968 resultados para SIMPLE SOLUTION ROUTE


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Adequate nutrient levels in plants vary according to the species or clone, age and management practice. Therefore, adjustments of the nutrient solution are often necessary according to the plant material for multiplication. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of NPK fertilization on production and leaf nutrient contents of eucalyptus cuttings in nutrient solution. The study was conducted from November 2008 to January 2009 in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized fractional factorial (4 x 4 x 4)½, with a total of 32 treatments with three replications. The treatments consisted of four doses of N (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) as urea, P (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg L-1) in the form of phosphoric acid and K (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) in the form of potassium chloride in the nutrient solution. Only the effect of N alone was significant for the number and dry weight of minicuttings per ministump, with a linear decreasing effect with increasing N levels. The highest number of cuttings was obtained at a dose of 50, 7.5 and 50 mg L-1 of N, P and K, respectively.

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Résumé de la thèse Le travail de thèse «VOIR LE MONDE COMME UNE IMAGE. Le schème de l'image mimétique dans la philosophie de Platon (Cratyle, Sophiste, Timée) » d'Alexandre NEVSKY étudie la conception philosophique de l'image chez Platon. En posant la question : qu'est-ce que l'image pour Platon? l'étude se propose, dans un premier temps, d'analyser la manière précise dont l'idée de l'image fonctionne dans l'articulation logique de l'enquête platonicienne, en se basant avant tout sur trois dialogues majeurs où cette idée est explicitement thématisée par Platon lui-même, à savoir le Cratyle, le Sophiste et le Timée. Par une analyse détaillée de ces textes, Alexandre Nevsky essaie de démontrer que l'idée de l'image fonctionne comme un schème euristique dont la logique interne détermine les moments clés dans le déroulement de chaque dialogue examiné, et constitue ainsi une véritable méthode d'investigation philosophique pour Platon. En suivant cette stratégie platonicienne, l'auteur nous montre quel rôle le schème de l'image joue selon Platon d'abord dans la constitution du langage (le Cratyle), puis, dans celle du discours (le Sophiste) et, enfin, dans celle du monde (le Timée). Une telle approche lui permet de revoir l'interprétation traditionnelle de certains passages clés, célèbres pour leurs difficultés, en mettant en évidence la façon dont la nouvelle perspective platonicienne, introduite grâce au schème de l'image, permet de formuler une solution philosophique originale du problème initial. On y trouve ainsi rediscutés, pour ne citer que quelques exemples, la théorie curieuse de l'imitation phonétique et le problème de la justesse propre du nom-image, la définition philosophique de la notion d'image et la distinction platonicienne entre limage-ressemblance et l'image-apparence, la logique paradoxale de l'introduction d'un troisième genre dans la structure ontologique de l'être et la question du sens exact à donner au «discours vraisemblable » de Platon sur la naissance de l'univers. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude tente de dégager, derrière la méthode heuristique basée sur le schème de l'image, une véritable conception de l'image mimétique chez Platon. L'une des idées principales de la thèse est ici de montrer que cette conception présente une solution philosophique de Platon au problème de l'apparence archaïque. Car, face à la question sophistique : comment une chose - que ce soit le discours ou le monde - peut-elle être une apparence, quelque chose qui n'existe pas? Platon apporte une réponse tout à fait originale elle le peut en tant qu'image. Or, l'image n'est pas une simple apparence illusoire, elle est le reflet d'une autre réalité, indépendante et véritable, que l'on doit supposer, selon Platon, même quand sa nature exacte nous échappe encore. La conception platonicienne de l'image apparaît ainsi comme un pendant indispensable de la théorie des Formes intelligibles et aussi comme son étape préalable au niveau de laquelle l'âme du philosophe, dans son ascension vers la vérité, se retrouve dans un espace intermédiaire, déjà au-delà des illusions du monde phénoménal, mais encore en-deçà des engagements métaphysiques de la théorie des Formes.

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We have performed a detailed study of the zenith angle dependence of the regeneration factor and distributions of events at SNO and SK for different solutions of the solar neutrino problem. In particular, we discuss the oscillatory behavior and the synchronization effect in the distribution for the LMA solution, the parametric peak for the LOW solution, etc. A physical interpretation of the effects is given. We suggest a new binning of events which emphasizes the distinctive features of the zenith angle distributions for the different solutions. We also find the correlations between the integrated day-night asymmetry and the rates of events in different zenith angle bins. The study of these correlations strengthens the identification power of the analysis.

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Castor bean is a nutrient-demanding species, but there is still little information on its micronutrient requirements. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of levels of B (2.5, 12.5 and 25.0 µmol L-1), Cu (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 µmol L-1), Mn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) and Zn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) in a nutrient solution on plant B, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations and uptake, vegetative growth and fruit yield of castor bean "Iris", grown in greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The first deficiency symptoms were observed for B, followed by Zn, Cu and Mn. The main changes in the cell ultrastructure due to lack of B were thickening of the cell walls and middle lamellae, distorted chloroplasts and tightly stacked thylakoids, besides the absence of starch grains. The Mn, Zn and Cu deficiencies led to disruption of chloroplasts, disintegration of thylakoids and absence of amyloplasts. The concentration and uptake of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in castor bean plants increased with micronutrient supply in the solution. Fruit yield was drastically reduced by B and Mn deficiencies. On the other hand, the dry matter yield of the shoot and root of castor bean plants was not. In the treatment with full nutrient solution, the leaves accumulated 56 and 48 % of the total B and Mn taken up by the plants, respectively, and the seeds and roots 85 and 61 % of the total Cu and Zn taken up, respectively. This shows the high demand of castor bean Iris for B and Mn for fruit yield.

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The rate of carbon dioxide production is commonly used as a measure of microbial activity in the soil. The traditional method of CO2 determination involves trapping CO2 in an alkali solution and then determining CO2 concentration indirectly by titration of the remaining alkali in the solution. This method is still commonly employed in laboratories throughout the world due to its relative simplicity and the fact that it does not require expensive, specific equipment. However, there are several drawbacks: the method is time-consuming, requires large amounts of chemicals and the consistency of results depends on the operator's skills. With this in mind, an improved method was developed to analyze CO2 captured in alkali traps, which is cheap and relatively simple, with a substantially shorter sample handling time and reproducibility equivalent to the traditional titration method. A comparison of the concentration values determined by gas phase flow injection analysis (GPFIA) and titration showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), but GPFIA has the advantage that only a tenth of the sample volume of the titration method is required. The GPFIA system does not require the purchase of new, costly equipment but the device was constructed from items commonly found in laboratories, with suggestions for alternative configurations for other detection units. Furthermore, GPFIA for CO2 analysis can be equally applied to samples obtained from either the headspace of microcosms or from a sampling chamber that allows CO2 to be released from alkali trapping solutions. The optimised GPFIA method was applied to analyse CO2 released from degrading hydrocarbons from a site contaminated by diesel spillage.

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This guide provides a clear, concise, and cohesive presentation of cement-bound materials options for 10 specific engineering pavement applications: new concrete pavements, concrete overlays, previous concrete, precast pavements, roller-compacted concrete, cement-treated base, full-depth reclamation with cement, cement-modified soils, recycled concrete aggregates, and repair and restoration. Each application is presented as a method for meeting specific design and construction objectives that today’s pavement practitioners must accomplish. The benefits, considerations, brief description, and summary of materials, design, and construction requirements, as well as a list of sustainable attributes, are provided for every solution. This guide is intended to be short, simple, and easy to understand. It was designed so that the most up-to-date and relevant information is easily extractable. It is not intended to be used as a design guide for any of the applications identified herein. Recommendations for additional information that can provide such details are given at the end of each solution discussion. The intended audience is practitioners, including engineers and managers who face decisions regarding what materials to specify in the pavement systems they design or manage. The audience also includes city and county engineers, along with the A/E firms that often represent them, and state DOT engineers at all levels who are seeking alternatives in this era of changing markets.

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Rice in Rio Grande do Sul State is grown mostly under flooding, which induces a series of chemical, physical and biological changes in the root environment. These changes, combined with the presence of rice plants, affect the availability of exchangeable ammonium (NH4+) and pH of soil solution, whereas the dynamics of both variables can be influenced by soil salinity, a common problem in the coastal region. This study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the soil solution, and their relation in the solution of Albaqualf soils with different salinity levels, under rice. Four field experiments were conducted with soils with exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of 5.6, 9.0, 21.2, and 32.7 %. Prior to flooding, soil solution collectors were installed at depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm. The soil solution was collected weekly, from 7 to 91 days after flooding (DAF), to analyze exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the samples. Plant tissue was sampled 77 DAF, to determine N uptake and estimate the contribution of other N forms to rice nutrition. The content of exchangeable NH4+ decreased over time at all sites and depths, with a more pronounced reduction in soils with lower salinity levels, reaching values close to zero. A possible contribution of non-exchangeable NH4+ forms and N from soil organic matter to rice nutrition was observed. Soil pH decreased with time in soils with ESP 5.6 and 9.0 %, being positively correlated with the decreasing NH4+ levels at these sites.

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Le projet s'intéresse aux socialisations des jeunes cyclistes sur route dans la phase de la carrière où ils deviennent des espoirs nationaux. Pour certains, cela correspond au passage d'une structure sportive amateur de haut niveau vers une équipe professionnelle. Cette phase semble constituer un moment clé de la consommation de produits dopants. Ces espoirs sont exposés à un nouvel environnement et une nouvelle logique professionnelle s'impose à eux, avec ses espoirs de carrière et de profits et ses risques. Ils sont confrontés à de nouveaux groupes sociaux avec lesquels s'établit un système d'interactions. Avec le temps, ces groupes vont notamment inculquer aux jeunes coureurs de nouvelles normes en matière de santé, de fatigue, d'expériences, d'éthique et d'entraînement.Il s'agit plus particulièrement d'observer les modes de socialisation des jeunes espoirs du cyclisme pour comprendre comment s'immiscent les pratiques de dopage dans les biographies des sportifs. Dans une optique de prévention, ce travail se propose d'étudier les effets de la socialisation. Comme le souligne H. Becker (1985), la déviance est le fruit d'un acte collectif. Il s'agit alors de comprendre comment, au contact de divers groupes encadrants (pairs, entraîneurs, dirigeants, médecins), les savoir-faire mais aussi les normes, les valeurs se construisent au cours de la phase de socialisation professionnelle. Il est important de comprendre les effets des interactions entre ces groupes et le jeune espoir. Cette socialisation semble correspondre à l'inculcation d'une culture cycliste qu'il s'agira de décrire en prenant en compte deux formes de transmission des normes : une explicite, à certains moments de la journée, où sont abordées les techniques de course, les tactiques, les modes d'entraînement et une implicite, pendant laquelle sont diffusées des valeurs qui conduisent le sportif à faire le choix du dopage. Dans le cas du dopage, nous nous intéresserons notamment aux normes de santé, d'éthique, aux conceptions de la pratique sportive en adéquation avec le suivi médical pendant la phase amateur puis néo-professionnelle. La formation, ou transformation, de ces représentations sera appréhendée à travers les interactions entre coureurs et encadrement lors des différents moments de leur quotidien. Il s'agira également d'étudier le cadre social de ces interactions. A partir des récits de vie collectés, nous essayerons de déterminer les moments où les choix s'opèrent et nous y analyserons les conduites.L'acquisition des représentations associées au dopage est le produit du double mouvement de l'action sociale des individus et des effets des structures organisationnelles et institutionnelles. En conséquence, nous nous intéresserons également à l'influence des différents dispositifs tels que la famille, l'école, le club, la structure médicale, la fédération nationale, sur les représentations des coureurs.Cette étude reposera sur une analyse comparée des cyclistes belges, français et suisses. Les carrières seront analysées à partir d'entretiens semi-directifs (75) auprès de (1) jeunes athlètes (18-23 ans) qui vivent les phases de professionnalisation, (2) d'anciens cyclistes ayant vécu les normes de socialisation du milieu et (3) des acteurs clefs de l'organisation des différents dispositifs (entraîneurs, dirigeants, médecins). Notre démarche méthodologique s'adosse à celles déjà expérimentées dans des travaux antérieurs (notamment, Brissonneau, 2003).

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We study the dynamics of Staffman-Taylor fingering in terms of topological defects of the flow field. The defects are created and/or annihilated at the interface. The route towards the single-finger steady state is characterized by a detailed mechanism for defect annihilation. For small viscosity contrast this mechanism is impeded, and creation of new defects leads the system away from a single-finger solution. Strong evidence for a drastic reduction of the basin of attraction of the Saffman-Taylor finger is presented.

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High rates of phosphate fertilizers are applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), which may cause antagonistic interactions with other nutrients and limit crop yields when over-supplied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) levels in nutrient solution on P use efficiency, nutritional status and dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning of potato plants cv. Ágata. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of seven P levels in nutrient solution (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, and 48 mg L-1). Plants were harvested after 28 days of growth in nutrient solution, and separated in roots, stems and leaves for evaluations. The treatment effects were analyzed by regression analysis. Phosphorus levels of up to 8 mg L-1 increased the root and shoot DM accumulation, but drastically decreased the root/shoot ratio of potato cv. Ágata. Higher P availability increased P concentration, accumulation and absorption efficiency, but decreased P use efficiency. Higher P levels increased the N, P, Mg, Fe, and Mn concentrations in roots considerably and decreased K, S, Cu, and Zn concentrations. In shoot biomass, N, P, K, and Ca concentrations were significantly increased by P applied in solution, unlike Mg and Cu concentrations. Although higher P levels (> 8 mg L-1) in nutrient solution increased P concentration, accumulation and absorption efficiency, the DM accumulation and partitioning of potato cv. Ágata were not affected.

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A screened Rutherford cross section is modified by means of a correction factor to obtain the proper transport cross section computed by partial¿wave analysis. The correction factor is tabulated for electron energies in the range 0¿100 keV and for elements in the range from Z=4 to 82. The modified screened Rutherford cross section is shown to be useful as an approximation for the simulation of plural and multiple scattering. Its performance and limitations are exemplified for electrons scattered in Al and Au.

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A screened Rutherford cross section is modified by means of a correction factor to obtain the proper transport cross section computed by partial¿wave analysis. The correction factor is tabulated for electron energies in the range 0¿100 keV and for elements in the range from Z=4 to 82. The modified screened Rutherford cross section is shown to be useful as an approximation for the simulation of plural and multiple scattering. Its performance and limitations are exemplified for electrons scattered in Al and Au.