Phospholipid fatty acid and quinone composition of sediments from ODP Leg 205 sites

Assessing the habitability of deep-sea sediments undergoing compaction, compression, and subduction at convergent margins adds to our understanding of the limits of the terrestrial biosphere. In this work, we report exploratory biomarker data on sediments obtained at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1253, 1254, and 1255 during drilling at the Costa Rica subduction trench and forearc sedimentary wedge. The samples selected for postcruise biomarker analyses were located within intervals of potentially enhanced fluid flow within the décollement and sedimentary wedge fault zones (Sites 1254 and 1255) and within basal carbonates at the reference site (Site 1253). The passage of fluids that are geochemically distinct from ambient interstitial water provides a disequilibrium setting that may enhance habitability. Biomarker data show low levels of microbial biomass in subseafloor sediments sampled at the Costa Rica convergent margin as deep as ~370 meters below seafloor.

(Table II, page 668-669) Distribution of elements between minerals soluble in 1M Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Reducible); in 1m HCL (Acid-soluble) and in the insoluble residue of manganese nodules

Attempts to classify pelagic sediments have been based either on appearance and composition, or on the ultimate origin of the components. In particular it appears feasible to distinguish minerals which crystallized in sea-water from those which formed in magmas, in hydrothermal solution, or by weathering under acidic conditions. It is the case of iron and manganese oxide mineral aggregates which constitute one of the major types of rock encountered on the ocean floor; according to Menard (unpublished) about 10% of the pelagic area of the Pacific is covered by such nodules. The nodules consist of intimately intergrown crystallites of different minerals among those identified, besides detrital minerals and organic matter, are opal, goethite, rutile, anatase, barite, nontronite, and at least three manganese oxide minerals of major importance. Arrhenius and Korkisch (1959) have attempted to separate from each other the different minerals constituting the nodules, in order to establish the details of their structure and the localization of the heavy metal ions. The results demonstrate (Table II) that copper and nickel are concentrated in the manganese oxide phases concentrated in the reducible fraction. Cobalt, part of the nickel and most of the chromium are distributed between these and the acid-soluble group of the non-manganese minerals, dominated by goethite and disordered FeOOH.

Statistical modelling of the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of aqueous poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic acid) networks: Redefining biomedical applications and the relationship between viscoelasticity and mucoadhesion

Poly(methylvinylether-co-maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) is commonly used as a component of pharmaceutical platforms, principally to enhance interactions with biological substrates (mucoadhesion). However, the limited knowledge on the rheological properties of this polymer and their relationships with mucoadhesion has negated the biomedical use of this polymer as a mono-component platform. This study presents a comprehensive study of the rheological properties of aqueous PMVE/MA platforms and defines their relationships with mucoadhesion using multiple regression analysis. Using dilute solution viscometry the intrinsic viscosities of un-neutralised PMVE/MA and PMVE/MA neutralised using NaOH or TEA were 22.32 ± 0.89 dL g-1, 274.80 ± 1.94 dL g-1 and 416.49 ± 2.21 dL g-1 illustrating greater polymer chain expansion following neutralisation using Triethylamine (TEA). PMVE/MA platforms exhibited shear-thinning properties. Increasing polymer concentration increased the consistencies, zero shear rate (ZSR) viscosities (determined from flow rheometry), storage and loss moduli, dynamic viscosities (defined using oscillatory analysis) and mucoadhesive properties, yet decreased the loss tangents of the neutralised polymer platforms. TEA neutralised systems possessed significantly and substantially greater consistencies, ZSR and dynamic viscosities, storage and loss moduli, mucoadhesion and lower loss tangents than their NaOH counterparts. Multiple regression analysis enabled identification of the dominant role of polymer viscoelasticity on mucoadhesion (r > 0.98). The mucoadhesive properties of PMVE/MA platforms were considerable and were greater than those of other platforms that have successfully been shown to enhance in vivo retention when applied to the oral cavity, indicating a positive role for PMVE/MA mono-component platforms for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Cationic Bovine Serum Albumin (CBA) conjugated Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles for extended delivery of methotrexate into brain tumor

Current treatment strategies for the treatment of brain tumor have been hindered primarily by the presence of highly lipophilic insurmountable blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of current research was to investigate the efficiency of engineered biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery vehicle to bypass the BBB and enhance biopharmaceutical attributes of anti-metabolite methotrexate (MTX) encapsulated NPs. The NPs were prepared by solvent diffusion method using cationic bovine serum albumin (CBA), and characterized for physicochemical parameters such as particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta-potential; while the surface modification was confirmed by FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. Developed NPs exhibited zestful relocation of FITC tagged NPs across BBB in albino rats. Further, hemolytic studies confirmed them to be non-toxic and biocompatible as compared to free MTX. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of our engineered NPs on HNGC1 tumor cells proved superior uptake in tumor cells; and elicited potent cytotoxic effect as compared to plain NPs and free MTX solution. The outcomes of the study evidently indicate the prospective of CBA conjugated poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs loaded with MTX in brain cancer bomber with amplified capability to circumvent BBB.

Application of Nanofiltration to the Treatment of Acid mine Drainage Waters

This study investigated the separation of uranium and other elements in high concentrations from acid mine waters at Caldas Uranium Mining, in the southeast of Brazil, using nanofiltration membranes. Nanofiltrarion is widely used in water treatment due to the lower energy requirements and higher yields than reverse osmosis. Separation characteristics are dependent on both the molecular size and charge of the dissolved species in the feed solution as well as membrane properties. In this investigation the potential of nanofiltration to removed dissolved species like uranium from acid mine water drainage was measured. Two composite aromatic polyamide commercially membranes of FilmTec/Dow were tested and it found that uranium rejections of greater than 90% and also showed potential for the separation of aluminum and manganese.

Comparative study between the effects of hyaluronic acid and acid galactan purified from eggs of the mollusk Pomacea sp in wound healing

To compare the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) and of AG on the healing of intestine wounds. Methods: The semi-purified extract of the eggs of the mollusc was obtained by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and purification for ion-exchange chromatography. The obtained galactans were eluted in water (neutral galactan) and in 0.1 and 0.2M NaCl (acidic galactans). The in vivo study was performed with 45 “Wistar” rats, separated in three groups (n=15). Solutions containing HA 1%, GA 1% or saline solution 0,9%, was placed topically on the sutures of wounds in the small intestine of the rats. After 05, 10 and 21 days the animals were sacrificed and biopsy of the healing tissue was done. Results: The hystologic grading was more significant for HA and AG groups when compared to the group C. AG stimulated the appearance of macrophages, giant cells and increase in the concentration of collagen in the area of the wound when compared to HA. Conclusion: The topical use of GA in intestinal wounds promoted the anticipation of events that are important in the wound healing

Isomérisation du lactose en lactulose en solution modèle de lactose et dans du perméat de lactosérum par électro-activation supportée par échange ionique sur résine

L’isomérisation alcaline du lactose en lactulose a été effectuée électro-chimiquement à l’aide d’un réacteur d’électro-activation en combinaison avec des résines échangeuses d’anions de polystyrène de trois types; à savoir Lewatit VP-OC-1065 faible-acide, Lewatit MP-64 moyenne-acide et Lewatit Monoplus M500 forte-acide. Les paramètres opératoires qui ont fait l’objet de cette étude ont été étudiés sur trois blocs expérimentaux pour optimiser le système. Dans le Premier bloc, les paramètres étudiés sont : (1) ratio lactose-5%(p/v) : résine échangeuse d’anions (1:0.5, 1:1 et 1:2), (2) intensité du champ électrique : 50 mA, 100 mA et 200 mA et (3) type de résines : faible, moyenne et forte. Dans le Deuxième bloc, les paramètres mis à l’étude comprenaient : (1) l’intensité du champ électrique : 300 mA, 450 mA et 550 mA, (2) le débit de la solution traitée : 25 ml / min, 50 ml/ min et 100 ml/min et (3) la surface active de la membrane adjacente au compartiment cathodique : 0.78 cm2, 7.06 cm2 et 18.1 cm2. Le Troisième bloc expérimental a été effectué sur la base de la distance entre la membrane et l’électrode : 3.1 cm, 5.6 cm et 9 cm. Le même modèle expérimental a était également réalisé avec du perméat du lactosérum d’une concentration de 7% (p/v). Les résultats obtenus ont révélé que le meilleur rendement de l’isomérisation du lactose en lactulose était obtenu après 30 minutes d’électroactivation en utilisant une solution modèle de lactose-5% avec une valeur d’environ 20.1%. Les conditions opératoires qui ont permis d’avoir ce taux de conversion sont une intensité du courant de 550 mA, un débit de la solution de 25 ml/min, une surface active de la membrane de 7.06 cm2 et une distance de 9 cm entre la cathode et la membrane qui lui y est adjacente. En utilisant le perméat de lactosérum-7%, un taux de conversion de lactose en lactulose de 8.34% a était obtenu avec une intensité du courant de 200 mA, un débit de 120 ml/min, une surface active de de 18.1cm2 et une distance de 9 cm entre la membrane et l’électrode dans le compartiment cathodique. Les analyses de variance ont indiqué un effet catalytique significatif du type de la résine. En effet, la résine-forte a permis d’avoir les plus hauts rendements de la réaction d’isomérisation par électro-activation. La résistance électrique globale du système d’électroactivation dépendait de la valeur de l’intensité du courant. Le produit final était d’une grande pureté, car il ne présentait que quelques traces de galactose (< 4%).

Synthesis and evaluation of temperature- and glucose-sensitive nanoparticles based on phenylboronic acid and N-vinylcaprolactam for insulin delivery

Poly N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylamidophenylboronic acid p(NVCL-co-AAPBA) was prepared from N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA), using 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The synthesis and structure of the polymer were examined by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize the nanoparticles, CD spectroscopy was used to determine if there were any changes to the conformation of the insulin, and cell and animal toxicity were also investigated. The prepared nanoparticles were found to be monodisperse submicron particles and were glucose- and temperature-sensitive. In addition, the nanoparticles have good insulin-loading characteristics, do not affect the conformation of the insulin and show low-toxicity to cells and animals. These p(NVCL-co-AAPBA) nanoparticles may have some value for insulin or other hypoglycemic protein delivery.

Characterization of rice starch- ι-carrageenan biodegradable edible film. Effect of stearic acid on the film properties

The main aim of this study was to develop rice starch (RS), ι-carrageenan (ι-car) based film. Different formulations of RS (1-4%, w/w), ι-car (0.5-2%, w/w) was blended with stearic acid (SA; 0.3-0.9%, w/w) and glycerol (1%, w/w) as a plasticizer. The effect of film ingredients on the thickness, water vapour permeability (WVP), film solubility (FS), moisture content (MC), colour, film opacity (FO), tensile strength (TS), elongation-at-break (EAB) of film was examined. Interactions and miscibility of partaking components was studied by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hydrocolloid suspension solution of mix polysaccharides imparted a significant impact (p<0.05) on the important attributes of resulting edible film. TS and EAB of film were improved significantly (p<0.05) when ι-car was increased in the film matrix. Formulation F1 comprising 2% ι-car, 2% 33 RS, 0.3% SA, Gly 30% w/w and 0.2% surfactant (tween®20) provided film with good 34 physical, mechanical and barrier properties. FT-IR and XRD results reveal that molecular interactions between RS-ι-car have a great impact on the film properties confining the compatibility and miscibility of mixed polysaccharide. Results of the study offers new biodegradable formulation for application on fruit and vegetables.

Recovery of palladium from a spent automobile catalyst leaching solution by a thiodiglycolamide derivative

In the sequence of previous research on the development of novel liquid-liquid amidetype compounds to efficiently and selectively extract platinum-group metals (PGMs) from concentrated hydrochloric acid media, a specific thiodiglycolamide derivative – N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dicyclohexylthiodiglycolamide (DMDCHTDGA) – has been applied for the recovery of palladium(II) from a spent automobile catalyst leaching solution, containing palladium(II) and rhodium(III) as PGMs. The results obtained are rather promising, since the DMDCHTDGA behavior towards the two PGMs is similar to that observed for hydrochloric acid aqueous media studied before, simulating the real leaching phases. Within eleven metal elements co-existing in solution, the majority in high fold-excesses, only aluminum(III) and cerium(III) interfere in the palladium(II) liquid-liquid extraction process, requiring further optimization.

Ad-atoms and their enhancement effects on Pt activity for formic acid oxidation

Formic acid oxidation has been widely studied at Pt as a model reaction to understand fundamental aspects of electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells. Electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid takes place through two parallel pathways (direct and indirect). The indirect pathway proceeds via CO as an intermediate, which is known to be responsible for the poisoning of Pt and its consequent decrease in activity. Surface modification of Pt with ad-atoms is known to hinder this poisoning and promote the direct pathway. The incorporation of polymers (polyaniline, polycarbazole, polyindole) as supports also increases activity. Irreversibly adsorbed Sb and Bi on Pt are known to show high electrocatalytic activity for formic acid oxidation. This work presents the dependence of Sb and Bi irreversible adsorption on immersion time, metal solution concentration and pH. The activity of Sb and Bi modified Pt was correlated against immersion time and percent coverage of Pt by ad-atoms. Polyaniline support effects in combination with a Bi modified Pt catalyst showed enhancement in oxidation current compared to Pt-Bi.

Comparative study between the effects of hyaluronic acid and acid galactan purified from eggs of the mollusk Pomacea sp in wound healing

To compare the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) and of AG on the healing of intestine wounds. Methods: The semi-purified extract of the eggs of the mollusc was obtained by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and purification for ion-exchange chromatography. The obtained galactans were eluted in water (neutral galactan) and in 0.1 and 0.2M NaCl (acidic galactans). The in vivo study was performed with 45 “Wistar” rats, separated in three groups (n=15). Solutions containing HA 1%, GA 1% or saline solution 0,9%, was placed topically on the sutures of wounds in the small intestine of the rats. After 05, 10 and 21 days the animals were sacrificed and biopsy of the healing tissue was done. Results: The hystologic grading was more significant for HA and AG groups when compared to the group C. AG stimulated the appearance of macrophages, giant cells and increase in the concentration of collagen in the area of the wound when compared to HA. Conclusion: The topical use of GA in intestinal wounds promoted the anticipation of events that are important in the wound healing

Flower like micellar assemblies in poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)/poly(acrylic acid) complexes

The formation of rare flower like micelles in poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine)/poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-P4VP/PAA) diblock copolymer/homopolymer complexes is reported. The self-assembly as well as the morphological changes in the complexes were induced by the addition of a high molecular weight PAA/ethanol solution into the PS-b-P4VP solution in dimethyl formamide followed by dialyses. The composition-dependent micelles were varying in size and shape with increase in PAA concentration in solution. The complex aggregates in solution were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) whereas morphologies in the solid complexes were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Flower like micelles are formed in complexes at 20 wt% PAA concentration followed by 'spikey' micellar assemblies at 40 wt% PAA. The size of the micelles was found to be increased upon the addition of PAA into the block copolymer solution. Infrared studies revealed the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the complementary binding sites on PAA and the P4VP block of the block copolymer. Finally, a model was proposed to explain the self-assembly and morphological transitions in these complexes based on the experimental results obtained.

Conjugation of bioactive groups to poly(lactic acid) and poly[(lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)] films

A novel PLA-based polymer containing reactive pendent ketone or hydroxyl groups was synthesized by the copolymerization of L-lactide with epsilon-caprolactone-based monomers. The polymer was activated with NPC, resulting in an amine-reactive polymer which was then cast into thin polymeric films, either alone or as part of a blend with PLGA, before immersion into a solution of the cell adhesion peptide GRGDS in PBS buffer allowed for conjugation of GRGDS to the film surfaces. Subsequent 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion studies demonstrated an increase in cellular adhesion and spreading over films cast from unmodified PLGA. Hence the new polymer can be used to obtain covalent linkage of amine-containing molecules to polymer surfaces.

Nano titanium dioxide on wool keratin as UV absorber stabilized by butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA): a statistical prospect

Photo yellowing of wool is one of the most important problems which have negative impacts on various aspects of wool prompting scientists to find a solution over the past decades. In this research the protective features of nano-titanium dioxide particles against UV on wool fabric were discussed and the color variations of wool samples after UV irradiation were measured and reported. It was shown that nano TiO2 is a suitable UV absorber and its effect depends on the concentration. Also, it was assumed that butane tetracarboxylic acid plays a prominent role as a cross-linking agent to stabilize the nano-titanium dioxide as well as a polyanion to maintain negative charges on the wool surface for higher nano particles absorption. Also the variables conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM).