The brain tracks the energetic value in food images.

Do our brains implicitly track the energetic content of the foods we see? Using electrical neuroimaging of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) we show that the human brain can rapidly discern food's energetic value, vis à vis its fat content, solely from its visual presentation. Responses to images of high-energy and low-energy food differed over two distinct time periods. The first period, starting at approximately 165 ms post-stimulus onset, followed from modulations in VEP topography and by extension in the configuration of the underlying brain network. Statistical comparison of source estimations identified differences distributed across a wide network including both posterior occipital regions and temporo-parietal cortices typically associated with object processing, and also inferior frontal cortices typically associated with decision-making. During a successive processing stage (starting at approximately 300 ms), responses differed both topographically and in terms of strength, with source estimations differing predominantly within prefrontal cortical regions implicated in reward assessment and decision-making. These effects occur orthogonally to the task that is actually being performed and suggest that reward properties such as a food's energetic content are treated rapidly and in parallel by a distributed network of brain regions involved in object categorization, reward assessment, and decision-making.

Place du pathologiste dans la prise en charge néoadjuvante des cancers du sein [Neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer: implications for the pathologist].

These past few years, neoadjuvant strategy has taken an increasing place in the management of breast cancer patients. This strategy is mainly indicated to obtain a tumour bulk regression allowing a breast conserving surgery in patients that otherwise would have undergone mastectomy. Of note, development of new chemotherapy agents and targeted therapies has critically helped in the progress of neoadjuvant strategy as it is currently associated with better pathological response rates. In this context, the pathologist is at the crossroad of this multidisciplinary process. First, he provides on the initial core needle biopsy the tumour pathological characteristics that are critical for the choice of treatment strategy, i.e. histological type, histological grade, proliferative activity (mitotic count and Ki67/MIB1 index labeling), hormone receptor status (oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor) and HER2 status. Secondly, the pathologist evaluates the pathological response and the status of surgical margins with regards to the residual tumour on the surgical specimen after neoadjuvant treatment. These parameters are important for the management of the patient, since it has been shown that complete pathological response is associated with improved disease free survival. Several grading systems are used to assess the pathological response in breast and axillary lymph nodes. The most frequently used in France are currently the systems described by Sataloff et al. and Chevallier et al. In this review, we detail the different steps involving the pathologist in neoadjuvant setting, with special regards to the quality process and future perspectives such as emerging predictive biomarkers.

Cross-country differences in disclosure quality: a study of fair value disclosures by european real estate companies

Companies are under IAS 40 required to report fair values of investment properties on the balance sheet or to disclose them in the notes. The standard requires also that companies have to disclose the methods and significant assumptions applied in determining fair values of investment properties. However, IAS 40 does not include any illustrative examples or other guidance on how to apply the disclosure requirements. We use a sample with publicly traded companies from the real estate sector in the EU. We find that a majority of the companies use income based methods for the measurement of fair values but there are considerable cross-country variations in the level of disclosures about the assumptions used in determining fair values. More specifically, we find that Scandinavian and German origin companies disclose more than French and English origin companies. We also test whether disclosure quality is associated with enforcement quality measured with the “Rule of Law” index according to Kaufmann et al. (2010), and associated with a secrecy- versus transparency-measure based on Gray (1988). We find a positive association between disclosure and earnings quality and a negative association with secrecy.

Biodiversity value of potential forest fertilisation stands, as assessed by red-listed and "signal" bryophytes and lichens

Abstract

[13 juillet 1919, M. Poincaré décorant un drapeau tendu par un poilu, place de l'Hôtel de ville à Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54911

[13 juillet 1919, M. Poincaré décorant un poilu, place de l'Hôtel de ville à Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54915

[13 juillet 1919] Joffre [décorant un poilu, place de l'Hôtel de ville à Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54916

[13 juillet 1919] Foch [décorant un poilu place de l'Hôtel de ville à Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54917

[13 juillet 1919, M. Poincaré décorant un drapeau tenu par un poilu, place de l'Hôtel de ville à Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54918

[Défilé du 14 juillet 1919, passage de poilus portant l'étendard des bataillons des douanes devant le cénotaphe place de l'Etoile] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54927

[Défilé du 14 juillet 1919, place de l'Etoile, Foch et Joffre à cheval devant la cavalerie] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54941 bis

[Défilé du 14 juillet 1919, place de la Concorde, statue de Strasbourg pavoisée] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54942

Multimodal Strategies in Development.Predictive Value of early simultaneosgesture-speech comination

The present study investigates the predictive value of the early appearance of simultaneous pointing-speech combinations. An experimental task was used to obtain a communicative productive sample from nineteen children at 1;0 and 1;3. Infant’s communicative productions, in combination with gaze joint engagement patterns, were analyzed in relation to different social conditions. The results show a significant effect of age and social condition on infants’ communicative productions. Gesture-speech combinations seem to work as a strong communicative resource to attract the adult’s attention in social demanding communicative contexts. Gaze joint engagement was used in combination with simultaneous pointing-speech combinations to attract adults’ attention during social demanding conditions. Finally, the use of simultaneous pointing-speech combinations at 1;0 in demanding conditions predicted greater expressive vocabulary acquisition at 1;3 and 1;6. These results indicate that the use of gesture-speech combinations may be considered a significant step towards the early integration of language components.