The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study

Aims: Epidemiological evidence suggests that adipokines may be associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, but the evidence to date is limited and inconclusive. This study examined the association between adiponectin and leptin and the subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a UK population based cohort of non-diabetic middle-aged men.
Methods: Baseline serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured in 1839 nondiabetic men aged 50–60 years who were participating in the prospective populationbased PRIME study. Over a mean follow-up of 14.7 years, new cases of type 2 diabetes were determined from self-reported clinical information with subsequent validation by general practitioners.
Results: 151 Participants developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. In Cox regression models adjusted for age, men in the top third of the leptin distribution were at increased risk (hazard ratio (HR) 4.27, 95% CI 2.67–6.83) and men in the top third of the adiponectin
distribution at reduced risk (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.42) relative to men in the bottom third. However, significance was lost for leptin after additional adjustment for BMI, waist to hip ratio, lifestyle factors and biological risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP). Further adjustment for HOMA-IR also resulted in loss of significance for adiponectin.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence that adipokines are associated with men’s future type 2 diabetes risk but not independently of other risk factors.

Estimating quantum chromatic numbers

We develop further the new versions of quantum chromatic numbers of graphs introduced by the first and fourth authors. We prove that the problem of computation of the commuting quantum chromatic number of a graph is solvable by an SDP algorithm and describe an hierarchy of variants of the commuting quantum chromatic number which converge to it. We introduce the tracial rank of a graph, a parameter that gives a lower bound for the commuting quantum chromatic number and parallels the projective rank, and prove that it is multiplicative. We describe the tracial rank, the projective rank and the fractional chromatic numbers in a unified manner that clarifies their connection with the commuting quantum chromatic number, the quantum chromatic number and the classical chromatic number, respectively. Finally, we present a new SDP algorithm that yields a parameter larger than the Lovász number and is yet a lower bound for the tracial rank of the graph. We determine the precise value of the tracial rank of an odd cycle.

Neuroscience and education: prime time to build the bridge

As neuroscience gains social traction and entices media attention, the notion that education has much to benefit from brain research becomes increasingly popular. However, it has been argued that the fundamental bridge toward education is cognitive psychology, not neuroscience. We discuss four specific cases in which neuroscience synergizes with other disciplines to serve education, ranging from very general physiological aspects of human learning such as nutrition, exercise and sleep, to brain architectures that shape the way we acquire language and reading, and neuroscience tools that increasingly allow the early detection of cognitive deficits, especially in preverbal infants. Neuroscience methods, tools and theoretical frameworks have broadened our understanding of the mind in a way that is highly relevant to educational practice. Although the bridge’s cement is still fresh, we argue why it is prime time to march over it.

Beyond the numbers of maternal near-miss in Rwanda - a qualitative study on women's perspectives on access and experiences of care in early and late stage of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Rwanda has made remarkable progress in decreasing the number of maternal deaths, yet women still face morbidities and mortalities during pregnancy. We explored care-seeking and experiences of maternity care among women who suffered a near-miss event during either the early or late stage of pregnancy, and identified potential health system limitations or barriers to maternal survival in this setting. METHODS: A framework of Naturalistic Inquiry guided the study design and analysis, and the 'three delays' model facilitated data sorting. Participants included 47 women, who were interviewed at three hospitals in Kigali, and 14 of these were revisited in their homes, from March 2013 to April 2014. RESULTS: The women confronted various care-seeking barriers depending on whether the pregnancy was wanted, the gestational age, insurance coverage, and marital status. Poor communication between the women and healthcare providers seemed to result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment, leading some to seek either traditional medicine or care repeatedly at biomedical facilities. CONCLUSION: Improved service provision routines, information, and amendments to the insurance system are suggested to enhance prompt care-seeking. Additionally, we strongly recommend a health system that considers the needs of all pregnant women, especially those facing unintended pregnancies or complications in the early stages of pregnancy.

Does the abundance of hoverfly mimics (Syrphidae) depend on the numbers of their hymenopteran models ?

We tested the prediction that, if hoverflies are Batesian mimics, this may extend to behavioral mimicry such that their numerical abundance at each hour of the day (the daily activity pattern) is related to the numbers of their hymenopteran models. After accounting for site, season, microclimatic responses and for general hoverfly abundance at three sites in north-west England, the residual numbers of mimics were significantly correlated positively with their models 9 times out of 17, while 16 out of 17 relationships were positive, itself a highly significant non-random pattern. Several eristaline flies showed significant relationships with honeybees even though some of them mimic wasps or bumblebees, perhaps reflecting an ancestral resemblance to honeybees. There was no evidence that good and poor mimics differed in their daily activity pattern relationships with models. However, the common mimics showed significant activity pattern relationships with their models, but the rarer mimics did not. We conclude that many hoverflies show behavioral mimicry of their hymenopteran models.

Five Prime Ministers : a crisis, a political aberration or the new normal

Neuroscience and education: prime time to build the bridge

As neuroscience gains social traction and entices media attention, the notion that education has much to benefit from brain research becomes increasingly popular. However, it has been argued that the fundamental bridge toward education is cognitive psychology, not neuroscience. We discuss four specific cases in which neuroscience synergizes with other disciplines to serve education, ranging from very general physiological aspects of human learning such as nutrition, exercise and sleep, to brain architectures that shape the way we acquire language and reading, and neuroscience tools that increasingly allow the early detection of cognitive deficits, especially in preverbal infants. Neuroscience methods, tools and theoretical frameworks have broadened our understanding of the mind in a way that is highly relevant to educational practice. Although the bridge’s cement is still fresh, we argue why it is prime time to march over it.

L'aggressività nelle prime relazioni sentimentali

Un fenomeno poco indagato in Italia, ma che ha catturato l’attenzione e anche la preoccupazione delle ricerche in diverse parti del mondo, sono i comportamenti aggressivi che possono avvenire nelle prime relazioni sentimentali, tra adolescenti. La ricerca si è concentrata principalmente sulla violenza nelle coppie adulte, sulla violenza domestica, trascurando quelle condotte aggressive che avvengono nelle prime relazioni intime, in quanto ritenute poco stabili e fugaci. Diverse ricerche dimostrano che non è così e che anzi, spesso gli adolescenti “investono” molto in queste prime esperienze. Tra i principali motivi che spingono gli studiosi ad indagare questo fenomeno, vi è la considerazione della gravità delle stime di prevalenza, le conseguenze per il benessere psico-fisico, ed il valore predittivo che tali comportamenti potrebbero assumere rispetto al fenomeno della violenza nelle coppie adulte.

Heat transfer rates for cross flow of water through a tube bank at high Reynolds numbers.

Mode of access: Internet.

DNA prime-protein boost based vaccination with a conserved region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A and B proteins enhances protection against leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus. Vaccination with bacterins has severe limitations. Here, we evaluated the N-terminal region of the leptospiral immunoglobulin-like B protein (LigBrep) as a vaccine candidate against leptospirosis using immunisation strategies based on DNA primeprotein boost, DNA vaccine, and subunit vaccine. Upon challenge with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans , the prime-boost and DNA vaccine approaches induced significant protection in hamsters, as well as a specific IgG antibody response and sterilising immunity. Although vaccination with recombinant fragment of LigBrep also produced a strong antibody response, it was not immunoprotective. These results highlight the potential of LigBrep as a candidate antigen for an effective vaccine against leptospirosis and emphasise the use of the DNA prime-protein boost as an important strategy for vaccine development.

Performance and Robustness Analysis of Co-Prime and Nested Sampling

Coprime and nested sampling are well known deterministic sampling techniques that operate at rates significantly lower than the Nyquist rate, and yet allow perfect reconstruction of the spectra of wide sense stationary signals. However, theoretical guarantees for these samplers assume ideal conditions such as synchronous sampling, and ability to perfectly compute statistical expectations. This thesis studies the performance of coprime and nested samplers in spatial and temporal domains, when these assumptions are violated. In spatial domain, the robustness of these samplers is studied by considering arrays with perturbed sensor locations (with unknown perturbations). Simplified expressions for the Fisher Information matrix for perturbed coprime and nested arrays are derived, which explicitly highlight the role of co-array. It is shown that even in presence of perturbations, it is possible to resolve $O(M^2)$ under appropriate conditions on the size of the grid. The assumption of small perturbations leads to a novel ``bi-affine" model in terms of source powers and perturbations. The redundancies in the co-array are then exploited to eliminate the nuisance perturbation variable, and reduce the bi-affine problem to a linear underdetermined (sparse) problem in source powers. This thesis also studies the robustness of coprime sampling to finite number of samples and sampling jitter, by analyzing their effects on the quality of the estimated autocorrelation sequence. A variety of bounds on the error introduced by such non ideal sampling schemes are computed by considering a statistical model for the perturbation. They indicate that coprime sampling leads to stable estimation of the autocorrelation sequence, in presence of small perturbations. Under appropriate assumptions on the distribution of WSS signals, sharp bounds on the estimation error are established which indicate that the error decays exponentially with the number of samples. The theoretical claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments.

Political Strategy, Leadership, and Policy Entrepreneurship in Japanese Defense Policy and Politics: A Comparison of Three Prime Ministerships

Since the end of the Cold War, Japan’s defense policy and politics has gone through significant changes. Throughout the post cold war period, US-Japan alliance managers, politicians with differing visions and preferences, scholars, think tanks, and the actions of foreign governments have all played significant roles in influencing these changes. Along with these actors, the Japanese prime minister has played an important, if sometimes subtle, role in the realm of defense policy and politics. Japanese prime ministers, though significantly weaker than many heads of state, nevertheless play an important role in policy by empowering different actors (bureaucratic actors, independent commissions, or civil actors), through personal diplomacy, through agenda-setting, and through symbolic acts of state. The power of the prime minister to influence policy processes, however, has frequently varied by prime minister. My dissertation investigates how different political strategies and entrepreneurial insights by the prime minister have influenced defense policy and politics since the end of the Cold War. In addition, it seeks to explain how the quality of political strategy and entrepreneurial insight employed by different prime ministers was important in the success of different approaches to defense. My dissertation employs a comparative case study approach to examine how different prime ministerial strategies have mattered in the realm of Japanese defense policy and politics. Three prime ministers have been chosen: Prime Minister Hashimoto Ryutaro (1996-1998); Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro (2001-2006); and Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio (2009-2010). These prime ministers have been chosen to provide maximum contrast on issues of policy preference, cabinet management, choice of partners, and overall strategy. As my dissertation finds, the quality of political strategy has been an important aspect of Japan’s defense transformation. Successful strategies have frequently used the knowledge and accumulated personal networks of bureaucrats, supplemented bureaucratic initiatives with top-down personal diplomacy, and used a revitalized US-Japan strategic relationship as a political resource for a stronger prime ministership. Though alternative approaches, such as those that have looked to displace the influence of bureaucrats and the US in defense policy, have been less successful, this dissertation also finds theoretical evidence that alternatives may exist.

Les récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 et leur implication dans le développement du système nerveux visuel

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) démontrent de plus en plus de capacités à activer des mécanismes jusqu’alors associés à des facteurs de transcription ou des molécules d’adhésion. En effet, de nouvelles preuves rapportent qu’ils pourraient également participer au guidage axonal qui est le mécanisme permettant aux axones de cellules nerveuses de rejoindre leur cible anatomique. Le guidage axonal se fait par l’interaction entre les molécules de guidage et une structure particulière présente à l’extrémité de l’axone, le cône de croissance. Par exemple, les RCPGs participent au guidage des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR), dont les axones s’étendent de la rétine jusqu’au noyaux cérébraux associés à la vision. Cet effet est observé avec des RCPGs tels que les récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes (CB1 et CB2) et celui du lysophosphatidylinositol, le GPR55. Les RCPGs GPR91 et GPRG99, respectivement récepteurs au succinate et à l’α-cétoglutarate, se trouvent à la surface de ces CGRs, ce qui en font des candidats potentiels pouvant participer au guidage axonal. Dans ce mémoire, l’effet des ligands de ces récepteurs sur la croissance et la navigation des axones des CGRs fut analysé. L’impact produit par ces récepteurs ainsi que leurs ligands sur la morphologie des cônes de croissance fut déterminé en mesurant leur taille et le nombre de filopodes présents sur ces cônes. Pour évaluer le rôle du succinate et de l’a-cétoglutarate sur la croissance globale des axones de CGRs, la longueur totale des projections axonales d’explants rétiniens a été mesurée. L’effet de ces ligands des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 sur le guidage axonal a également été évalué en temps réel à l’aide d’un gradient créé par un micro injecteur placé à 45° et à 100µm du cône de croissance. La distribution in vivo des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 sur la rétine a été étudié à l’aide d’expériences d’immunohistochimie. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l’ajout de 100µM de succinate produit une augmentation de la taille des cônes de croissance et du nombre de filopodes présents à leur surface. Il augmente également la croissance des axones. Ce type de réponse fut également observé lorsque les cellules furent soumises à 200µM d’α-cétoglutarate. Fait à noter, les deux récepteurs n’ont pas d’impact sur le guidage axonal. Ces résultats indiquent donc que les agonistes des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 augmentent la croissance des cellules ganglionnaires lorsqu’ils sont présents lors du développement. Par contre, ils n’ont pas d’influence sur la direction prise par les cônes de croissance. Ces nouvelles données sont un pas de plus dans la compréhension des mécanismes qui gèrent et participent au développement et la croissance des CGRs, ce qui pourrait donner de nouvelles cibles thérapeutique pouvant mener à la régénération de nerfs optiques endommagés.

Les récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 et leur implication dans le développement du système nerveux visuel

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) démontrent de plus en plus de capacités à activer des mécanismes jusqu’alors associés à des facteurs de transcription ou des molécules d’adhésion. En effet, de nouvelles preuves rapportent qu’ils pourraient également participer au guidage axonal qui est le mécanisme permettant aux axones de cellules nerveuses de rejoindre leur cible anatomique. Le guidage axonal se fait par l’interaction entre les molécules de guidage et une structure particulière présente à l’extrémité de l’axone, le cône de croissance. Par exemple, les RCPGs participent au guidage des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR), dont les axones s’étendent de la rétine jusqu’au noyaux cérébraux associés à la vision. Cet effet est observé avec des RCPGs tels que les récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes (CB1 et CB2) et celui du lysophosphatidylinositol, le GPR55. Les RCPGs GPR91 et GPRG99, respectivement récepteurs au succinate et à l’α-cétoglutarate, se trouvent à la surface de ces CGRs, ce qui en font des candidats potentiels pouvant participer au guidage axonal. Dans ce mémoire, l’effet des ligands de ces récepteurs sur la croissance et la navigation des axones des CGRs fut analysé. L’impact produit par ces récepteurs ainsi que leurs ligands sur la morphologie des cônes de croissance fut déterminé en mesurant leur taille et le nombre de filopodes présents sur ces cônes. Pour évaluer le rôle du succinate et de l’a-cétoglutarate sur la croissance globale des axones de CGRs, la longueur totale des projections axonales d’explants rétiniens a été mesurée. L’effet de ces ligands des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 sur le guidage axonal a également été évalué en temps réel à l’aide d’un gradient créé par un micro injecteur placé à 45° et à 100µm du cône de croissance. La distribution in vivo des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 sur la rétine a été étudié à l’aide d’expériences d’immunohistochimie. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l’ajout de 100µM de succinate produit une augmentation de la taille des cônes de croissance et du nombre de filopodes présents à leur surface. Il augmente également la croissance des axones. Ce type de réponse fut également observé lorsque les cellules furent soumises à 200µM d’α-cétoglutarate. Fait à noter, les deux récepteurs n’ont pas d’impact sur le guidage axonal. Ces résultats indiquent donc que les agonistes des récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 augmentent la croissance des cellules ganglionnaires lorsqu’ils sont présents lors du développement. Par contre, ils n’ont pas d’influence sur la direction prise par les cônes de croissance. Ces nouvelles données sont un pas de plus dans la compréhension des mécanismes qui gèrent et participent au développement et la croissance des CGRs, ce qui pourrait donner de nouvelles cibles thérapeutique pouvant mener à la régénération de nerfs optiques endommagés.