[Ambroise et Jules Poncet]

Donateur : Jackson, James (1843-1895)

[Charles Frédéric Robert] / L. Pierson

Donateur : Jackson, James (1843-1895)

[Arnould Paul Edmond Thénard] / Truchelut

Donateur : Jackson, James (1843-1895)

[Gaston Tissandier] / Truchelut

Donateur : Jackson, James (1843-1895)

Atributos físicos relacionados à compactação de solos sob vegetação nativa em região de altitude no Sul do Brasil

A compactação causada por atividades antrópicas altera os atributos físicos do solo, causando redução na produtividade e impactos ao ambiente. Muitos estudos sobre esse tema têm sido realizados em solos agrícolas, porém poucas são as informações em áreas com vegetação nativa, nas quais, geralmente, os teores de matéria orgânica são mais elevados. Assim, é oportuno avaliar a relação entre os atributos físicos relacionados à compactação, nessas condições, a fim de estabelecer valores de referência para projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas em campos naturais ou matas ciliares. Objetivou-se relacionar densidade máxima (DsMáx), umidade ótima de compactação (UOC) e densidade relativa (DR) com os limites de consistência, granulometria e teor de matéria orgânica de solos predominantes do Planalto Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina sob vegetação nativa de clima temperado. Amostras do horizonte A foram coletadas em dois Nitossolos, dois Neossolos e dois Cambissolos. Foram avaliados: a granulometria, a densidade de partícula, o teor de carbono orgânico total, os limites de liquidez, de plasticidade e de pegajosidade, o índice de plasticidade, a densidade máxima, a umidade ótima de compactação, a densidade do solo e a densidade relativa. A DsMáx aumenta com o teor de areia total e areia fina e reduz com os teores de argila e com os limites de liquidez e de pegajosidade. A UOC diminui nos solos arenosos, especialmente naqueles com predominância de areia fina, e aumenta nos argilosos ou com maior teor de carbono orgânico total e dos limites de Atterberg. A UOC variou entre 0,76 e 1,05 vezes o limite de plasticidade, tendo relação direta com o teor de silte, indicando que a umidade ótima de compactação não pode ser avaliada apenas com a determinação do limite de plasticidade de um solo. Os solos de altitude do Planalto Sul de SC têm relação UOC/LP diferente da de solos de outros locais, como consequência dos elevados teores de matéria orgânica desses solos.

Monitoramento em longo prazo da contenção vegetativa em talude rodoviário de saprolito de gnaisse em Minas Gerais

A sucessão de eventos após a revegetação de uma área, em geral, não é estudada. Com o passar do tempo, um consórcio vegetal que se apresentou favorável na fase inicial pode não ser adequado no futuro, deixando a área com o solo descoberto e suscetível à ação dos fatores intempéricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar características associadas à contenção vegetativa e, em longo prazo, o surgimento de novas formas de cobertura ou exposição do solo em resposta à revegetação com gramíneas e leguminosas em talude rodoviário de declividade acentuada. Após quatro anos, foi observada, nas parcelas experimentais, a presença de novas formas de cobertura ou exposição do solo, denominadas tipologias, como: cobertura de braquiária, leguminosa, capim-gordura, espécies invasoras, biomanta, resíduos em decomposição, crostas microfíticas, crosta física, solo exposto, erosão e afloramento de rochas. Essas tipologias foram quantificadas em dois levantamentos: antes e após o período chuvoso. Foram confeccionados mapas de cobertura para cada parcela experimental e analisadas a dinâmica, distribuição espacial, frequência e competição entre as tipologias encontradas nos dois levantamentos. Das 11 tipologias encontradas, as espécies vegetais e as crostas microfíticas foram as mais importantes no estádio primário da sucessão ecológica, resultando em rápida estabilização e recuperação da superfície degradada e favorecendo o aparecimento de espécies invasoras. A variação sazonal entre os dois levantamentos levou à diminuição da erosão e ao solo exposto, pelo incremento da cobertura vegetal e das crostas microfíticas.

Pedotransfer functions to estimate retention and availability of water in soils of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Studies on water retention and availability are scarce for subtropical or humid temperate climate regions of the southern hemisphere. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relations of the soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties with water retention and availability for the generation and validation of continuous point pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for soils of the State of Santa Catarina (SC) in the South of Brazil. Horizons of 44 profiles were sampled in areas under different cover crops and regions of SC, to determine: field capacity (FC, 10 kPa), permanent wilting point (PWP, 1,500 kPa), available water content (AW, by difference), saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, aggregate stability, particle size distribution (seven classes), organic matter content, and particle density. Chemical and mineralogical properties were obtained from the literature. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and path analysis were used in the statistical analyses. The point PTFs for estimation of FC, PWP and AW were generated for the soil surface and subsurface through multiple regression analysis, followed by robust regression analysis, using two sets of predictive variables. Soils with finer texture and/or greater organic matter content retain more moisture, and organic matter is the property that mainly controls the water availability to plants in soil surface horizons. Path analysis was useful in understanding the relationships between soil properties for FC, PWP and AW. The predictive power of the generated PTFs to estimate FC and PWP was good for all horizons, while AW was best estimated by more complex models with better prediction for the surface horizons of soils in Santa Catarina.

Optical crop sensor for variable-rate nitrogen fertilization in corn: II - indices of fertilizer efficiency and corn yield

Generally, in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilization is low, inducing a temporal variability of crop yield, economic losses, and environmental impacts. Variable-rate N fertilization (VRF), based on optical spectrometry crop sensors, could increase the N use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the corn grain yield and N fertilization efficiency under VRF determined by an optical sensor in comparison to the traditional single-application N fertilization (TSF). With this purpose, three experiments with no-tillage corn were carried out in the 2008/09 and 2010/11 growing seasons on a Hapludox in South Brazil, in a completely randomized design, at three different sites that were analyzed separately. The following crop properties were evaluated: aboveground dry matter production and quantity of N uptake at corn flowering, grain yield, and vegetation index determined by an N-Sensor® ALS optical sensor. Across the sites, the corn N fertilizer had a positive effect on corn N uptake, resulting in increased corn dry matter and grain yield. However, N fertilization induced lower increases of corn grain yield at site 2, where there was a severe drought during the growing period. The VRF defined by the optical crop sensor increased the apparent N recovery (NRE) and agronomic efficiency of N (NAE) compared to the traditional fertilizer strategy. In the average of sites 1 and 3, which were not affected by drought, VRF promoted an increase of 28.0 and 41.3 % in NAE and NRE, respectively. Despite these results, no increases in corn grain yield were observed by the use of VRF compared to TSF.

Soil physical properties and grape yield influenced by cover crops and management systems

The use of cover crops in vineyards is a conservation practice with the purpose of reducing soil erosion and improving the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop species and management systems on soil physical properties and grape yield. The experiment was carried out in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambisol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in a horizontal, overhead trellis system. The treatments were established in 2002, consisting of three cover crops: spontaneous species (SS), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Two management systems were applied: desiccation with herbicide (D) and mechanical mowing (M). Soil under a native forest (NF) area was collected as a reference. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with three replications. The soil physical properties in the vine rows were not influenced by cover crops and were similar to the native forest, with good quality of the soil structure. In the inter-rows, however, there was a reduction in biopores, macroporosity, total porosity and an increase in soil density, related to the compaction of the surface soil layer. The M system increased soil aggregate stability compared to the D system. The treatments affected grapevine yield only in years with excess or irregular rainfall.

Water retention and availability in soils of the State of Santa Catarina-Brazil: effect of textural classes, soil classes and lithology

The retention and availability of water in the soil vary according to the soil characteristics and determine plant growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate water retention and availability in the soils of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, according to the textural class, soil class and lithology. The surface and subsurface horizons of 44 profiles were sampled in different regions of the State and different cover crops to determine field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water content, particle size, and organic matter content. Water retention and availability between the horizons were compared in a mixed model, considering the textural classes, the soil classes and lithology as fixed factors and profiles as random factors. It may be concluded that water retention is greater in silty or clayey soils and that the organic matter content is higher, especially in Humic Cambisols, Nitisols and Ferralsol developed from igneous or sedimentary rocks. Water availability is greater in loam-textured soils, with high organic matter content, especially in soils of humic character. It is lower in the sandy texture class, especially in Arenosols formed from recent alluvial deposits or in gravelly soils derived from granite. The greater water availability in the surface horizons, with more organic matter than in the subsurface layers, illustrates the importance of organic matter for water retention and availability.

[Charles Robert Darwin] / Barraud

Donateur : Jackson, James (1843-1895)

Water storage variability in a vineyard soil in the southern highlands of Santa Catarina state

In the subtropical regions of southern Brazil, rainfall distribution is uneven, which results in temporal variability of soil water storage. For grapes, water is generally available in excess and water deficiency occurs only occasionally. Furthermore, on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, there are differences in soil properties, which results in high spatial variability. These two factors affect the composition of wine grapes. Spatio-temporal analyses are therefore useful in the selection of cultural practices as well as of adequate soils for vineyards. In this way, well-suited areas can produce grapes with a more appropriate composition for the production of quality wines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of water storage in a Cambisol during the growth cycle of a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard and its relation to selected soil properties. The experimental area consisted of a commercial 8-year-old vineyard in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A sampling grid with five rows and seven points per row, spaced 12 m apart, was outlined on an area of 3,456 m². Soil samples were collected with an auger at these points, 0.30 m away from the grapevines, in the 0.00-0.30 m layer, to determine gravimetric soil moisture. Measurements were taken once a week from December 2008 to April 2009, and every two weeks from December 2009 to March 2010. In December 2008, undisturbed soil samples were collected to determine bulk density, macro- and microporosity, and disturbed samples were used to quantify particle size distribution and organic carbon content. Results were subjected to descriptive analysis and semivariogram analysis, calculating the mean relative difference and the Pearson correlation. The average water storage in a Cambisol under grapevine on ridges had variable spatial dependence, i.e., the lower the average water storage, the higher the range of spatial dependence. Water storage had a stable spatial pattern during the trial period, indicating that the points with lower water storage or points with higher water storage during a certain period maintain these conditions throughout the experimental period. The relative difference is a simple method to identify positions that represent the average soil water storage more adequately at any time for a given area.

Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohydrate feeding in men.

The rates of energy expenditure and wholebody protein turnover were determined during a 9-h period in a group of seven men while they received hourly isocaloric meals of high-protein (HP) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content. Their responses to feeding were compared with those to a short period of fasting (15-24 h). The 9-h thermic response to the repeated feeding of HP meals was found to be greater than that to the HC meals (9.6 +/- 0.6% vs 5.7 +/- 0.4% of the energy intake, respectively, means +/- SEM, p less than 0.01). The rate of whole-body nitrogen turnover over 9 h increased from 17.6 +/- 2.2 g on the fasting day to 27.4 +/- 1.4 g during HC feeding (NS) and there was a further increase to 58.2 +/- 5.3 g resulting from HP feeding (p less than 0.001). By using theoretical estimates (based upon ATP requirements) of the metabolic cost of protein synthesis, 36 +/- 9% of the thermic response to HC feeding and 68 +/- 3% of the response to HP feeding could be accounted for by the increases in protein synthesis compared with the fasting state.

Soybean root growth and crop yield in reponse to liming at the beginning of a no-tillage system

Analyzing the soil near crop roots may reveal limitations to growth and yield even in a no-tillage system. The purpose of the present study was to relate the chemical and physical properties of soil under a no-tillage system to soybean root growth and plant yield after five years of use of different types of limestone and forms of application. A clayey Oxisol received application of dolomitic and calcitic limestones and their 1:1 combination in two forms: surface application, maintained on the soil surface; and incorporated, applied on the surface and incorporated mechanically. Soil physical properties (resistance to mechanical penetration, soil bulk density and soil aggregation), soil chemical properties (pH, exchangeable cations, H+Al, and cation exchange capacity) and plant parameters (root growth system, soybean grain yield, and oat dry matter production) were evaluated five years after setting up the experiment. Incorporation of lime neutralized exchangeable Al up to a depth of 20 cm without affecting the soil physical properties. The soybean root system reached depths of 40 cm or more with incorporated limestone, increasing grain yield an average of 31 % in relation to surface application, which limited the effect of lime up to a depth of 5 cm and root growth up to 20 cm. It was concluded that incorporation of limestone at the beginning of a no-tillage system ensures a favorable environment for root growth and soybean yield, while this intervention does not show long-term effects on soil physical properties under no-tillage. This suggests that there is resilience in the physical properties evaluated.

Aplicação de resíduo de reciclagem de papel em Cambissolo Háplico e seu efeito no solo e no cultivo de plantas

O processo de reciclagem de papel gera grande quantidade de resíduo e a sua aplicação no solo pode ser uma das estratégias de disposição desse produto, sendo necessário estudar os seus efeitos no solo e nas culturas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo de reciclagem de papel sobre atributos químicos de um Cambissolo Háplico muito ácido e na produtividade de grãos de soja e feijão. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, sem calcário ou resíduo; resíduo da reciclagem de papel nas doses de 50, 100, 150, 250, 400 e 600 Mg ha-1, em base úmida; e calcário dolomítico para elevar o pH do solo em água para 6,0. O resíduo corrigiu a acidez do solo, bem como aumentou os teores de cálcio e fósforo. As doses de resíduo não interferiram nos teores de metais pesados no solo e nos grãos. As máximas produtividades de soja e feijão são obtidas nas doses de 323 e 372 Mg ha-1 de resíduo úmido, respectivamente.