Energias renováveis para águas quentes sanitárias

Este trabalho tem como principais objetivos identificar alguns problemas ambientais, perceber as potencialidades das energias renováveis e as diversas maneiras de aproveitamento solar, estabelecer uma comparação entre o Decreto-Lei n.º 80/2006, que deixou de vigorar, e o Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013, que veio substituí-lo e dimensionar um sistema solar térmico simples com pré-fabricados de pavimento com função de coletor, recentemente criado e desenvolvido. O conhecimento das técnicas do aproveitamento solar, tanto ao nível do aproveitamento ativo como passivo, aplicadas aos edifícios, são suficientes para uma diminuição significativa na fatura energética dos edifícios, responsáveis pelo consumo de 40% da energia final. No tratamento e análise dos decretos, foi possível estudar um caso de estudo, deste modo estabelecendo mais eficazmente as diferenças entre estes. Para tal foram comparados os valores das soluções adotadas no edifício com os valores limites regulamentares pelo Decreto-Lei com os valores dispostos no Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013, procedendo a cálculos sempre que necessários. As maiores diferenças sentidas foram ao nível do cálculo das necessidades nominais anuais de energia. No caso de estudo, optou-se pela simplicidade aquando do dimensionamento dos pré-fabricados, pois este projeto está ainda numa fase inicial com muitas melhorias a serem feitas a nível do material a utilizar. A comercialização deste produto ainda não é possível, no entanto, prevê-se que o seu custo venha a ser apelativo. A conjugar com o baixo custo, existe o fator da versatilidade das peças, sendo possível uma instalação com variadas formas ou até mesmo padrões.

Reabilitação de pontes rodoviárias de betão armado

Cada vez mais na atualidade a reabilitação de obras de arte é de grande importância. Muitas dessas estruturas apresentam degradações e problemas estruturais consideráveis, no qual necessitam urgentemente de ações de reparação e de reforço para garantir um nível de segurança. Em Portugal só se deu uma maior importância à conservação e a reabilitação em obras de arte após a um colapso de uma ponte no concelho de Castelo de Paiva que levou à perda de vidas humanas. Este trabalho preocupa-se a dar a conhecer os vários tipos de patologias que poderão ocorrer na vida de uma ponte, desde da fase conceção e projeto até a fase de serviço, com o intuito de poder sensibilizar para futuras construções de pontes. De forma esquemática apresentam-se os diferentes tipos de inspeções, ensaios e monitorização, cujo através destes, consegue-se acompanhar o estado de conservação e o aparecimento de eventuais anomalias, que possam implicar possíveis restrições ao tráfego ou até mesmo o encerramento. De modo a poder garantir as condições de segurança e durabilidade das pontes de betão armado, ilustram-se algumas soluções e técnicas de reparação e de reforço, salientando que estas soluções e técnicas dependem da natureza e grau das anomalias, da necessidade ou não de manter a circulação de veículos e de fatores técnicos e económicos. De modo a poder exemplificar alguns aspetos importantes, nomeadamente, conservação, patologias, reparação e reforço estrutural, abordam-se duas obras de arte de Portugal Continental (um viaduto e uma ponte) que foram sujeitas a intervenções devido ao seu estado de degradação e a problemas estruturais. Por fim, apresentam-se algumas obras de arte pertencentes à Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) onde foram detetadas alguns problemas. Neste sentido, expõem-se algumas soluções às patologias abordadas no contacto visual, de forma a expor o conhecimento adquirido ao longo deste trabalho.

Reabilitação de habitações do Imaculado Coração de Maria, concelho do Funchal

A presente dissertação baseou-se num estudo de reabilitação, a custos controlados, para obras de melhoramento em habitações degradadas na Freguesia do Imaculado Coração de Maria, Concelho do Funchal. Este trabalho resulta da colaboração num projeto denominado “UMa Intervenção", projeto esse que consiste num programa de apoio a famílias carenciadas e com baixos rendimentos residentes na referida freguesia. Este projeto surge da colaboração dos seguintes intervenientes: Grupo de Engenharia Civil da UMa (GECUMa), Departamento da Pastoral do Ensino Superior da UMa (DPESUMa) e diracção autártica local. Esta colaboração consiste em elaborar um relatório técnico para cada habitação em estudo, que engloba várias tarefas e segue com a seguinte ordenação: inicia com uma visita à habitação a fim de se fazer o levantamento do estado de degradação em que esta se encontra e tirar medições para posteriormente estimar as quantidades de materiais necessários para as obras de melhoramento. De seguida, com base nos dados recolhidos durante a visita, são estudadas e apresentadas soluções para reparação das patologias identificadas, sendo indicadas várias soluções alternativas à resolução de cada problema, são calculadas as quantidades necessárias dos materiais e são consultados vários fornecedores, a fim de estimar o custo de cada solução, incluindo somente o custo dos materiais, uma vez que é objetivo angariar a mão-de-obra através de voluntariado. Finalmente, para estimar o custo final das obras de melhoramento, o estudo centra-se na solução que se considera mais adequada, por ser de execução mais simples e mais económica, tendo em conta os limitados meios disponíveis, nomeadamente a falta de equipamentos e de mão-de-obra especializada. A isto soma-se a muito limitada disponibilidade financeira, que consistiu a mais forte limitação à proposta de soluções de melhoramento.

Os efeitos do plasma não térmico à pressão atmosférica no desenvolvimento larval e anomalias morfológicas de Drosophila Melanogaster

O plasma não térmico nos cuidados de saúde é um campo emergente que tem as suas raízes na ciência de plasmas. Este tipo de investigação tem crescido rapidamente e é agora objeto de um amplo esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar envolvendo a medicina, a biologia, a física, a química e a engenharia. Têm sido feitos vários trabalhos de modo a elucidar quais as interações das espécies produzidas pelo plasma com os sistemas vivos. É evidente que o mecanismo da interação do plasma com os sistemas vivos é complexo, em parte devido à complexidade do plasma mas principalmente devido à enorme complexidade da biologia. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi observar os efeitos do plasma não térmico à pressão atmosférica (PNTPAs) no desenvolvimento larval e anomalias morfológicas de Drosophila melanogaster. Para o efeito, foram expostas e analisadas fenotipicamente 2.566 larvas após exposição, dos diferentes estádios (1.º, 2.º e 3.º) de desenvolvimento. Os testes foram realizados com aplicações de plasma com e sem ultra violeta, em duas linhas diferentes de Drosophila; uma linha selvagem preparada por nós e uma linha laboratorial. A análise fenotípica revelou que após exposição as larvas apresentavam alterações no fenótipo e no comportamento que não foram observadas no controlo, nomeadamente anomalias nas mudas, traqueias partidas, formação de massas melanóticas que podiam persistir até à fase adulta, excesso de gotículas lipídicas, atraso no desenvolvimento, comportamento de não alimentação e formação de pupa imatura que levava à formação de pupa precoce e morte pupal. Na fase pupal, as anomalias mais comuns estavam relacionadas com a forma do pupário (causadas pela pipação prematura), apresentando um desenvolvimento aberrante. Entre os vários fenótipos observados, o mais significativo foi o criptocefálico (alterações na eversão dos discos imaginais) levando à morte pupal. Nos adultos, as principais anomalias morfológicas foram registadas na formação e segmentação das patas, na forma e padrão das nervuras das asas e na formação do tórax. A similaridade destes resultados com trabalhos publicados relacionados com a hormona esteróide ecdisona indicam que provavelmente o PNTPA poderá ter influenciado a biossíntese e/ou a regulação da ecdisona, a principal hormona que regula o desenvolvimento e a metamorfose em Drosophila.

Proposta de método para avaliação do desempenho térmico de residências unifamiliares em clima quente e úmido

Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior

Modos projetuais de simulação: uso de ferramentas de simulação térmica no processo projetual de arquitetura

This thesis aims to describe and demonstrate the developed concept to facilitate the use of thermal simulation tools during the building design process. Despite the impact of architectural elements on the performance of buildings, some influential decisions are frequently based solely on qualitative information. Even though such design support is adequate for most decisions, the designer will eventually have doubts concerning the performance of some design decisions. These situations will require some kind of additional knowledge to be properly approached. The concept of designerly ways of simulating focuses on the formulation and solution of design dilemmas, which are doubts about the design that cannot be fully understood nor solved without using quantitative information. The concept intends to combine the power of analysis from computer simulation tools with the capacity of synthesis from architects. Three types of simulation tools are considered: solar analysis, thermal/energy simulation and CFD. Design dilemmas are formulated and framed according to the architect s reflection process about performance aspects. Throughout the thesis, the problem is investigated in three fields: professional, technical and theoretical fields. This approach on distinct parts of the problem aimed to i) characterize different professional categories with regards to their design practice and use of tools, ii) investigate preceding researchers on the use of simulation tools and iii) draw analogies between the proposed concept, and some concepts developed or described in previous works about design theory. The proposed concept was tested in eight design dilemmas extracted from three case studies in the Netherlands. The three investigated processes are houses designed by Dutch architectural firms. Relevant information and criteria from each case study were obtained through interviews and conversations with the involved architects. The practical application, despite its success in the research context, allowed the identification of some applicability limitations of the concept, concerning the architects need to have technical knowledge and the actual evolution stage of simulation tools

Análise bioclimática do bairro do Renascença II São Luis-MA: realidade e perspectiva do conforto térmico em espaços externos

The present research concerns about outdoor s thermal comfort conditions in hot-humid climate cities, understanding that life quality is a result of the urban object s type built for the human being in an environment with specific climate and morphological characteristics. It is presented as object of study the correlation between the neighborhood Renascença II s microclimate in São Luis /MA-Brazil, hot-humid climate city, and its urban morphological changes. As well as the thermal comfort s satisfaction level of its outdoor users. The research has as general goal to diagnosis the way these transformations caused by the urbanization influence the Renascença II s microclimate, identifying critical spots of the studied area, in order to contribute with land use recommendations based on bioclimatic architecture concepts and supply bases to urban design decisions adequate to the São Luis climate. It is presented as theoretical bases the urban climate, its concepts and elements. After that, the thermal comfort conditioners and its prediction models of thermal comfort sensation in outdoor are presented. The predictive models are presented along with bioclimatic assessment methods. Finally the use of bioclimatic assessment as an effective tool to identify places that need changes or preservation in order to seek environment quality. The applied methodology was based on the studies of Katzschner (1997), complemented by Oliveira s (1988) and Bustos Romero s (2001) studies that suggest an analysis and evaluation of maps of topography, buildings floors, land use, green areas and land covering, in order to overlap their characteristics and identify climate variable s measurements points; then a quantitative analysis of the climate variables (air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction) of the chosen points takes place. It was perceived that Renaissance II has no permanence areas as squares or parks, its outdoor has little vegetation and presets high land impermeability and built density levels. The majority of the people interviewed said that was comfortable in a range of air temperature between 27,28ºC and 30,71ºC. The elaboration of a neighborhood master plan is important, which defines strategies for improvement of the life quality of its inhabitants

Desempenho térmico de coberturas: Um estudo comparativo entre as telhas de material reciclado, de fibra e betume, fibrocimento e cerâmica

This study aims to compare the thermal performance of tiles made from recycled material (waste packaging cardboard with aluminized film) with the tiles of fiber and bitumen, fiber cement and red ceramic with the aim of verifying the suitability of tile to be used in hot and humid climate of low latitude. The samples were selected according to the availability from Natal - RN market, as they are sold to the consumers. The methodology was based on studies that used experimental apparatus composed of thermal chambers heated by banks of incandescent bulbs, to analyze the thermal performance of materials. The tiles in the study were submitted to analysis of thermal performance, thermophysical properties and absorptance, using chambers of thermal performance, measuring the thermophysical properties and portable spectrometer, respectively. Comparative analysis of thermal performance between two samples of the recycled material with dimple sizes and different amounts of aluminum were made, in order to verify, if these characteristics had some interference on the thermal performance of them; the results showed no significant performance differences between the samples. The data obtained in chambers of thermal performance and confirmed by statistical analysis, showed, that the tile of recycled material have similar thermal performance to the tile of fiber cement. In addition to these tests was carried out the automatic monitoring of a building covered with tiles of recycled material, to verify its thermal performance in a real situation. The results showed that recycled shingles must be used with technical criteria similar to those used for fiber cement tiles, with regard to the heat gain into the building. Within these criteria should be taken into account local characteristics, especially in regions with hot and humid climate, and its use must be associated, according to the literature, to elements of thermal insulation and use of passive techniques such as vented attics, ceilings and right foot higher

UBS RN-7: proposta arquitetônica para um padrão flexível de unidade básica de saúde para a zona bioclimática 7 do RN, com ênfase na sustentabilidade ambiental

Standardization and sustainability: these two apparently antagonistic words find the challenge of uniting in a flexible architectonic proposal. This was the idea that motivated the proposal of this assignment, whose appearing is bound up with the necessity of thinking about standardized spaces that attend on functional criterias and environmental sustainability, in reply to an existing real demand. The assignment consists of an architectonic proposal for a flexible standard of a Basic Unit of Health for the bioclimatic zone 7 of RN (UBS RN-7), with emphasis in the environmental sustainability. The project contemplates innumerable involved variables, such as: obedience to the current law of the Health Ministry for the UBSs; formal/aesthetic aspects; criterias of expansiveness of the UBS I for the UBS II; relative aspects to the constructive rationality and, mainly, sustainability aspects. With the intention to unite the variables and, also, glimpsing a proposal that could reach a good functional performance, aesthetic, of environment comfort and energetic efficiency, it was also necessary to consider concepts about the flexibility of the envelopment. The elaboration of the architecture first draft was based on bibliographical research, conceptual studies and references, elaboration of the architectonic program and the draft development for the UBS port I and the UBS port II. To the end, an implantation data sheet for the project is proposed for the UBS standard project, where strategies of thermal isolation, shadowing and thermal inertia are adopted and combined to three possible types of lot, resulting in 24 possibilities of implantation

Por uma moradia termicamente confortável: proposta de habitação de interesse social com ênfase no conforto térmico

This research covers the topic of social housing and its relation to thermal comfort, so applied to an architectural and urban intervention in land situated in central urban area of Macaíba/RN, Brazil. Reflecting on the role of design and use of alternative building materials in the search for better performance is one of its main goals. The hypothesis is that by changing design parameters and choice of materials, it is possible to achieve better thermal performance results. Thus, we performed computer simulations of thermal performance and natural ventilation using computational fluid dynamics or CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The presentation of the thermal simulation followed the methodology proposed in the dissertation Negreiros (2010), which aims to find the percentage of the amount of hours of comfort obtained throughout the year, while data analysis was made of natural ventilation from images generated by the images extracted from the CFD. From model building designed, was fitted an analytical framework that results in a comparison between three different proposals for dwellings housing model, which is evaluated the question of the thermal performance of buildings, and also deals with the spatial variables design, construction materials and costs. It is concluded that the final report confirmed the general hypotheses set at the start of the study, it was possible to quantify the results and identify the importance of design and construction materials are equivalent, and that, if combined, lead to gains in thermal performance potential.

Natureza morta...edifício com vida: uma arquitetura sustentável para o Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos

Sustainability in buildings, while reducing the impact on the environment, contributes to the promotion of social welfare, to increase the health and productivity of occupants. The search for a way of build that meets the aspirations and development of humanity without, however, represent degradation of the environment, has become the great challenge of contemporary architecture. It is considered that the incorporation of principles that provide a sustainable building with careful choices of design solutions contribute to a better economic and thermal performance of the building, as well as functional and psychological comfort to its users. Based on this general understanding, this paper presents an architecture project aimed to health care whose the solutions adopted follow carefully the relevant legislation and sets his sights on the theme of sustainability. The methodology began with studies on the themes of verification service of deaths, sustainability and those application in construction developed through research in academic studies and analysis of architectural projects, using them like reference for the solutions adopted. Within the project analysis was performed a visit to the verification service of deaths in the city of Palmas in Tocantins, subsidizing information that, plus the relevant legislation, led to functional programming and pre-dimensional of the building to be designed. The result of this programming environments were individual records with information from environmental restrictions, space required for the development of activities, desirable flow and sustainability strategies, that can be considered as the first product of relevance of the professional master's degree. Finally we have outlined the basic design architecture of a Verification Service of Death SVO/RN (in portuguese), whose process of projecting defined as a guiding line of work four points: the use of bioclimatic architecture as the main feature projectual, the use of resources would provide minimal harm to the environment, the use of modulation and structure to the building as a form of rationalization and finally the search for solutions that ensure environmental and psychological comfort to users. Importantly to highlight that, besides owning a rare theme in literature that refers to architectural projects, the whole project was drawn up with foundations in projective criteria that contribute to environmental sustainability, with emphasis on thermal performance, energy efficiency and reuse of rainwater

Fachada flexível para casa padronizada em condomínios

The employment of flexibility in the design of façades makes them adaptable to adverse weather conditions, resulting in both minimization of environmental discomfort and improvement of energy efficiency. The present study highlights the potential of flexible façades as a resource to reduce rigidity and form repetition, which are usually employed in condominiums of standardized houses; as such, the work presented herein contributes to field of study of architectural projects strategies for adapting and integrating buildings within the local climate context. Two façade options were designed using as reference the bionics and the kinetics, as well as their applications to architectural constructions. This resulted in two lightweight and dynamic structures, which cater to constraints of comfort through combinations of movements, which control the impact of solar radiation and of cooling in the environment. The efficacy and technical functionality of the façades were tested with comfort analysis and graphic computation software, as well as with physical models. Thus, the current research contributes to the improvement of architectural solutions aimed at using passive energy strategies in order to offer both better quality for the users and for the sustainability of the planet

Qualidade do ar interior e conforto térmico : um estudo em espaços de estacionamento em Natal/RN

The recent tendency to utilize parking lots for other purposes has demonstrated that more time has been spent by visitors, mainly in great cities. Therefore, this paper investigates the thermal comfort and the air quality indoors in areas specifically used as parking lots by analyzing the direct relation between such environments and vehicular pollution. The thermal comfort and the quality of air indoors in parking lots with different architectonic typology (ground-floor and underground) are also studied, aiming to contribute to the proposition of suitable new areas designated to human usage. Field research was done, in two distinct periods within different weather conditions (January and July) in, two naturally cooled, parking lots located in Natal - RN. The internal environment agents were measured by using tools for air temperature, humidity, speed and direction; interviews with employees and visitors and chemical analysis through appropriate tools to analyze specific material, carbon monoxide and ozone. The results showed that chemical agents densely concentrate mostly in the closed parking space, aggravated by weather conditions, which dissatisfied the visitors. Still, it was shown that architectonic typology, alongside topographical aspects compromise internal environmental conditions, which increases the retention of pollution, leading to dissatisfactory thermal comfort levels and becoming less suitable for usage by visitors considering air and thermal comfort aspects. Consequently, they are not suitable for human stay due to the poor quality of the indoor air

Qualificação de edifícios residenciais verticais em Natal/RN à luz do regulamento técnico da qualidade para o nível de eficiência energética de edificações residenciais (RTQ-R)

The goal of the research was to investigate the energy performance of residential vertical buildings envelope in the hot and humid climate of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, based in the Technical Regulation of Quality for Energy Efficiency Level in Residential Buildings (RTQ -R), launched in 2010. The study pretends to contribute to the development of design strategies appropriate to the specific local climate and the increasing of energy efficiency level of the envelope. The methodological procedures included the survey in 22 (twenty two) residential buildings, the formulation of representative prototypes based on typological and constructives characters researched and the classification of the level of energy efficiency in the envelopment of these prototypes, using as a tool the prescriptive method of the RTQ-R and the parametric analyzes from assigning different values of the following variables: shape of the pavement type; distribution of housing compartments; orientation of the building; area and shading of openings; thermal transmittance, and solar absorptance of opaque materials of the frontage in order to evaluate the influence of these on the envelopment performance. The main results accomplished with this work includes the qualification of vertical residential buildings in Natal/RN; the verification of the adequacy of these buildings to local climate based from the diagnosis of the thermal energy of the envelopment performance, the identification of variables with more significant influence on the prescriptive methodology of RTQ-R and design solutions more favorable to obtain higher levels energy efficiency by this method. Finally, it was verified, that some of these solutions proved contradictory in relation to the recommendations contained in the theoretical approaches regarding environmental comfort in hot and humid weather, which indicates the need for improvement of the prescriptive method RTQ-R and further research on efficient design solutions

Análise bioclimática e investigação do conforto térmico em ambientes externos: uma experiência no bairro de Petrópolis em Natal/RN

This study was intended to investigate how the urban form has been influencing the changes in the climate of the city and make a correlation between the climate and the thermal sensation of the users of open spaces. The research was developed in the district of Petrópolis in Natal/ RN whose occupation has been almost consolidated. Among other reasons, this district was selected because it was planned considering the environmental aspects of comfort. The methodologies used are based on KATZSCHNER (1997) and OLIVEIRA (1988) studies, which suggest the drawing and analysis of maps of the area under study, including topography, height of the buildings, land use, green areas, and types of soil pavement, as well as measurement of the environmental variables: air temperature, relative humidity, direction and wind speed for a comparative study. As part of this, study local users of the district were interviewed about their thermal sensations in open spaces. For the statistical analysis, data was collected at 10 distinct points characterized by BUSTOS ROMERO (2002), being 8 within the district and 2 at different places (outside the district), at climatologic stations, in 3 periods (August/2000, January/2002 and June/2002), for 4 consecutive days for each measurement (from Sunday to Wednesday) at the time of lower and higher temperatures in the city, 6:00 am and 1:00 pm, respectively. At the same time interviews were carried out with users of the open spaces in the area, totaling 171 valid formularies. The urban form showed a rather leveled topography, great diversity of land use and height of the buildings, with the existence of an area mostly occupied with high buildings, very little green area and soil practically impermeable. The statistical analysis showed high temperature and humidity levels. The wind direction is predominantly Southeast with extremely variable speeds. When the data from this district is compared with the data from other areas in the city and its outskirt, it was observed that this district is hotter and less ventilated than the others; besides, most users said that they felt uncomfortable in the local environmental conditions. The results of the analysis generated a zoning for the district with recommendations for soil occupation. The profile of the user was defined regarding the thermal comfort, as well as some discussion about the comfort parameters, including the proposal of limiting areas of temperature and humidity for the thermal comfort in the open spaces