947 resultados para Pasta kraft


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Knowledge about vegetation and fire history of the mountains of Northern Sicily is scanty. We analysed five sites to fill this gap and used terrestrial plant macrofossils to establish robust radiocarbon chronologies. Palynological records from Gorgo Tondo, Gorgo Lungo, Marcato Cixé, Urgo Pietra Giordano and Gorgo Pollicino show that under natural or near natural conditions, deciduous forests (Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Fraxinus ornus, Ulmus), that included a substantial portion of evergreen broadleaved species (Q. suber, Q. ilex, Hedera helix), prevailed in the upper meso-mediterranean belt. Mesophilous deciduous and evergreen broadleaved trees (Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium) dominated in the natural or quasi-natural forests of the oro-mediterranean belt. Forests were repeatedly opened for agricultural purposes. Fire activity was closely associated with farming, providing evidence that burning was a primary land use tool since Neolithic times. Land use and fire activity intensified during the Early Neolithic at 5000 bc, at the onset of the Bronze Age at 2500 bc and at the onset of the Iron Age at 800 bc. Our data and previous studies suggest that the large majority of open land communities in Sicily, from the coastal lowlands to the mountain areas below the thorny-cushion Astragalus belt (ca. 1,800 m a.s.l.), would rapidly develop into forests if land use ceased. Mesophilous Fagus-Ilex forests developed under warm mid Holocene conditions and were resilient to the combined impacts of humans and climate. The past ecology suggests a resilience of these summer-drought adapted communities to climate warming of about 2 °C. Hence, they may be particularly suited to provide heat and drought-adapted Fagus sylvatica ecotypes for maintaining drought-sensitive Central European beech forests under global warming conditions.

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Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Verbot ausnahmslos aller öffentlichen "Aufläufe und Zusammenrottungen". Gegen Demonstrationen, die die Sicherheits-Behörden nicht zu zerstreuen in der Lage sind, sollen Nationalgarde und Militär vorgehen. Strafandrohung des schweren Kerkers von 6 Monaten bis zu lebenslänglich, äußerstenfalls tritt das Standrecht in Kraft

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This work is aimed at improving our current knowledge of the non-enzymatic inecl~anisins involved in brown-rot decay, as well as the exploration of potential applications of a brown-rot mimetic model system in paper recycling processes. The study was divided into two parts. The first part focussed on the chemical mechanisms involved in chelation and reduction of iron by a low molecular weight chelator (isolated from the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllz~m tmbeum) and its model compound 2,3- dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA). Chelation as well as free radical generation mediated by this system were studied by ESR measurement. The results indicate that the effects of the chelator/iron ratio, the pH, and other reaction parameters on hydroxyl radical generation by a Fenton type system could be determined using ESR spin-trapping techniques. The results also support the hypothesis that superoxide radicals are involved in the chelator-mediated Fenton process. In the second part of the study, the effect of a chelator-mediated Fenton system for the improvement of deinking efficiency and the n~odification of fiber and paper properties was studied. For the deinking study, copy paper was laser printed with an identical standard pattern. Then repulping and flotation operations were performed to remove ink particles. Under properly controlled deinking conditions, the chelator mediated treatment (CMT) resulted in a reduction in dirt count over that of conventional deinking procedures with no significant loss of pulp strength. To study the effect of the chelator system treatment on the quality of pulp with different fines content, a fully bleached hardwood kraft pulp was beaten to different freeness levels and treated with the chelator-mediated free radical system. The result shows that virgin fiber and heavily beaten fiber respond differently to the free radical treatment. Unbeaten fibers become more flexible and easier to collapse after free radical treatment, while beaten fibers show a reduction in fines and small materials after mild free radical treatment.

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Diminishing crude oil and natural gas supplies, along with concern about greenhouse gas are major driving forces in the search for efficient renewable energy sources. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to energy and useful chemicals is a component of the solution. Ethanol is most commonly produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars followed by fermentation using yeast. C6Hl0O5 + H2O −Enxymes→ C6H12O6 −Yeast→ 2CH3CH2OH + 2C02 In the U.S. corn is the primary starting raw material for commercial ethanol production. However, there is insufficient corn available to meet the future demand for ethanol as a gasoline additive. Consequently a variety of processes are being developed for producing ethanol from biomass; among which is the NREL process for the production of ethanol from white hardwood. The objective of the thesis reported here was to perform a technical economic analysis of the hardwood to ethanol process. In this analysis a Greenfield plant was compared to co-locating the ethanol plant adjacent to a Kraft pulp mill. The advantage of the latter case is that facilities can be shared jointly for ethanol production and for the production of pulp. Preliminary process designs were performed for three cases; a base case size of 2205 dry tons/day of hardwood (52 million gallons of ethanol per year) as well as the two cases of half and double this size. The thermal efficiency of the NREL process was estimated to be approximately 36%; that is about 36% of the thermal energy in the wood is retained in the product ethanol and by-product electrical energy. The discounted cash flow rate of return on investment and the net present value methods of evaluating process alternatives were used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the NREL process. The minimum acceptable discounted cash flow rate of return after taxes was assumed to be 10%. In all of the process alternatives investigated, the dominant cost factors are the capital recovery charges and the cost of wood. The Greenfield NREL process is not economically viable with the cost of producing ethanol varying from $2.58 to $2.08/gallon for the half capacity and double capacity cases respectively. The co-location cases appear more promising due to reductions in capital costs. The most profitable co-location case resulted in a discounted cash flow rate of return improving from 8.5% for the half capacity case to 20.3% for the double capacity case. Due to economy of scale, the investments become more and more profitable as the size of the plant increases. This concept is limited by the amount of wood that can be delivered to the plant on a sustainable basis as well as the demand for ethanol within a reasonable distance of the plant.

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Wilhelm Kraft

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Werner Kraft

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Werner Kraft

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Werner Kraft

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95 Briefe und Beilagen zwischen Siegfried Kracauer und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1949; 2 Briefe zwischen Else Staudinger vom American Committee for Refugee Scholars, Writers and Artists New York und Max Horkheimer, 10.07.1945, 24.07.1945; 2 Briefe zwischen Meyer Schapiro und Siegfried Kracauer 19.11.1937, 03.12.1937; 2 Briefe von Leo Löwenthal an Schapiro Meyer, 1940, 1941; 1 Brief und 1 Beilage von Max Horkheimer an A. Schütz, 02.08.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Trude Krautheimer, 30.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid New York, 10.06.1940; 2 Briefe ziwschen dem Department of State Washington und Max Horkheimer, 05.04.1939, 1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Betty Drury Max Horkheimer, 05.11.1938, 07.11.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Margaret Krafft und Max Horkheimer, 1938, 1939; 1 Brief von Gertrud Kurth-Kieslinger an Max Horkheimer, 02.10.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Werner Kraft und Max Horkheimer, 19.01.1940, 01.03.1940; 1 Brief und 1 Beilage von Friedrich Krause an Max Horkheimer, 05.01.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Karl Krayl und Max Horkheimer, 201.10.1937, 25.11.1937; 11 Briefe zwischen Ernst Krenek und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1941; 1 Brief von S. Krezel an Max Horkheimer, 12.02.1936; 1 Brief von Charles I. Krieger an Max Horkheimer, 01.08.1940; 1 Brief von H. Kronstein an Max Horkheimer, 20.05.1935; 3 Briefe zwischen Germaine Krull und Max Horkheimer, 1934, 06.09.1937, 1937; 3 Briefe zwischen Lawrence S. Kubie Sekretär der American Psychoanalytic Association, New York und Max Horkheimer, 11.05.1938, 1938; 5 Briefe und Beilagen zwsichen Julius Kühl und Max Horkheimer, 18.10.1939-1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Herr Guggenheim, 20.02.1940; 1 Brief von Julius Kühl an die ESKA, 31.03.1945; 4 Briefe zwischen B. Kugelmann und Max Horkheimer, 1934, 1938, 1939; 1 Brief von Georg Kunzel an Max Horkheimer, 01.08.1930;

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Vorbesitzer: Kraft (Cratho); Dominikanerkloster Frankfurt am Main

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4 Briefe mit Antwort von Kohlhammer Verlag an Max Horkheimer, 1953, 1957; 12 Briefe mit Antwort und Beialge von Professor Hans Kohn an Max Horkheimer, 1953-1958; 3 Briefe mit Antwort von Professor Hans Kohn an Theodor W. Adorno, 1957-1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Professor Hans Kohn an Helmut Viebrock, 1958; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Helmut Vriebrock, 1957; 2 Briefe mit 1 Antwort zwischen Rudolph Kolisch und Max Horkheimer, 1957; 1 Telegram von Professor Rudolph Kolisch an R. K., 1956; 1 Brief von Max Horkheiemr an den Kölner Universitäts-Verlag, 1957; 1 Drucksache von der Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 1953; 1 Drucksache von dem Kongress für Internationale Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 1951; 1 Brief mit Beilage von dem Königsteiner Kreis an Max Horkheimer, 1951; 1 Drucksache mit Beilage von der Zeitschrift "Konkret", 1958; 2 Briefe mit 1 Antwort zwischen Sekretärin Mathilde Koppen und Max Horkheimer, 1951, 1956; 2 Telegramme von Fritz Kortner an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 4 Briefe mit Antwort von Siegfried Kracauer an Max Horkheimer, 1951-1956; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Professor Alexander Mitscherlich, 1956; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Hildegard Krämer an Max Horkheimer, 1956; 2 Briefe mit 1 Antwort von Dr. Rudolf Krämer-Badoni an Max Horkheimer, 1950, 1951; 2 Briefe mit Antwort von Professor Julius Kraft an Max Horkheimer, 1956, 1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Max Horkheimer an den Präsident d. LVA Heinrich Kraft, 1955; 2 Briefe mit Antwort von Werner Kraft an Max Horkheimer, 1953; 1 Brief von Angelo Kramer an Max Horkheimer, 1955; 2 Briefe von dem Architekt Ferdinand C. A. F. Kramer an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 2 Briefe mit Antwort von dem evangelischen Studentenpfarrer Dr. Rudolf Krapp an Max Horkheimer, 1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort und Beilage von dem Rechtsreferendar Heinz Kraus, 1956; 1 Drucksache von dem Frankfurter Studentenlied, 1956; 1 Aktennotiz von Professor Otto F. Kraushaar, 1953; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an den Regierungspräsident Wiesbaden,1952; 1 Aktennotiz von Klaus Kremer, 1958; 1 Brief von Dr. Stephanie Krenn an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 1 Aktennotiz von Dean Krasomil, 1952; 1 Brief mit Beilage von Anneliese Kreutz an Max Horkheimer, 1955; 1 Brief von Anneliese Kreutz an Professor Wilhelm Sturmfels, 1955; 1 Brief mit Antwort und Beilage von Robert H. Kreutzer an Max Horkheimer, 1954; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Professor Hans Hermann Kritzinger an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 2 Briefe mit Antwort von dem Betriebspsychologe Ludwig Kroeber-Keneth an Max Horkheimer, 1954; 1 Brief mit Antwort und Beilage von Professor Oswald Kroh an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 1 Todesanzeige von Professor Oswald Kroh, 1955; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Professor Wilhelm Kromphardt an Max Horkheimer, 1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Max Horkheimer an den Zirkus Krone, 1956; 1 Gutachten über Hans Joachim Krüger, 1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Melitta Krüger an Max Horkheimer, 1958; 2 Briefe mit Antwort und Beilage von dem Privatdozent Otto Kühne an Max Horkheimer, 1954, 1957; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an den Ministerialrat Dr. Dr. Kühn, 1953; 1 Vermählungsanzeige von Walter Kühn, 1957; 1 Aktennotiz von dem Rundfunk Dr. Kuhnert, ohne Jahr; 1 Brief von P. W. Krüger an Max Horkheimer, 1951; 1 Vermählungsanzeige mit Antwort von Hans K. Kullmer, 1953; 3 Briefe mit Antwort und Beilage von Dr. rer. pol. Ulrich Küntzel an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 1 Brief mit Antwort von dem Professor Fritz Baade an Max Horkheimer, 1952; 3 Breife mit Antwort von dem Verlag Walter de Gruyter an Max Horkheimer, 1954, 1955; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Max Horkheimer an den Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender, 1954; 2 Drucksachen von der Sektkellerei Kupferberg & Co, 1956; 3 Briefe mit Antwort von dem Reisebüro Kuoni an Max Horkheimer, 1957; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Max Horkheimer an das Kurhaus "Zur Rose" Bad Meinberg, 1956; 2 Briefe mit Antwort und Beilage von der Kurhessische Gesellschaft für Kunst und Wissenschaft an Max Horkheimer, 1954; 1 Gutachten von Thomas Gabor Kürthy, 1958; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Max Horkheimer an den Generaldirektor Dr. Kuss, 1953; 1 Brief mit Antwort von Professor Joseph J. Kwiat an Max Horkheimer, 1955;

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Vorbesitzer: Kraft (Cratho); Dominikanerkloster Frankfurt am Main

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4 Briefe zwischen Walter Benjamin und Cecilia Razovsky; 6 Briefe zwischen Cecilia Razovsky und Max Horkheimer; 1 Brief von Cecilia Razovsky an den American Consul, 17.11.1939; 1 Brief von Antonio Sols an Max Horkheimer, 30.10.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Antonio Sols, 11.10.1940; 1 Brief (Abschrift, Auszug) an A. R. L. Gurland von Frau Gurland, 11.10.1940; 3 Briefe zwischen dem Emergency Rescue Committee (New York) und Max Horkheimer, August 1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Pastor del Rio, 17.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an J. Wavrinek, 17.07.1940; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Gershom Scholem, 16.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hans Schaudinger, 13.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an George S. Messersmith, 08.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Adolph Kates, 05.07.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Adolph Kates, 29.06.1940; 2 Briefe zwischen dem Refugee Section of the American Friends Service Committee (Philadelphia) und Max Horkheimer, Mai 1940; 2 Briefe von Egon Wissing an Max Horkheimer, 1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die Economy Blue Print Co. (New York), 25.05.1940; 1 Brief von Werner Kraft an Max Horkheimer, 30.04.1940;

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En la madera de clones de sauce (Salix spp.) la longitud de fibra, que está asociada con su aptitud papelera, varía ampliamente en el mismo árbol. En algunas especies se ha comprobado diferencias entre la médula y el exterior -a lo largo de ejes radiales (variación radial)- y longitudinales, entre la base del tronco y la parte superior (variación axial). La determinación de dichas diferencias permitiría localizar muestras útiles para evaluar la calidad de árboles completos, utilizables en la industria celulósica. Por tal motivo se han estudiado en 8 clones de sauces de 13 años extrayendo material a 3 distintas alturas en el fuste: 1,3; 4,3 y 6,5 m. En cada una de ellas se tomaron muestras de 3 posiciones radiales correspondientes a las edades, en años: 3-4 (interna), 6-7 (media) y 10-11 (externa). Se midió el largo de 30 fibras por posición sobre material disociado. En el sentido radial se verificó -en todos los clones y a todas las alturas- un aumento de la longitud de fibra desde el interior hacia el exterior. Para la variación axial se registró una tendencia general de disminución desde las secciones inferiores a las superiores.

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El ajo es ampliamente conocido por sus propiedades benéficas para la salud y por sus características sensoriales. Además de su consumo en fresco, se elaboran diversos subproductos industriales, entre ellos se destaca el ajo deshidratado. Este producto se emplea tanto para consumo como condimento como para la elaboración de fitofármacos. Un atributo de calidad buscado en el polvo de ajo es que tenga elevados contenidos de principios bioactivos, especialmente, para la elaboración de preparaciones galénicas. Los fitoquímicos presentes en el ajo son compuestos organoazufrados y el más importante y representativo del grupo es la alicina. Diversos autores coinciden en que las tabletas comerciales de ajo en polvo evidencian grandes fluctuaciones en el contenido de alicina. Estas pueden deberse a las diferencias en la materia prima y a las pérdidas durante el proceso de deshidratación industrial. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los niveles de alicina en polvos de ajo obtenidos mediante distintos procesos de deshidratación. Se trabajó con ajo cv Sureño INTA. Los bulbos fueron seleccionados y los dientes pelados en forma manual. La pasta de ajo fue obtenida mediante molino helicoidal y homogeneizador. Los tratamientos fueron: deshidratación en Spray, en horno Terminador y en horno de deshidratación de Usos Múltiples. También se evaluó la eficacia del empleo de aditivos microencapsulantes (goma arábiga) en los distintos tratamientos de deshidratados: tipo Spray, Lecho Espumado. La evaluación de los procesos fue realizada mediante la medición de humedad y alicina (HPLC). Además, se cuantificó alicina en productos de ajo deshidratado disponibles en el mercado. De todos los tratamientos, el proceso de deshidratación Spray evidenció las menores pérdidas de alicina, en las condiciones bajo estudio. De lo que se desprende, que las condiciones para la deshidratación de alta temperatura, corto tiempo y empleo de aditivo microencapsulante resultaron propicios para preservar alicina.