994 resultados para Projeção de resultados
Resumo:
The circadian timing system (CTS) is responsible for the generation and synchronization and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has been described as the major circadian pacemaker in many mammalian species. The internal temporal organization managed by SCN is disturbed with aging bringing many pathological disorders that range from loss of complex cognitive performance to simple physiological functions. Therefore, our aim was perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects and neurochemical composition in the SCN of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) adults and older using immunohistochemical techniques. We found morphometric and neurochemical changes in th SCN o folder animals in comparison to adults, among these a possible decreased in retinal projection to the SCN of older animals, found through a decline in CTB immunostaining, which can occur due atrophy and/or decreasing of fibers from the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The Klüver-Barrera histological technique strongly suggests a decrease in those fibers from RHT. Also, by means of a morphometric study, it is found a atrophy and numerical decline of neurons in SCN of aged animals, investigated by Nissl technique, and immunostaining with NeuN and calbindin. Relative optical density (ROD) analysis were used to evaluate the expression of some neurochemical components in SCN, such as GFAP expression, which was increased in older, result that indirectly reinforces that morphological changes occurs due the aging; the vasoactive intestinal polipeptide (VIP) showed no expression alteration in SCN of older animals; the serotonin (5-HT) was descreased in the dorsomedial portion of the SCN, and neurpeptide Y (NPY) apparently also decrease due to the increase of age. Many of these modifications were seen in other animals, such as rodents, human primates and non-human primates. These data about marmoset comes to add new information of the effect of aging on structures responsibles for the circadian rhytmicity, and that some behavioral changes controlled by th SCN, and founded in aged animals, may be caused by these morphological and neurochemical changes. Although some results have been quantitatively negative, qualitatively all analysis show significant change comparing adult and older animals, perhaps due to a low sampling number. In conclusion, the marmoset presents several morphological and neurochemical changes in the SCN of aged animals compared to adults, which may result in behavioral changes that favor pathology aging related
Resumo:
The light, besides the vision stimuli, controls other process completely independent of image formation, such as the synchronization of the organismic circadian rhythms to the enviromental light/dark cycle. In mammals, this adjust occurs through the retinohypothalamic tract, a direct retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, considered to be the major circadian pacemaker. Early studies have identified only the suprachiasmatic nucleus as a retinal target in the hypothalamus. However, using more sensitive neuroanatomic tracers, other retinorecipient hypothalamic regions outside to suprachiasmatic nucleus were pointed in a great number of mammalian species. In this study, the retinohypothalamic tract was shown in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), an endemic rodent of the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast, using unilateral intravitreal injections of cholera toxin subunit b as a neuronal tracer. The results reveal that in the rock cavy, besides the suprachiasmatic nucleus, several hypothalamic regions receive direct retinal projection, such as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, the supraoptic nucleus and bordering areas, anterior, lateral and rectrochiasmatic hypothalamic areas, and the subparaventricular zone. The results are discussed by comparing with those of the literature, into a functional context
Resumo:
In rodents, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) are the main components of the circadian system. The SCN is considerate the site of an endogenous biological clock because can to generate rhythm and to synchronize to the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and IGL has been related as one of the main areas that modulate the action of SCN. Both receive projections of ganglion cells of retina and this projection to SCN is called retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Moreover, the IGL is connected with SCN through of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In primates (include humans) was not still demonstrated the presence of a homologous structure to the IGL. It is believed that the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) can be the answer, but nothing it was still proven. Trying to answer that question, the objective of our study is to do a comparative analysis among PGN and IGL through of techniques immunohystochemicals, neural tracers and FOS expression after dark pulses. For this, we used as experimental model a primate of the new world, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Ours results may contribute to the elucidation of this lacuna in the circadian system once that the IGL is responsible for the transmission of nonphotic information to SCN and participate in the integration between photic and nonphotic stimulus to adjust the function of the SCN. In this way to find a same structure in primates represent an important achieve in the understanding of the biological rhythms in those animals
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The retinal projections in mammals usually reach, classically, three major functional systems: the primary visual system, the accessory optic system, and the circadian timing system. But the retinal projections also reach areas classically considered non-visual, one of which groups the neurons of the zona incerta (ZI), target this study. The primary visual system includes thalamic lateral geniculate complex is formed by the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and other Components. The accessory optic system is composed of the small nuclei: nuclei terminal dorsal, lateral, medial and the interstitial nucleus of the superior posterior fasciculus. These nuclei are involved in visuo-motor activities. The circadian timing system is comprised of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, that act as master circadian pacemaker, entraining pathways and efferents pathways to the efectors, and the intergeniculate leaflet, that seems to act as a modulator of the pacemaker. The retinal projections too reach classically considered non-visual areas, including the zona incerta. This region is localized in the ventral thalamus and has been implicated in various functional properties including nociceptive and somatosensory processing, motor response, sociosexual behaviour, feeding and drinking, in symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, arousal and attention. It also displays connection with several areas of central nervous system. The aim of this study was characterize the retinal projection in the zona incerta of Callithrix jacchus (sagüi), a primate of the New World through the anterograde axonal transport of the cholera toxin subunit b and analyze the citoarchicteture using Nissl and NeuN, and neurochemical substances such as serotonin, GABA, VIP, VP, GFAP and binding-calcium proteins. The zona incerta showed a different division of the literature in citoarquitetura, both by means of Nissl as neurochemical by NeuN, with a subdivision ventrolateral and dorsomedial. The neurochemical to the other substances corroborate with this subdivision. The GFAP was almost completely negative for the zona incerta, result non evidenced in previous studies yet. The 16 retinal projection in sagüi, unlike other primates and rodents, reached the caudal portion only. This work helps to make further studies are conducted based on this subdivision and the localization of the neurochemical substances associated with possible behaviors that the zona incerta is involved
Resumo:
The Zona Incerta (ZI) is embryologically derived from the ventral thalamus, in continuity with the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Studies usingneural tracers technics have allowed identify a complex connectional map including the ZI. Futhermore, cytochemical, molecular and functional data have shown abundant variability in the neurochemical contend in the ZI, as well as,the involvement of the ZI in the modulation of nociception, attention, alertness, control and maintenance of posture and control of visceral activity. This work aims to characterize the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical content of the ZI in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), and a direct retinal-ZI pathway present in this species. The Nissl staining is effective for the delineation and characterization of ZI citoarchitecture. ZIc receives a contralateral retinal projection showing varicosities, suggesting a modulatory character of photic information. The ZI in the rock cavy, as in others rodents and primates, is characterized by a complex neurochemical signature. The ZI neurochemistry presents great diversity, especially in the medial portion of ZIr, where we have found immunoreactivity of all neuroactive substances investigated, and that NOS-IR, GFAP and CR helped the delimitation of middle ZI in ZId and ZIv. Nevertheless, just 5-HT-IR fibers are present in all subdivisions of the ZI. These data demonstrate the great wealth of the neurochemistry of rock cavy s ZI and a direct retinal modulation in the ZI, helping to explain it s broad functional repertory
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Planejar e aplicar um programa de orientação em nutrição, realizado por nutricionista e destinado a professores de 1ª a 4ª série do ensino fundamental, visando analisar a contribuição desse profissional no resultado do projeto Criança Saudável, Educação Dez quanto ao conhecimento dos escolares. MÉTODOS: O trabalho foi realizado em duas escolas públicas, A e B, nas quais foi desenvolvido o projeto educativo, sendo que na primeira os professores foram apoiados por um programa de orientação realizado por profissional nutricionista. Antes e depois do desenvolvimento do projeto educativo foi aplicado um instrumento para avaliar o conhecimento dos escolares sobre alimentação e nutrição. RESULTADOS: Os escolares da Escola A apresentaram mudança significante (p<0,01) no conhecimento de alimentação e nutrição após o desenvolvimento do projeto educativo, o que não ocorreu entre os estudantes da Escola B (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a realização de programa de orientação, prestada por nutricionistas aos professores para desenvolverem o projeto educativo, maximizou os resultados, gerando mudança significante no conhecimento dos escolares sobre alimentação e nutrição. Tais resultados apontam a importância da capacitação do nutricionista para atuar em educação nutricional, indicando que o campo pedagógico merece aprofundamento nos cursos de graduação, de modo a permitir ao aluno e futuro profissional uma compreensão alicerçada e sólida do processo educativo.
Resumo:
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação pré-operatória é a chave principal para um bom preparo pré-operatório e manuseio intra-operatório. Quando realizada em nível ambulatorial permite uma análise melhor, possibilitando investigações adicionais, melhorando a qualidade do preparo e diminuindo os custos hospitalares. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a implantação e o desenvolvimento do Serviço de Avaliação Pré-Anestésica (SAPAN) em Hospital Universitário, verificando quais foram as dificuldades e os resultados positivos encontrados. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados os dados relativos aos pacientes atendidos no ambulatório do SAPAN, pelos médicos em especialização com supervisão de um docente, nos primeiros nove meses de instalação. A consulta era feita seguindo uma ficha padronizada. Ao término, os pacientes eram liberados para o procedimento cirúrgico ou encaminhados para consulta com outros especialistas para controle de doenças específicas. Analisou-se o número de pacientes avaliados e o número de procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos realizados nesse período e as diversas especialidades cirúrgicas, porcentagem de pacientes com intervenção cirúrgica suspensa por necessidade de controle de doenças, e as especialidades clínicas mais solicitadas. RESULTADOS: Realizaram-se 913 consultas ambulatoriais e 5.409 intervenções cirúrgicas eletivas. Várias clínicas não encaminharam seus pacientes para a avaliação. Por necessidade clínica, 11,9% dos pacientes tiveram o procedimento cirúrgico suspenso, e as clínicas envolvidas foram cardiologia (43,08%), pneumologia (25,74%), hematologia (21,65%) e endocrinologia (9,52%). CONCLUSÕES: Embora grande parte dos pacientes não tenha sido encaminhada pelas especialidades cirúrgicas, os dados iniciais do SAPAN permitiram demonstrar os benefícios de um serviço de preparo ambulatorial dos pacientes.
Resumo:
Este estudo apresenta resultados preliminares obtidos com um novo filtro permanente de veia cava, baseado no desenho de Greenfield, com três hastes prolongadas de um total de seis, para dar estabilidade central ao filtro na luz da veia cava. Neste artigo, relatamos sua avaliação clínica preliminar quanto à aplicabilidade, eficácia e segurança. de agosto de 2004 a dezembro de 2006, 15 filtros foram implantados em nove homens e seis mulheres, com idades variando de 38 a 79 anos (média de 57,8 anos). O acesso foi feito sempre por via transjugular. As indicações foram: trombose venosa proximal, com contra-indicação de anticoagulação em 12 pacientes; complicações hemorrágicas com anticoagulação em dois pacientes; e embolia pulmonar, apesar de anticoagulação adequada, em um paciente. Os filtros foram avaliados quanto à liberação, inclinação, mau posicionamento e perfuração de cava. No seguimento, avaliou-se trombose no local de acesso, tromboembolismo venoso recorrente, migração do filtro e trombose de cava pelo ultra-som. Nenhum paciente recebeu anticoagulantes no seguimento. O filtro foi liberado com sucesso em todos os casos sem mau posicionamento, inclinação, perfuração ou trombose de acesso. Os pacientes foram seguidos entre 3 e 23 meses (média de 11 meses). Nenhum paciente teve recorrência de tromboembolismo venoso. Não houve casos de trombose de veia cava ou migração do filtro. Óbito ocorreu em sete casos, todos relacionados com a moléstia de base. Os resultados preliminares indicam potencial eficácia e segurança do uso do novo filtro no período estudado.
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com divertículo faringoesofagiano submetidos aos tratamentos cirúrgico e endoscópico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados de maneira retrospectiva 36 pacientes com divertículo faringo-esofagiano atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos, na dependência do tratamento: grupo 1 (n=24) - diverticulectomia associada á miotomia do cricofaríngeo, através de cervicotomia esquerda; grupo 2 (n=12) - diverticulostomia endoscópica usando grampeador linear. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade operatória foi nula em ambos os grupos. Complicações precoces: grupo 1 - dois pacientes desenvolveram fistula cervical e outros dois, rouquidão; grupo 2 - sem complicações. Complicações tardias: grupo 1 - sem complicações: grupo 2: recidiva da disfagia em quatro pacientes (p=0,01). O seguimento médio foi 33 meses para o grupo 1 e 28 meses para o grupo 2. CONCLUSÃO: Os dois procedimentos foram eficazes na remissão da disfagia. O tratamento cirúrgico apresentou superioridade em relação ao endoscópico, com resolução da disfagia com um único procedimento. O tratamento endoscópico deve ser reservado para os mais idosos e portadores de comorbidades.
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This work verifies the impact caused by the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy (energy-rationing program) in the results of the concessionary private companies of the public service of electric energy distribution localized in the Northeast Area. As the rationing invigorated from June 2001 to February 2002, its effects are diluted in the results presented by these companies in the second semester of 2001 and first quarter of 2002, with prominence for the last quarter of 2001, when the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore was instituted by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), consequence of the so-called General Agreement of the Electric Sector made between the federal government and the companies of the electric sector. The structure of a generic electric sector and a historical review of the Brazilian electric sector from the time it was controlled by the private enterprises, including the State control period, about 1960, and returning to the control of the private enterprises in 1990, under a new regulation structure are presented. An explanation of the models of economic regulation that Brazil used for the electric sector is made, with prominence for the price cap that is the actual effective model. The process of tariff revision foreseen in the concession contracts signed by the federal government and the concessionary companies is presented, highlighting its two stages: the tariff rebalancing that defines the new price cap and the calculation of the factor X that establishes the efficiency goals for the companies. There is made a presentation of the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy and of the consequent General Agreement of the Electric Sector, which created the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore. A conceptual revision on reviews is presented, regarding to concepts, accomplishment and recognition. A brief review of the six companies that made part of the worked sample is also presented. Analyzing the quarters historical review and of amount of sold energy, it was possible to conclude that the energy-rationing altered the results of the studied companies significantly and that alteration was masked by the accounting process of the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore
Resumo:
This paper is set in a scenario in which higher education institutions suffer from external pressure to increase efficiency. The legislation after the Law of Directives and Bases for Education (LDBE), from 1996, is characterized by the fragmentation in its implementation, raising a concern with flexibility and innovation in several normative devices as well as aspects that must be incorporated to its organizational structure. The policies examined in this thesis are: Distance Education (DE); Law of Innovation and the Program of Support to Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities (PSREFU). This thesis aims to observe to what extent the characteristics of innovation and flexibility, which mark the new post- LDBE educational legislation, influence the organizational redesign of the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). For being about implementation policies, using contingency approach in order to collect the internal dynamics permeating the redesign of higher education institutions, the thesis focuses on the impacts caused by flexibility and innovation. This is a qualitative research, with case study methods, archive research and semi-structured interviews with members of the university administration. The results don t allow us to confirm the adoption of a more flexible and innovative configuration in the university but it is possible to identify the presence of those elements in the implementation changes, characterizing the hybrid structure. The changes mainly expose the extension of the management of projects to the administrative and academic components related to the institution. In terms of projection, the study found changes in the elements which characterize the current setting and the tendency of the university for adopting a diverse organizational structure. However, if the decentralization of management persists, the academic units may adopt their own structural solutions, but with no evidence of changes in the professional organization in most units. In this perspective, this thesis states that there are difficulties when incorporating innovation and flexibility to their organizational structure, which lead to improvised solutions, superposing skills through the redundancy of structures created with the same purpose or copying exogenous solutions
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Objetivo: estudar as influências da diferença de pesos entre gêmeos, no nascimento, sobre o resultado perinatal. Métodos: analisaram-se, retrospectivamente, as informações referentes aos partos gemelares ocorridos na Maternidade do Hospital Regional de Clínicas de Sorocaba, SP, de julho de 1997 a junho de 1998. A amostragem foi composta de 89 mães e seus gêmeos, divididos em três classes de diferença de pesos ao nascer: com concordância (diferença <15%), discordância leve (de 15 a 25%) e discordância grave (>25%). As variáveis independentes analisadas foram essas três classes e as dependentes foram: baixo peso ao nascer, índice de Apgar menor que 7 no primeiro e quinto minuto, nascimentos pré-termo, tempo médio de internação do recém-nascido no berçário e coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal I. Para análise estatística utilizaram-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, complementado pelo teste de Hollander, e o teste de Blackwell. Resultados: a incidência de discordância de pesos entre pares de gêmeos foi de 30,3%, sendo 19,1% de discordância leve e 11,2% de discordância grave. Observamos nas classes, respectivamente, os números de gestações (62, 17 e 10) e de nascimentos pré-termo (32, 9 e 7). Para o primeiro e o segundo gêmeo, observamos: baixo peso ao nascer (39/41, 13/12 e 8/9), Apgar <7 no primeiro minuto (16/13, 3/7 e 2/3), Apgar menor que 7 no quinto minuto (4/4, 0/2 e 1/2), tempo médio (dias) de internação no berçário (3,7/3,7, 4,6/6,0 e 7,3/8,7) e coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal I (22,4/16,8, 0/16,8 e 5,6/5,6). Conclusões: o baixo peso ao nascer e nascimentos pré-termo foram mais freqüentes nos gêmeos da classe com discordância grave. Houve tendência ao agravamento progressivo do resultado perinatal, respectivamente, nas classes com concordância, discordância leve e discordância grave.
Resumo:
Panoramic rendering is the visualization of three-dimensional objects in a virtual environment through a wide viewing angle. This work investigated if the use of panoramas is able to promote faster searches in a virtual environment. Panoramas allow the presentation of space through less need to change the orientation of the camera, especially for the case of projections spanning 360º surrounding the user, which can benefit searching. However, the larger the angle, more distorted is the visualization of the environment, causing confusion in navigation. The distortion is even bigger when the user changes the pitch of the camera, by looking up or down. In this work we developed a technique to eliminate specifically the distortions caused by changes in pitch, which was called hemispheric projection. Experiments were done to evaluate the performance of search navigation through perspective, cylindrical and hemispherical projections. The results indicate that navigating with perspective projection is superior than navigating with panoramic projections, possibly due to factors such as (i) lack of experience of the participants in understanding the scenes displayed as panoramas, (ii) the inherent presence of distortion in panoramic projections and (iii) a lower display resolution because the objects are presented in smaller sizes in panoramic projections, making the perception of details more difficult. However, the hemispherical projection was better than the cylindrical, indicating that the developed technique provides benefits for navigation compared to current techniques of panoramic projection. The hemispheric projection also provided the least amount of changes of camera orientation, which is an indication that the hemispheric projections may be particularly useful in situations where there are restrictions on the ease to change the orientation. Future research will investigate the performance of cameras interactions on slower devices, such as using only keyboard, or brain-machine interfaces
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as indicações, resultados e complicações advindas do seu uso. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se retrospectivamente 25 pacientes submetidos a 27 conjuntivorrinostomias com colocação de tubo de Lester-Jones. Foram estudados os dados do portador, a etiologia da afecção e as complicações que ocorreram no intra e no pós-operatório. Os dados foram avaliados segundo a freqüência de ocorrência. RESULTADOS: O tubo de Lester-Jones foi usado igualmente em ambos os sexos, mais em indivíduos abaixo dos 10 ou acima dos 50 anos de idade. As causas mais freqüentes para utilização foram a idiopática ou a agenesia congênita de pontos e canalículos. Houve melhora dos sintomas em 88% dos pacientes. Complicações ocorreram em 59,25% dos casos, dentre as quais: extrusão (40,74%) e a migração (14,8%) do tubo. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das complicações observadas, o índice de cura com a utilização do tubo de Lester-Jones é alto, sendo boa opção para o tratamento das obstruções lacrimais altas.