effective than crossbreeding.

滇东南发现新元古代岩浆岩：SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学证据

滇东南老君山地区出露了一套穹隆状变形-变质岩系,新近完成的1：5万都龙幅、麻栗坡县幅区域地质矿产调查报告,将其分解为晚志留纪南温河花岗岩、新元古界新寨岩组和古元古界猛硐岩群.首次对猛硐岩群的石英角闪斜长片麻岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,结合阴极发光图像分析,获得两组岩浆锆石的结晶年龄分别为761±12Ma和829±10Ma,指示滇东南老君山地区存在新元古代岩浆活动,同时从同位素年代学上,表明猛硐岩群是一套前寒武纪的变质沉积-岩浆杂岩.此外,还获得一些年龄为≈1.83Ga的残留锆石,表明该区存在古元古代的结晶基底.石英角闪斜长片麻岩及共存的斜长角闪岩,它们的原岩具有大陆裂谷背景下玄武质-玄武安山质岩浆系列的地球化学特征,可能与新元古代Rodinia超大陆聚合-裂解过程中的岩浆活动有关,本区在新元古代可能位于南华裂谷与康滇裂谷的交汇部位。

滇西北中旬松诺含矿斑岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

位于义敦岛弧南端的中甸岛弧中广泛发育印支期斑岩及斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜矿床。松诺（或称松诺力赞）复式岩体位于东斑岩带中部，由石英闪长玢岩、黑云石英二长斑岩、闪长玢岩和含矿石英二长斑岩组成，其南部为普朗超大型斑岩铜矿床，北部为地苏嘎铜矿点。本文对含矿石英二长斑岩进行了岩相学和锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年研究，结果表明所有锆石颗粒自形较好且均发育规则的韵律环带，Th含量为180-854μg／g，U含量为270-709μg／g，Th／U比值为0．77-1．24，为典型岩浆成因锆石。获得了含矿石英二长斑岩的侵位年龄为220．9±3．5Ma（n=9，MSWD=1．6），这与中甸岛弧洋壳俯冲造山作用的时限（210-235Ma）相吻合。

SHRIMP锆石年代学对西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿成矿年龄的制约

锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,玉龙岩体侵入时限至少为2.6Ma,其中成矿前石英二长斑岩的年龄为43.6±0.8Ma,成矿期黑云母二长花岗斑岩的年龄为41.0Ma±1.0Ma,代表了两幕较大的岩浆活动.玉龙斑岩铜矿主体成矿年龄约为40Ma,长时限多期幕式岩浆侵入和成矿期物理化学条件的剧变,是形成玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿的主要原因.玉龙斑岩铜矿与金沙江-红河成矿带众多新生代斑岩铜矿一样,属于印度-亚欧大陆45Ma陆陆主体碰撞之后第一次大规模应力释放的产物.

西昆仑山阿卡孜岩体锆石SHRIMP定年及其地球化学特征

西昆仑山阿卡孜岩体是该区已知的最古老侵入体。岩体侵入于太古代赫罗斯坦群(TTG岩系)中。获得最新的单颗粒锆石SHRIMP年龄为2426±46Ma。岩石地球化学研究表明，岩石具有高碱度富K特征；∑REE为409．94×10^-6～787．76×10^-6，6Eu为0．48～0．73；微量元素显示富集大离子元素。综合分析该岩体地质地球化学特征，认为该岩体形成于晚太古代-古元古代初期碰撞后拉张背景，是TTG岩系(赫罗斯坦群)重熔的结果。这对研究西昆仑山早前寒武纪陆壳增生及构造演化提供了重要的地质资料。

Using the institutional grammar tool to understand regulatory compliance: The case of Colorado aquaculture

What is the relationship between the design of regulations and levels of individual compliance? To answer this question, Crawford and Ostrom's institutional grammar tool is used to deconstruct regulations governing the aquaculture industry in Colorado, USA. Compliance with the deconstructed regulatory components is then assessed based on the perceptions of the appropriateness of the regulations, involvement in designing the regulations, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. The findings suggest that levels of compliance with regulations vary across and within individuals regarding various aspects of the regulatory components. As expected, the level of compliance is affected by the perceived appropriateness of regulations, participation in designing the regulations, and feelings of guilt and fear of social disapproval. Furthermore, there is a strong degree of interdependence among the written components, as identified by the institutional grammar tool, in affecting compliance levels. The paper contributes to the regulation and compliance literature by illustrating the utility of the institutional grammar tool in understanding regulatory content, applying a new Q-Sort technique for measuring individual levels of compliance, and providing a rare exploration into feelings of guilt and fear outside of the laboratory setting. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.