928 resultados para RECYCLING
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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A indústria de reciclagem vem se desenvolvendo no Brasil desde o começo dos anos noventa, o que resulta em elevados índices de reciclagem e tecnologia de ponta na reciclagem de alguns materiais. Requisitada como estratégia para a gestão dos resíduos no destino final, a reciclagem possui a particularidade de ser uma atividade econômica bastante rentável. Este artigo analisa os índices da indústria de reciclagem dos materiais no Brasil. Com base nos resultados obtidos através da consulta bibliográfica e dados estatísticos oriundos de fontes primárias e secundárias, conclui-se que a atividade da reciclagem dos materiais no Brasil se presta a satisfazer exclusivamente às demandas econômicas do setor. Neste sentido, a contribuição ambiental da reciclagem perde relevância visto que o crescimento da atividade está condicionado às demandas da cadeia produtiva industrial
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Disposal of tons of sludge produced daily by sewage treatment plants in large cities is a serious problem. Because recycling and application in agriculture have been proposed, the Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA, 2006) issued a legal norm that regulates the use of the sewage sludge (SS) in crops. Due to the complex chemical nature of such products, characterization by analytical methods for health and environmental risk assessment has severe limitations. To overcome such limitations, it is necessary to (1) assess the toxicological potential of SS and (2) identify possible adverse effects in vivo in order to provide critical information for future environmental regulations. The present study was conducted to determine the potential toxicity of SS obtained from a representative urban treatment plant located in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Male and female Wistar rats were fed ad libitum a pelleted diet containing varying amounts of SS. No relevant clinical, hematological, urinary, or gross organ morphological alterations were observed in both genders of rats orally exposed to SS at up to 3.8 g/kg/d for 90 d. Sewage slude produced increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocyte hyperplasia at the high dose and significantly increased aspartate aminotransferease (AST) activities at all doses in both genders. Although the present data indicate some liver involvement, these alterations were considered adaptative and not toxicologically relevant, as the responses were relatively mild, not dose dependent, and no other parameters were markedly affected. The present results may contribute to the establishment of protocols for potential usage in SS agricultural soil application.
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Nowadays, as well as in the past decades, the dumping of biodegradable organic waste in landfill is common practice in Brazil, as well as in most parts of the world. Nevertheless due to its rapid decomposition and release of odors, this practice hamper’s the operation and implementation of a recycling system. These facts encouraged our research to find an efficient system for the management of organic waste, not only for the use of official workers responsible for managing these wastes, but also for non-governmental institutions. The Recycling for Life Community Association – ACREVI (Associação Comunitária Reciclando para a Vida), together with the municipal authorities of Mossoró-RN, Brazil, have assumed the social role of collecting and recycling solid waste produced by most of the local population. However, it was observed that the organic waste it collected was not receiving any treatment. This present work aims to make compost with mixed waste (green waste and organic household), and then do chemical analysis of the material in view to use the waste as organic fertilizer. The objective being: to share the knowledge acquired by putting it into a very simple language accessible to people with little education. The experiment was conducted at ACREVI, Mossoró (RN), and the compost was obtained following the method "windrow", forming three cells (I, II, III) with conical shape, dimensions of 1.6 meters and 2.0 meters in diameter for cells I and II, and 1.0 meters high and 2.0 meters in diameter for cell III. The process was accompanied by analysis: CHN elemental, a variation of cell temperature, humidity, pH, TKN, bulk density, nutrients and heavy metals. Stabilized organic compounds reached the C/N ratio of 10.4/1 cell I and 10.4/1 in the cell II in the cell, showing how good soil conditions, with potential to improve the physical properties of any soil and pH acid soils, has presented the cell III at the end of the process the C/N 26/1, is a high ratio may be associated with the stack size III, thus changing the optimal conditions for the occurrence of the process. The levels of heavy metals in the analyzed compounds were lower than those established by the SDA normative instruction, Nº 27, of 5 June, 2006. The use of pruning trees and grass are used in small-scale composting, while generating a quality compost in the final process, it also created an important condition for a correct sizing of the composting piles. Under the studied conditions it is not advisable to use cells with a height of 1.00 m in height and 2.00 m in diameter, as these do not prevent the rapid dissipation of heat and thus can not be a good product at the end of composting. The composting process in the shed of the association and the preparation of the primer enabled the development of an alternative technology to generate income for members of ACREVI.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Seasonal variations of C, N and P concentrations and stocks in the emergent macrophyte Echinochloa polystachya (H.B.K.) Hitchcock, of the Paranapanema River mouth zone at Jurumirim Reservoir (SP, Brazil), were examined. Marked variation in nutrient concentrations (from 287.6 to 463.2 mg C g DW-1; 3.4 to 37.8 mg N g DW-1; 0.13 to 2.31 mg P g DW-1) and stocks (from 3.8 to 11.9 t C ha(-1); 96.3 to 400.6 kg N ha(-1), 3.6 to 44.3 kg P ha(-1)) were observed along the year (August 1993 - July 1994). Peaks in concentrations and stocks were observed in January, February and March 1994. As nutrient concentrations in water and sediments are low and stocks in the plant high, the local nutrient dynamics seem to be controlled by this macrophyte. Leaf blades and sheaths participate most in recycling, while stems contain the principal nutrient stock.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The recycling of soft drink bottles poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been used as an additive in varnish containing alkyd resin. The PET, called to recycled PET (PET-R), was added to the varnish in increasing amounts. Samples of varnish containing PET-R (VPET-R) were used as a film onto slides and its thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetry (TG). Throughout the visual analysis and thermal behavior of VPET-R it is possible to identify that the maximum amount of PET-R added to the varnish without changing in the film properties was 2%.The kinetic parameters, such as activation energy (E) and the pre-exponential factor (A) were calculated by the isoconversional Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method for the samples containing 0.5 to 2.0% PET-R. A decrease in the values of E was verified for lower amounts of PET-R for the thermal decomposition reaction. A kinetic compensation effect (KCE) represented by the lnA=-13.42+0.23E equation was observed for all samples. The most suitable kinetic model to describe this decomposition process is the autocatalytic Sestak-Berggren, being the model applied to heterogeneous systems.
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The large use of plastics has generated a waste deposit problem. Today plastic wastes represent 20% in volume of the total waste in the municipal landfills. To solve the disposal problem of plastics methods have been employed such as incineration, recycling, landfill disposal, biodegradation and the use of biodegradable polymers. Incineration of plastic wastes provokes pollution due to the production of poisonous gases. Recycling is important to reduce final costs of plastic materials, but is not enough in face of the amount of discarded plastic. In landfills plastic wastes remain undegraded for a long time, causing space and pollution problems. Biodegradation is a feasible method to treat some plastics, but intensive research is necessary to find conditions for the action of microorganisms. All of these methods are important and the practical application of each one depends on the type and amount of the plastic wastes and the environmental conditions. Therefore, a great deal of research has focused on developing biodegradable plastics and its application because it is an important way for minimizing the effect of the large volume of plastic waste discarded in the world.
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As propriedades químicas do solo variam com a cultura e manejo utilizados. O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as propriedades químicas de solo sob reflorestamento ciliar após 20 anos de plantio em área de Cerrado localizada na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, FEPE/UNESP, da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira. Foi realizada a análise química do solo (P, matéria orgânica (MO), pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, Al e S) em 33 módulos, com três repetições em duas profundidades (0,0 - 0,20 e 0,20 - 0,40 m), com delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema hierárquico. Os resultados indicaram que as propriedades químicas do solo sob o reflorestamento ciliar são semelhantes às propriedades do solo sem perturbação antrópica dessa região. As espécies plantadas no reflorestamento ciliar estão contribuindo com a deposição de material orgânico suficiente para que haja reciclagem de nutrientes, mantendo as propriedades químicas do solo em boas condições para que ocorra o estabelecimento da mata ciliar.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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O uso agrícola de resíduos orgânicos, de origem agrícola, urbana ou industrial, é uma interessante alternativa de disposição, permitindo a reciclagem de nutrientes (NPK) nos ecossistemas. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto como fonte de N e de vinhaça como fonte de K comparado ao uso de fontes minerais desses nutrientes sobre a produtividade e variáveis agroindustriais da cana-de-açúcar, por dois anos consecutivos (cana-planta e cana-soca). O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico, em Pontal - SP, e a variedade de cana-de-açúcar avaliada foi a SP 81-3250. Utilizou-se de esquema fatorial 3x2x2+1, ou seja, três tipos de resíduos (lodo de esgoto + KCl; vinhaça + uréia, e lodo de esgoto + vinhaça); dois modos de aplicação (na linha de plantio ou em área total); duas doses (100 e 200% do N e K necessários à cultura) e um tratamento adicional com adubação mineral, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos na área em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas a produtividade e as variáveis agroindustriais (°brix, pol no caldo, fibra, pureza, pol na cana, AR e ATR). As produtividades de colmo e de açúcar para cana-planta foram mantidas quando N e K foram fornecidos pelo lodo de esgoto e vinhaça, respectivamente. A cana-soca apresentou maior produtividade de colmo e de açúcar quando foram utilizados os resíduos separadamente, complementados com fontes minerais. Quanto ao modo de aplicação, não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis analisadas.
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O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do processo de compostagem no tratamento e na reciclagem dos resíduos cama de frangos e carcaças de aves. Para tanto, o material foi disposto na composteira em camadas alternadas de cama de frango por 60 dias (pré- -compostagem), tempo necessário para que ocorresse a decomposição prévia das carcaças e assim fosse possível manipular o material e confeccionar as leiras de compostagem. Posteriormente, o material pré-compostado foi transferido para o pátio de compostagem, onde foram avaliados: peso, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, sólidos totais (ST), temperatura, pH e os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn e Cu. Foram observadas reduções elevadas de ST e principalmente de N, que durante a fase de compostagem chegou a 71,6% de perdas. Com relação ao NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, as reduções chegaram a 100%. A compostagem de carcaças e cama de frangos demonstrou ser um método eficiente para o tratamento e o aproveitamento desses resíduos.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)