Effects of maternal age and size on embryonic energy reserves, developmental timing, and fecundity in quillback rockfish (Sebastes maliger)

Maternal effects on the quality of progeny can have direct impacts on population productivity. Rockfish are viviparous and the oil globule size of larvae at parturition has been shown to have direct effects on time until starvation and growth rate. We sampled embryos and preparturition larvae opportunistically from 89 gravid quillback rockfish (Sebastes maliger) in Southeast Alaska. Because the developmental stage and sampling period were correlated with oil globule size, they were treated as covariates in an analysis of maternal age, length, and weight effects on oil globule size. Maternal factors were related to developmental timing for almost all sampling periods, indicating that older, longer, and heavier females develop embryos earlier than younger, shorter, or lighter ones. Oil globule diameter and maternal length and weight were statistically linked, but the relationships may not be biologically significant. Weight-specific fecundity did not increase with maternal size or age, suggesting that reproductive output does not increase more quickly as fish age and grow. Age or size truncation of a rockfish population, in which timing of parturition is related to age and size, could result in a shorter parturition season. This shortening of the parturition season could make the population vulnerable to fluctuating environmental conditions.

Population structure, long-term connectivity, and effective size of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) in the Caribbean Sea and Florida Keys

Genetic structure and average long-term connectivity and effective size of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) sampled from offshore localities in the U.S. Caribbean and the Florida Keys were assessed by using nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA. No significant differences in allele, genotype (microsatellites), or haplotype (mtDNA) distributions were detected; tests of selective neutrality (mtDNA) were nonsignificant after Bonferroni correction. Heuristic estimates of average long-term rate of migration (proportion of migrant individuals/generation) between geographically adjacent localities varied from 0.0033 to 0.0054, indicating that local subpopulations could respond independently of environmental perturbations. Estimates of average longterm effective population sizes varied from 341 to 1066 and differed significantly among several of the localities. These results indicate that over time larval drift and interregional adult movement may not be sufficient to maintain population sustainability across the region and that there may be different demographic stocks at some of the localities studied. The estimate of long-term effective population size at the locality offshore of St. Croix was below the minimum threshold size considered necessary to maintain the equilibrium between the loss of adaptive genetic variance from genetic drift and its replacement by mutation. Genetic variability in mutton snapper likely is maintained at the intraregional level by aggregate spawning and random mating of local populations. This feature is perhaps ironic in that aggregate spawning also renders mutton snapper especially vulnerable to overexploitation.

Composição, origem e distribuição de hidrocarbonetos em sedimentos marinhos nas principais regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira

Regiões onde existem atividades portuárias estão mais susceptíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos devido ao trânsito de embarcações e as operações de carga/descarga e, consequentemente, estão mais vulneráveis a sofrer impactos ambientais. Este trabalho avaliou a composição, distribuição e origem de hidrocarbonetos em oito regiões portuárias da costa sudeste brasileira: Santos-SP, São Sebastião-SP, Angra dos Reis-RJ, Itaguaí-RJ, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Arraial do Cabo-RJ, Macaé-RJ e Vitória-ES. Foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos marinhos superficiais (02 cm) em duas campanhas (2009 e 2010). Para a análise dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) foram utilizadas cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, respectivamente. As concentrações médias e os desvios-padrão do Total de nalcanos (μg g-1), Total de Alifáticos (μg g-1), HPAs Totais (ng g-1) e 16 HPAs prioritários (ng g-1) encontrados foram 6,55 4,52, 123,16 86,12, 1470,24 958,41 e 653,93 482,81 na região do porto de Santos-SP; 2,69 1,16, 35,29 15,22, 756,25 350,28 e 142,35 142,35 na região do porto de São Sebastião-SP; 3,11 2,34, 56,99 78,39, 777,62 821,32 e 82,33 84,62 na região do porto de Angra dos Reis-RJ; 5,58 3,28, 26,55 12,19, 1221,15 1070,87 e 92,28 93,14 na região do porto de Itaguaí-RJ; 5,09 2,03, 179,22 108,16, 3547,27 3081,18 e 1879,05 1792,69 na região do porto do Rio de Janeiro; 1,63 2,15, 51,54 39,50, 366,26 222,89 e 194,83 141,65 na região do porto de Arraial do Cabo-RJ; 3,92 2,69, 50,42 81,30, 643,97 637,61 e 182,46 265,87 na região do porto de Macaé-RJ; e 4,78 4,05, 45,31 32,84, 868,78 874,56 e 258,84 142,89 na região do porto de Vitória-ES, respectivamente. O nível de contaminação por hidrocarbonetos nas regiões estudadas variou de baixo a muito alto, mostrando que estes níveis não são diretamente compatíveis com o tamanho e o desenvolvimento urbano em torno de cada porto. Para a avaliação das fontes de contaminação foram usadas razões diagnósticas selecionadas da literatura. A mistura de fontes (pirolítica e petrogênica) foi considerada predominante na maioria das áreas, indicando a influência das atividades dos portos e dos aportes de entradas de contaminação por vias urbanas, industriais e atmosféricas.

Measurement errors in body size of sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) and their effect on stock assessment models

Body-size measurement errors are usually ignored in stock assessments, but may be important when body-size data (e.g., from visual sur veys) are imprecise. We used experiments and models to quantify measurement errors and their effects on assessment models for sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Errors in size data obscured modes from strong year classes and increased frequency and size of the largest and smallest sizes, potentially biasing growth, mortality, and biomass estimates. Modeling techniques for errors in age data proved useful for errors in size data. In terms of a goodness of model fit to the assessment data, it was more important to accommodate variance than bias. Models that accommodated size errors fitted size data substantially better. We recommend experimental quantification of errors along with a modeling approach that accommodates measurement errors because a direct algebraic approach was not robust and because error parameters were diff icult to estimate in our assessment model. The importance of measurement errors depends on many factors and should be evaluated on a case by case basis.

Evaluation of the capture efficiency and size selectivity of four pot types in the prospective fishery for North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)

Over 230 metric tons of octopus is harvested as bycatch annually in Alaskan trawl, long-line, and pot fisheries. An expanding market has fostered interest in the development of a directed fishery for North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). To investigate the potential for fishery development we examined the efficacy of four different pot types for capture of this species. During two surveys in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, strings of 16 –20 sablefish, Korean hair crab, shrimp, and Kodiak wooden lair pots were set at depths ranging between 62 and 390 meters. Catch per-unit-of-ef for t estimates were highest for sablefish and lair pots. Sablefish pots caught significantly heavier North Pacific giant octopuses but also produced the highest bycatch of commercially important species, such as halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi).

Reconstruction of original body size and estimation of allometric relationships for the longfin inshore squid (Loligo pealeii) and northern shortfin squid (Illex illecebrosus)

Quantification of predator-prey body size relationships is essential to understanding trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Prey lengths recovered from predator stomachs help determine the sizes of prey most influential in supporting predator growth and to ascertain size-specific effects of natural mortality on prey populations (Bax, 1998; Claessen et al., 2002). Estimating prey size from stomach content analyses is often hindered because of the degradation of tissue and bone by digestion. Furthermore, reconstruction of original prey size from digested remains requires species-specific reference materials and techniques. A number of diagnostic guides for freshwater (Hansel et al., 1988) and marine (Watt et al., 1997; Granadeiro and Silva, 2000) prey species exist; however they are limited to specific geographic regions (Smale et al., 1995; Gosztonyi et al., 2007). Predictive equations for reconstructing original prey size from diagnostic bones in marine fishes have been developed in several studies of piscivorous fishes of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (Scharf et al., 1998; Wood, 2005). Conversely, morphometric relationships for cephalopods in this region are scarce despite their importance to a wide range of predators, such as finfish (Bowman et al., 2000 ; Staudinger, 2006), elasmobranchs (Kohler, 1987), and marine mammals (Gannon et al., 1997; Williams, 1999).

A 4500-year time series of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) size and abundance: archaeology, oceanic regime shifts, and sustainable fisheries

A 4500-year archaeological record of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) bones from Sanak Island, Alaska, was used to assess the sustainability of the modern fishery and the effects of this fishery on the size of fish caught. Allometric reconstructions of Pacific cod length for eight prehistoric time periods indicated that the current size of the nearshore, commercially fished Pacific cod stocks is statistically unchanged from that of fish caught during 4500 years of subsistence harvesting. This finding indicates that the current Pacific cod fishery that uses selective harvesting technolog ies is a sustainable commercial fishery. Variation in relative Pacific cod abundances provides further insights into the response of this species to punctuated changes in ocean climate (regime shifts) and indicates that Pacific cod stocks can recover from major environmental perturbations. Such palaeofisheries data can extend the short time-series of fisheries data (<50 yr) that form the basis for fisheries management in the Gulf of Alaska and place current trends within the context of centennial- or millennial-scale patterns.

Distribution of red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens) by size and sex in the Gulf of Mexico

The red deepsea crab (Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879)) has supported a commercial fishery off the coast of New England since the 1970s (Wigley et al., 1975) and has had annual harvests from 400 metric tons (t) (1996) to 4000 t (2001) (NEFMC, 2002). In 2002, a fishery management plan for the northeast fishery on the Atlantic coast was implemented and total allowable catch was reduced to approximately 2500 t (NEFMC, 2002). Although there are management plans for the golden crab (C. fenneri) and the red deep sea crab for Atlantic coast regions, there is no fishery management plan for red deepsea crabs in the Gulf of Mexico. Successful management for sustainable harvests should be based on a knowledge of the life history of the species, but C. quinquedens has been a difficult species for which to obtain life history and abundance information because of its deep distribution.

Efeitos da proteção e do envigoramento na germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas de duas espécies arbóreas visando a semeadura direta

A importância das florestas na mitigação do clima é reconhecida e a necessidade da conservação e restauração se tornou mais evidente. Diversas técnicas tem sido estudadas para facilitar a restauração. Nesse sentido, a semeadura direta se apresenta como uma alternativa de baixo custo para a restauração, entretanto o sucesso dessa técnica depende da criação de condições favoráveis para a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de técnicas que podem ser associadas à semeadura direta, aumentando a chance de sucesso. Dois diferentes tipos de protetores (gaiolas metálicas e bambus) foram utilizadas para avaliar a germinação e estabelecimento de Euterpe edulis Mart., uma espécie de sementes recalcitrante. Além disso, outros fatores foram considerados, como o tamanho da semente, presença dos envoltórios do fruto e posição de semeadura. A porcentagem de persistência de sementes ou frutos, germinação (%), emergência de plântulas (%), altura e diâmetro do colo das plântulas e recrutamento foram avaliados no primeiro experimento e germinação (%), emergência de plântulas (%), altura e recrutamento foram avaliados no segundo experimento. A exclusão da redação nãofoi o fator mais importante no sucesso do uso da semente, mas sim a mudança microclimática provocada pela proteção de tubos de bambu. Para a outra espécie estudada, Simira cf. glaziovii (Standl) Steyerm, uma espécie de sementes não recalcitrantes, técnicas de condicionamento foram utilizadas para avaliar a viabilidade e manutenção da qualidade fisiológica após três meses de armazenamento. Os tratamentos consistiram em hidrocondicionamento e osmocondicionamento e estes, seguidos por secagem e armazenamento. O controle também foi armazenado para comparação entre os tratamentos. Os resultados foram favoráveis tanto para condicionamento quanto para o armazenamento após condicionamento. Este estudo mostrou que a semeadura direta pode ser uma alternativa para ambas espécies quando associadas a práticas que favorecem a germinação e estabelecimento. O sucesso no uso das sementes recalcitrantes depende da criação de condições climáticas favoráveis, que podem ser conseguidas com o uso de protetores de tubos de bambu. Para espécies não recalcitrantes, a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes durante o armazenamento permite o uso em períodos mais favoráveis à germinação.

No evidence of bias from fish behavior in the selectivity of size and sex of the protogynous red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae) by hook-and-line gear

Most fisheries select the size of fish to be caught (are size selective), and many factors, including gear, market demands, species distributions, fishery laws, and the behavior of both fishermen and fish, can contribute to that selectivity. Most fishing gear is size-selective and some, such as gill nets, are more so than others. The targeting behavior of fishermen is another key reason commercial and recreational fisheries tend to be size-selective. The more successful fishermen constantly seek areas and methods that yield larger or more profitable sizes of fish. Fishery regulations, especially size limits, produce size-selective harvests. Another factor with the potential to cause selectivity in a hook-and-line fishery is the different behavioral responses of fish to the bait or lure, whether the different responses arise among different fish sizes or between the sexes.

The role of mate guarding, Male Size and Male Investment on Individual Reproductive Success in the Blue Crab, Callinectes Sapidus.

Male blue crabs, Callinectes Sapidus, guard their mates before and after mating, suggesting that the conditions regulating both types of mate guarding dictate individual reproductive success. I tested the hypothesis that large male blue crabs have advantages in sexual competition using experimental manipulations, a simulation model, and field data on crabs from mid-Chesapeake Bay between 1991-1994.

Estimating species and size composition of rockfishes to verify targets in acoustic surveys of untrawlable areas

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) biomass is difficult to assess with standard bottom trawl or acoustic surveys because of their propensity to aggregate near the seafloor in highrelief areas that are inaccessible to sampling by trawling. We compared the ability of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), a modified bottom trawl, and a stereo drop camera system (SDC) to identify rockfish species and estimate their size composition. The ability to discriminate species was highest for the bottom trawl and lowest for the SDC. Mean lengths and size distributions varied among the gear types, although a larger number of length measurements could be collected with the bottom trawl and SDC than with the ROV. Dusky (S. variabilis), harlequin (S. variegatus), and northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) were the species observed in greatest abundance. Only dusky and northern rockfish regularly occurred in trawlable areas, whereas these two species and many more occurred in untrawlable areas. The SDC was able to resolve the height of fish off the seafloor, and some of the rockfish species were observed only near the seafloor in the acoustic dead zone. This finding is important, in that fish found exclusively in the acoustic dead zone cannot be assessed acoustically. For these species, methods such as bottom trawls, long-lines, or optical surveys using line transect or area swept methods will be the only adequate means to estimate the abundance of these fishes. Our results suggest that the selection of appropriate methods for verifying targets will depend on the habitat types and species complexes to be examined.