The mechanism of Hsp70 chaperones: (entropic) pulling the models together.

Hsp70s are conserved molecular chaperones that can prevent protein aggregation, actively unfold, solubilize aggregates, pull translocating proteins across membranes and remodel native proteins complexes. Disparate mechanisms have been proposed for the various modes of Hsp70 action: passive prevention of aggregation by kinetic partitioning, peptide-bond isomerase, Brownian ratcheting or active power-stroke pulling. Recently, we put forward a unifying mechanism named 'entropic pulling', which proposed that Hsp70 uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to recruit a force of entropic origin to locally unfold aggregates or pull proteins across membranes. The entropic pulling mechanism reproduces the expected phenomenology that inspired the other disparate mechanisms and is, moreover, simple.

La contrainte du corps à l'épreuve de la contrainte par corps

Le sujet, dans le temps de l'adolescence, fait l'expérience de l'acceptation passive des transformations liées à la puberté. Cette expérience peut être assimilée à un traumatisme pubertaire (Gutton, 1991, 1996) qui vient effracter les enveloppes somatiques et psychiques de l'adolescent. En somme, le traumatisme pubertaire s'impose au sujet, au sens où la puberté avec les bouleversements hormonaux qui l'accompagnent, vient faire effraction dans le corps de l'adolescent. La puberté représente une expérience contrainte, contraignante pour le sujet qui tente de s'en défaire dans une tentative d'investissement d'une position active par le recours à des stratégies coûteuses (du côté des pathologies de l'agir) impliquant directement son corps, dans une tentative de (em)prise qui lui échappe et le dépasse. Cet impensable du moment revêt une dimension traumatique, traumatisme que l'adolescent aura à élaborer en appui sur ses pairs (se réassurer avec la rencontre du même) et dans la rencontre avec les adultes, et les parents en particulier. L'environnement constitue une ressource symbolisante pour l'adolescent. Lorsque ce soutien n'est pas rendu possible, ce temps de renégociation des liens aux autres, de réaménagements ne vont pas permettre à l'adolescent de conforter son identité et la question des identifications s'en trouve infléchie. L'enjeu de cette présentation, en appui sur le cas clinique d'un adolescent placé dans un cadre pénal, sera de mettre au travail la dynamique activité/passivité dans cette double expérience corporelle, en particulier la question du travail du féminin dans le temps de l'adolescence (Jeammet, 1980, 2002 ; Chabert, 2003 ; Roman, 2013).

Validation of Design Recommendations for Integral Abutment Piles, HR-292, 1989

Since integral abutment bridges decrease the initial and maintenance costs of bridges, they provide an attractive alternative for bridge designers. The objective of this project is to develop rational and experimentally verified design recommendations for these bridges. Field testing consisted of instrumenting two bridges in Iowa to monitor air and bridge temperatures, bridge displacements, and pile strains. Core samples were also collected to determine coefficients of thermal expansion for the two bridges. Design values for the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete are recommended, as well as revised temperature ranges for the deck and girders of steel and concrete bridges. A girder extension model is developed to predict the longitudinal bridge displacements caused by changing bridge temperatures. Abutment rotations and passive soil pressures behind the abutment were neglected. The model is subdivided into segments that have uniform temperatures, coefficients of expansion, and moduli of elasticity. Weak axis pile strains were predicted using a fixed-head model. The pile is idealized as an equivalent cantilever with a length determined by the surrounding soil conditions and pile properties. Both the girder extension model and the fixed-head model are conservative for design purposes. A longitudinal frame model is developed to account for abutment rotations. The frame model better predicts both the longitudinal displacement and weak axis pile strains than do the simpler models. A lateral frame model is presented to predict the lateral motion of skewed bridges and the associated strong axis pile strains. Full passive soil pressure is assumed on the abutment face. Two alternatives for the pile design are presented. Alternative One is the more conservative and includes thermally induced stresses. Alternative Two neglects thermally induced stresses but allows for the partial formation of plastic hinges (inelastic redistribution of forces). Ductility criteria are presented for this alternative. Both alternatives are illustrated in a design example.

Small farmers of the Florida Province (Bolivia) : Reciprocity in Practice

Peasant societies are often seen by neoliberal or Marxist theorists as passive subjects of political-economic transformations occurring at a higher level, only surviving through acculturation to market requirements. By analyzing agricultural work organization in highland communities and a local system of water management called Acuerdos Reciprocos por el Agua (Reciprocal Agreements for Water), developed in 2003 by the Natura Bolivia foundation in Florida Province in Bolivia, we show that, contrary to this perception, traditional reciprocal norms still play an essential role in decision making. This suggests the agency of rural societies and the resilience of traditional reciprocity-based norms in mountain regions.

From breathing to respiration.

The purpose of breathing remained an enigma for a long time. The Hippocratic school described breathing patterns but did not associate breathing with the lungs. Empedocles and Plato postulated that breathing was linked to the passage of air through pores of the skin. This was refuted by Aristotle who believed that the role of breathing was to cool the heart. In Alexandria, breakthroughs were accomplished in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Later, Galen proposed an accurate description of the respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breathing. However, his heart-lung model was hampered by the traditional view of two non-communicating vascular systems - veins and arteries. After a period of stagnation in the Middle Ages, knowledge progressed with the discovery of pulmonary circulation. The comprehension of the purpose of breathing progressed by steps thanks to Boyle and Mayow among others, and culminated with the contribution of Priestley and the discovery of oxygen by Lavoisier. Only then was breathing recognized as fulfilling the purpose of respiration, or gas exchange. A century later, a controversy emerged concerning the active or passive transfer of oxygen from alveoli to the blood. August and Marie Krogh settled the dispute, showing that passive diffusion was sufficient to meet the oxygen needs. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Nonlinear Finite Element Study of Piles in Integral Abutment Bridges, HR-227, Part 2, 1982

The highway departments of the states which use integral abutments in bridge design were contacted in order to study the extent of integral abutment use in skewed bridges and to survey the different guidelines used for analysis and design of integral abutments in skewed bridges. The variation in design assumptions and pile orientations among the various states in their approach to the use of integral abutments on skewed bridges is discussed. The problems associated with the treatment of the approach slab, backfill, and pile cap, and the reason for using different pile orientations are summarized in the report. An algorithm based on a state-of-the-art nonlinear finite element procedure previously developed by the authors was modified and used to study the influence of different factors on behavior of piles in integral abutment bridges. An idealized integral abutment was introduced by assuming that the pile is rigidly cast into the pile cap and that the approach slab offers no resistance to lateral thermal expansion. Passive soil and shear resistance of the cap are neglected in design. A 40-foot H pile (HP 10 X 42) in six typical Iowa soils was analyzed for fully restrained pile head and pinned pile head. According to numerical results, the maximum safe length for fully restrained pile head is one-half the maximum safe length for pinned pile head. If the pile head is partially restrained, the maximum safe length will lie between the two limits. The numerical results from an investigation of the effect of predrilled oversized holes indicate that if the length of the predrilled oversized hole is at least 4 feet below the ground, the vertical load-carrying capacity of the H pile is only reduced by 10 percent for 4 inches of lateral displacement in very stiff clay. With no predrilled oversized hole, the pile failed before the 4-inch lateral displacement was reached. Thus, the maximum safe lengths for integral abutment bridges may be increased by predrilling. Four different typical Iowa layered soils were selected and used in this investigation. In certain situations, compacted soil (> 50 blow count in standard penetration tests) is used as fill on top of natural soil. The numerical results showed that the critical conditions will depend on the length of the compacted soil. If the length of the compacted soil exceeds 4 feet, the failure mechanism for the pile is similar to one in a layer of very stiff clay. That is, the vertical load-carrying capacity of the H pile will be greatly reduced as the specified lateral displacement increases.

Chronic subdural hematomas treated by burr hole trepanation and a subperiostal drainage system.

OBJECTIVE: Most symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas are treated by subdural drainage. However, a subperiostal (i.e., extracranial) passive closed-drainage system in combination with double burr hole trepanation is used at our institution. Therefore, we wanted to analyze our results and compare them with the alternate treatment strategies reported in the current literature. METHODS: In a retrospective single-center study, we analyzed the data of all patients undergoing double burr hole trepanation with a subperiostal passive closed-drainage system. Data analysis included general patient data, complications, postoperative seizure rate, and outcome. RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven patients underwent surgery for 183 symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas. The perioperative mortality rate was 3.4%. Hematoma persistence or recurrence occurred in 13.1% of the cases. The postoperative seizure rate was 6.6%, and the infection rate was 1.6%, including 3 cases of superficial wound infection and 1 case with deep infection. The reintervention rate was 9.3%, including trepanation in 8.2% of the patients and craniotomy in 1.1%. The overall complication rate was 10.9%. CONCLUSION: Double burr hole trepanation combined with a subperiostal passive closed-drainage system is a technically easy, highly effective, safe, and cost-efficient treatment strategy for symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas. The absence of a drain in direct contact with the hematoma capsule may moderate the risk of postoperative seizure and limit the secondary spread of infection to intracranial compartments.

Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic valve stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction with delayed relaxation and abnormal passive elastic properties has been described in patients with severe pressure overload hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course of rotational motion of the left ventricle in patients with aortic valve stenosis using myocardial tagging. METHODS: Myocardial tagging is a non-invasive method based on magnetic resonance which makes it possible to label ('tag') specific myocardial regions. From the motion of the tag's cardiac rotation, radial displacement and translational motion can be determined. In 12 controls and 13 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis systolic and diastolic wall motion was assessed in an apical and basal short axis plane. RESULTS: The normal left ventricle performs a systolic wringing motion around the ventricular long axis with clockwise rotation at the base (-4.4+/-1.6 degrees) and counter-clockwise rotation at the apex (+6.8+/-2.5 degrees) when viewed from the apex. During early diastole an untwisting motion can be observed which precedes diastolic filling. In patients with aortic valve stenosis systolic rotation is reduced at the base (-2.4+/-2.0 degrees; P<0.01) but increased at the apex (+12.0+/-6.0 degrees; P<0.05). Diastolic untwisting is delayed and prolonged with a decrease in normalized rotation velocity (-6.9+/-1.1 s(-1)) when compared to controls (-10.7+/-2.2 s(-1); P<0.001). Maximal systolic torsion is 8.0+/-2.1 degrees in controls and 14.1+/-6.4 degrees (P<0.01) in patients with aortic valve stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy is associated with a reduction in basal and an increase in apical rotation resulting in increased torsion of the ventricle. Diastolic untwisting is delayed and prolonged. This may explain the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with severe pressure overload hypertrophy.

Evaluation of the compliance with recommended procedures in newborns exposed to HBsAg-positive mothers: a multicenter collaborative study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during birth carries a high risk for chronic HBV infection in infants with frequent subsequent development of chronic disease. This can be efficiently prevented by early immunization of exposed newborns. The purpose of this study was to determine the compliance with official recommendations for prevention of perinatal HBV transmission in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) exposed infants. METHODS: Records of pregnant women at 4 sites in Switzerland, admitted for delivery in 2005 and 2006, were screened for maternal HBsAg testing. In HBsAg-exposed infants, recommended procedures (postnatal active and passive immunization, completion of immunization series, and serological success control) were checked. RESULTS: Of 27,131 women tested for HBsAg, 194 (0.73%) were positive with 196 exposed neonates. Of these neonates, 143 (73%) were enrolled and 141 (99%) received simultaneous active and passive HBV immunization within 24 hours of birth. After discharge, the HBV immunization series was completed in 83%. Only 38% of children were tested for anti-HBs afterwards and protective antibody values (>100 U/L) were documented in 27% of the study cohort. No chronically infected child was identified. Analysis of hospital discharge letters revealed significant quality problems. CONCLUSIONS: Intensified efforts are needed to improve the currently suboptimal medical care in HBsAg-exposed infants. We propose standardized discharge letters, as well as reminders to primary care physicians with precise instructions on the need to complete the immunization series in HBsAg-exposed infants and to evaluate success by determination of anti-HBs antibodies after the last dose.

Noves metodologies d’anàlisi de compostos volàtils mitjançant trampes d’agulla. Aplicació a l’anàlisi d’alè, atmosfèrica i d’aigües

New methodologies for the analysis of volatile compoundsusing needle traps. Applications to breath, atmospheric andwater analysis. A new preconcentration technique has been developed for the analysis of volatile compounds based on the use of needle traps. These traps are based on stainless steel needles filled with one or more adsorbents, which allows the preconcentration of the anilities inside the trap by passing a gas flow through the needle. The parameters affecting the sorption/desorption process have been assessed (e.g. needle and liner dimensions, injector temperature, split less time, memory effects, and stability inside the needle). For liquid samples, four different sampling methodologies were studied, including passive and active sampling methods. The best results, considering the simplicity and sensitivity, are obtained by sampling the headspace volume using various cycles of a small and fix volume. Once the best conditions of analysis have been found, the method has been validated for gas and liquid samples. The results obtained show that needle traps are a good analytical methodology for the analysis of breath, environmental and liquid samples

Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies.

During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, and many others are being investigated as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with conventional treatments in clinical studies. Immunotherapies may be subdivided into "passive" and "active" based on their ability to engage the host immune system against cancer. Since the anticancer activity of most passive immunotherapeutics (including tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies) also relies on the host immune system, this classification does not properly reflect the complexity of the drug-host-tumor interaction. Alternatively, anticancer immunotherapeutics can be classified according to their antigen specificity. While some immunotherapies specifically target one (or a few) defined tumor-associated antigen(s), others operate in a relatively non-specific manner and boost natural or therapy-elicited anticancer immune responses of unknown and often broad specificity. Here, we propose a critical, integrated classification of anticancer immunotherapies and discuss the clinical relevance of these approaches.

A new classification of the Turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region

The Turkish part of the Tethyan realm is represented by a series of terranes juxtaposed through Alpine convergent movements and separated by complex suture zones. Different terranes can be defined and characterized by their dominant geological background. The Pontides domain represents a segment of the former active margin of Eurasia, where back-arc basins opened in the Triassic and separated the Sakarya terrane from neighbouring regions. Sakarya was re-accreted to Laurasia through the Balkanic mid-Cretaceous orogenic event that also affected the Rhodope and Strandja zones. The whole region from the Balkans to the Caucasus was then affected by a reversal of subduction and creation of a Late Cretaceous arc before collision with the Anatolian domain in the Eocene. If the Anatolian terrane underwent an evolution similar to Sakarya during the Late Paleozoic and Early Triassic times, both terranes had a diverging history during and after the Eo-Cimmerian collision. North of Sakarya, the Küre back-arc was closed during the Jurassic, whereas north of the Anatolian domain, the back-arc type oceans did not close before the Late Cretaceous. During the Cretaceous, both domains were affected by ophiolite obduction, but in very different ways: north directed diachronous Middle to Late Cretaceous mélange obduction on the Jurassic Sakarya passive margin; Senonian synchronous southward obduction on the Triassic passive margin of Anatolia. From this, it appears that the Izmir-Ankara suture, currently separating both terranes, is composite, and that the passive margin of Sakarya is not the conjugate margin of Anatolia. To the south, the Cimmerian Taurus domain together with the Beydağları domain (part of the larger Greater Apulian terrane), were detached from north Gondwana in the Permian during the opening of the Neotethys (East-Mediterranean basin). The drifting Cimmerian blocks entered into a soft collision with the Anatolian and related terranes in the Eo-Cimmerian orogenic phase (Late Triassic), thus suturing the Paleotethys. At that time, the Taurus plate developed foreland-type basins, filled with flysch-molasse deposits that locally overstepped the lower plate Taurus terrane and were deposited in the opening Neotethys to the south. These olistostromal deposits are characterized by pelagic Carboniferous and Permian material from the Paleotethys suture zone found in the Mersin mélange. The latter, as well as the Antalya and Mamonia domains are represented by a series of exotic units now found south of the main Taurus range. Part of the Mersin exotic material was clearly derived from the former north Anatolian passive margin (Huğlu-type series) and re-displaced during the Paleogene. This led us to propose a plate tectonic model where the Anatolian ophiolitic front is linked up with the Samail/Baër-Bassit obduction front found along the Arabian margin. The obduction front was indented by the Anatolian promontory whose eastern end was partially subducted. Continued slab roll-back of the Neotethys allowed Anatolian exotics to continue their course southwestward until their emplacement along the Taurus southern margin (Mersin) and up to the Beydağları promontory (Antaya-Mamonia) in the latest Cretaceous-Paleocene. The supra-subduction ocean opening at the back of the obduction front (Troodos-type Ocean) was finally closed by Eocene north-south shortening between Africa and Eurasia. This brought close to each other Cretaceous ophiolites derived from the north of Anatolia and those obducted on the Arabian promontory. The latter were sealed by a Maastrichtian platform, and locally never affected by Alpine tectonism, whereas those located on the eastern Anatolian plate are strongly deformed and metamorphosed, and affected by Eocene arc magmatism. These observations help to reconstruct the larger frame of the central Tethyan realm geodynamic evolution.

Qui utilise les crèches en Suisse ? : logiques sociales du recours aux structures d'accueil collectif pour la petite enfance

Depuis quelque temps, de plus en plus de spécialistes de la politique sociale préconisent une stratégie d'investissement social dans laquelle les crèches joueraient un rôle majeur. Cette stratégie vise à prévenir les exclusions sociales par la promotion de l'égalité des chances et de l'accès à l'emploi en vue d'un allègement des dépenses de protection sociale passive. Outre qu'elles permettent aux familles d'avoir deux revenus, les crèches ont en effet l'avantage de réduire les écarts au niveau des compétences cognitives et linguistiques entre les enfants venant de différents milieux sociaux. Mais le succès d'une telle stratégie présuppose que certains publics cibles recourent effectivement aux crèches, à savoir les ménages disposant d'un faible revenu ou/et de niveau de formation, ainsi que les familles issues de l'immigration. Or, des analyses statistiques sur la base de l'Enquête suisse sur la population active (ESPA) de 2008 montrent que, pour les familles en Suisse, les chances d'utiliser une crèche augmentent avec le niveau de formation des parents. Concernant plus particulièrement le niveau de formation des mères, ce phénomène n'est d'ailleurs que partiellement conditionné par le taux d'activité supérieur de celles ayant accompli une formation de degré tertiaire. En outre, certaines populations d'immigrés dont l'intégration dans la société suisse est réputée difficile sont peu disposées à recourir aux crèches. Les immigrés de première génération de quasiment toutes les origines fortement représentées en Suisse ont en revanche plus de chances que les parents d'origine suisse de faire appel au service d'une crèche à raison d'au moins 4 jours/semaine, ce qui peut influer négativement sur le comportement de l'enfant. Ce dernier résultat semble paradoxal mais montre qu'une migration rend plus difficile l'organisation d'une garde informelle comme solution complémentaire à la crèche. En synthèse, la présente étude attire l'attention sur le fait que les atouts pédagogiques et socialisants des crèches reviennent avant tout aux enfants de parents d'origine suisse ou venant de pays culturellement proches et ayant un niveau de formation supérieur. Telle que conçue actuellement, l'offre de crèches en Suisse ne semble guère opérer comme un instrument efficace de l'investissement social. Immer mehr Experten der Sozialpolitik empfehlen eine ,,Strategie der sozialen Investitionen", die den Kindertagesstätten (bzw. Kinderkrippen) eine wichtige Rolle zuschreibt. Ziel dieser Strategie ist es, durch Förderung von Chancengleichheit und Arbeitsmarktpartizipation sozialen Ausgrenzungen vorzubeugen, um Einsparungen im Bereich der passiven Sozialleistungen zu ermöglichen. Krippen haben einerseits den Vorteil, dass sie es den Familien ermöglichen, zwei Einkommen zu erzielen. Andererseits tragen sie zur Minderung von kognitiven und sprachlichen Fähigkeitsunterschieden zwischen Vorschulkindern aus verschiedenen sozialen Milieus bei. Der Erfolg dieser Strategie setzt jedoch voraus, dass gewisse Zielgruppen tatsächlich Krippen nutzen, nämlich bezüglich Einkommen und/oder Bildung benachteiligte Haushalte sowie Familien mit Migrationshintergrund. Die vorliegenden statistischen Analysen aufgrund der SAKE-Daten von 2008 (Schweizerische Arbeitskräfteerhebung) ergeben jedoch für die Schweiz, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine Krippe zu nutzen, mit dem Bildungsniveau der Eltern steigt. Was das Bildungsniveau der Mütter im Besonderen anbelangt, ist dieses Phänomen nur teilweise bedingt durch den tendenziell höheren Beschäftigungsgrad der besser Ausgebildeten. Zudem haben einige Migrantengruppen, deren Integration in die Schweizer Gesellschaft als besonders schwierig betrachtet wird, eine bedeutend tiefere Benützungswahrscheinlichkeit als Eltern Schweizer Herkunft. Für fast alle in der Schweiz stark vertretenen Migranten erster Generation ist dennoch das statistische Risiko grösser, die Krippe während mindestens 4 Tagen/Woche zu nutzen, was einen negativen Einfluss auf das Verhalten des Kindes haben kann. Dieses scheinbar paradoxe Ergebnis ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass ein Migrationshintergrund das Organisieren von krippenergänzenden Betreuungslösungen informeller Art meist erschwert. Gesamthaft zeigt die vorliegende Studie auf, dass die positiven pädagogischen und sozialisierenden Effekte der Krippen in erster Linie Kindern zugutekommen, deren Eltern eine höhere Ausbildung haben, Schweizer Herkunft sind oder aus einem kulturell nahestehenden Land kommen. So wie es gegenwärtig eingerichtet ist, scheint das Krippenangebot in der Schweiz kaum als effizientes Instrument sozialer Investitionen zu wirken.

Syndromic algorithms for detection of gambiense human african trypanosomiasis in South Sudan.

BACKGROUND: Active screening by mobile teams is considered the best method for detecting human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense but the current funding context in many post-conflict countries limits this approach. As an alternative, non-specialist health care workers (HCWs) in peripheral health facilities could be trained to identify potential cases who need testing based on their symptoms. We explored the predictive value of syndromic referral algorithms to identify symptomatic cases of HAT among a treatment-seeking population in Nimule, South Sudan. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Symptom data from 462 patients (27 cases) presenting for a HAT test via passive screening over a 7 month period were collected to construct and evaluate over 14,000 four item syndromic algorithms considered simple enough to be used by peripheral HCWs. For comparison, algorithms developed in other settings were also tested on our data, and a panel of expert HAT clinicians were asked to make referral decisions based on the symptom dataset. The best performing algorithms consisted of three core symptoms (sleep problems, neurological problems and weight loss), with or without a history of oedema, cervical adenopathy or proximity to livestock. They had a sensitivity of 88.9-92.6%, a negative predictive value of up to 98.8% and a positive predictive value in this context of 8.4-8.7%. In terms of sensitivity, these out-performed more complex algorithms identified in other studies, as well as the expert panel. The best-performing algorithm is predicted to identify about 9/10 treatment-seeking HAT cases, though only 1/10 patients referred would test positive. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In the absence of regular active screening, improving referrals of HAT patients through other means is essential. Systematic use of syndromic algorithms by peripheral HCWs has the potential to increase case detection and would increase their participation in HAT programmes. The algorithms proposed here, though promising, should be validated elsewhere.

Auditory localisation and recognition after left inferior collicular lesion: effects of work load on cortical activation patterns (fMRI study)

Evidence from neuropsychological and activation studies (Clarke et al., 2oo0, Maeder et al., 2000) suggests that sound recognitionand localisation are processed by two anatomically and functionally distinct cortical networks. We report here on a case of a patientthat had an interruption of auditory information and we show: i) the effects of this interruption on cortical auditory processing; ii)the effect of the workload on activation pattern.A 36 year old man suffered from a small left mesencephalic haemotrhage, due to cavernous angioma; the let% inferior colliculuswas resected in the surgical approach of the vascular malformation. In the acute stage, the patient complained of auditoryhallucinations and of auditory loss in right ear, while tonal audiometry was normal. At 12 months, auditory recognition, auditorylocalisation (assessed by lTD and IID cues) and auditory motion perception were normal (Clarke et al., 2000), while verbal dichoticlistening was deficient on the right side.Sound recognition and sound localisation activation patterns were investigated with fMRI, using a passive and an activeparadigm. In normal subjects, distinct cortical networks were involved in sound recognition and localisation, both in passive andactive paradigm (Maeder et al., 2OOOa, 2000b).Passive listening of environmental and spatial stimuli as compared to rest strongly activated right auditory cortex, but failed toactivate left primary auditory cortex. The specialised networks for sound recognition and localisation could not be visual&d onthe right and only minimally on the left convexity. A very different activation pattern was obtained in the active condition wherea motor response was required. Workload not only increased the activation of the right auditory cortex, but also allowed theactivation of the left primary auditory cortex. The specialised networks for sound recognition and localisation were almostcompletely present in both hemispheres.These results show that increasing the workload can i) help to recruit cortical region in the auditory deafferented hemisphere;and ii) lead to processing auditory information within specific cortical networks.References:Clarke et al. (2000). Neuropsychologia 38: 797-807.Mae.der et al. (2OOOa), Neuroimage 11: S52.Maeder et al. (2OOOb), Neuroimage 11: S33