Distress Tolerance among Students Referred for Treatment Following Violation of Campus Cannabis Use Policy: Relations to Use, Problems, and Motivation

Students referred to treatment after violating campus drug policies represent a high-risk group. Identification of factors related to these students’ cannabis use could inform prevention and treatment efforts. Distress tolerance (DT) is negatively related to substance-related behaviors and may be related to high-risk cannabis use vulnerability factors that can impact treatment outcome. Thus, the current study tested whether DT was related to cannabis use frequency, cannabis-related problems, and motivation to change cannabis use among 88 students referred for treatment after violating campus cannabis policies. DT was robustly, negatively related to cannabis use and related problems. DT was also significantly, negatively correlated with coping, conformity, and expansion motives. DT was directly and indirectly related to cannabis problems via coping (not conformity or expansion) motives. Motives did not mediate the relation of DT to cannabis use frequency. DT may be an important target in treatment with students who violate campus cannabis policies.

Killing animals: sociology, species relations and institutionalized violence

Influential voices have argued for a sociology which acknowledges the way we are co-constituted with a range of non-human species as part of the condition of life on this planet. Despite this, sociology has generally retained a conception of the social that is centred on the human. This paper argues for the inclusion of non-human animals in sociological agendas, focusing on the emerging field of the sociology of violence. It examines the institutions and processes through which non-human animals are subjected to different forms of violence, most notably, mass killing.The practice of killing animals is routine,normative,institutionalized and globalized.The scale of killing is historically unprecedented and the numbers killed are enormous. The paper argues that this killing of non-humans raises questions around inequal- ities and intersectionality, human relations with other species, the embedding of violence in everyday practices and links between micro and macro analyses. These are questions with which the new sociology of violence might engage.

Observed bodies generate object-based spatial codes

Contemporary studies of spatial and social cognition frequently use human figures as stimuli. The interpretation of such studies may be complicated by spatial compatibility effects that emerge when researchers employ spatial responses, and participants spontaneously code spatial relationships about an observed body. Yet, the nature of these spatial codes – whether they are location- or object-based, and coded from the perspective of the observer or the figure – has not been determined. Here, we investigated this issue by exploring spatial compatibility effects arising for objects held by a visually presented whole-bodied schematic human figure. In three experiments, participants responded to the colour of the object held in the figure’s left or right hand, using left or right key presses. Left-right compatibility effects were found relative to the participant’s egocentric perspective, rather than the figure’s. These effects occurred even when the figure was rotated by 90 degrees to the left or to the right, and the coloured objects were aligned with the participant’s midline. These findings are consistent with spontaneous spatial coding from the participant’s perspective and relative to the normal upright orientation of the body. This evidence for object-based spatial coding implies that the domain general cognitive mechanisms that result in spatial compatibility effects may contribute to certain spatial perspective-taking and social cognition phenomena.

Object categorisations using templates constructed from multi-scale line and edge representations

Object categorisation is linked to detection, segregation and recognition. In the visual system, these processes are achieved in the ventral \what"and dorsal \where"pathways [3], with bottom-up feature extractions in areas V1, V2, V4 and IT (what) in parallel with top-down attention from PP via MT to V2 and V1 (where). The latter is steered by object templates in memory, i.e. in prefrontal cortex with a what component in PF46v and a where component in PF46d.

Multi-scale cortical keypoint representation for attention and object detection

Keypoints (junctions) provide important information for focus-of-attention (FoA) and object categorization/recognition. In this paper we analyze the multi-scale keypoint representation, obtained by applying a linear and quasi-continuous scaling to an optimized model of cortical end-stopped cells, in order to study its importance and possibilities for developing a visual, cortical architecture.We show that keypoints, especially those which are stable over larger scale intervals, can provide a hierarchically structured saliency map for FoA and object recognition. In addition, the application of non-classical receptive field inhibition to keypoint detection allows to distinguish contour keypoints from texture (surface) keypoints.

An integrated framework for combining gist vision with object segregation categorisation and recognition

There are roughly two processing systems: (1) very fast gist vision of entire scenes, completely bottom-up and data driven, and (2) Focus-of-Attention (FoA) with sequential screening of specific image regions and objects. The latter system has to be sequential because unnormalised input objects must be matched against normalised templates of canonical object views stored in memory, which involves dynamic routing of features in the visual pathways.

Cortical object segregation and categorization by multi-scale line and edge coding

In this paper we present an improved scheme for line and edge detection in cortical area V1, based on responses of simple and complex cells, truly multi-scale with no free parameters. We illustrate the multi-scale representation for visual reconstruction, and show how object segregation can be achieved with coarse-to-finescale groupings. A two-level object categorization scenario is tested in which pre-categorization is based on coarse scales only, and final categorization on coarse plus fine scales. Processing schemes are discussed in the framework of a complete cortical architecture.

Multi-scale keypoint hierarchy for Focus-of-Attention and object detection

Hypercolumns in area V1 contain frequency- and orientation-selective simple and complex cells for line (bar) and edge coding, plus end-stopped cells for key- point (vertex) detection. A single-scale (single-frequency) mathematical model of single and double end-stopped cells on the basis of Gabor filter responses was developed by Heitger et al. (1992 Vision Research 32 963-981). We developed an improved model by stabilising keypoint detection over neighbouring micro- scales.

Invariant multi-scale object categorisation and recognition

Object recognition requires that templates with canonical views are stored in memory. Such templates must somehow be normalised. In this paper we present a novel method for obtaining 2D translation, rotation and size invariance. Cortical simple, complex and end-stopped cells provide multi-scale maps of lines, edges and keypoints. These maps are combined such that objects are characterised. Dynamic routing in neighbouring neural layers allows feature maps of input objects and stored templates to converge. We illustrate the construction of group templates and the invariance method for object categorisation and recognition in the context of a cortical architecture, which can be applied in computer vision.

Multi-scale lines and edges in V1 and beyond: brightness, object categorization and recognition, and consciousness

In this paper we present an improved model for line and edge detection in cortical area V1. This model is based on responses of simple and complex cells, and it is multi-scale with no free parameters. We illustrate the use of the multi-scale line/edge representation in different processes: visual reconstruction or brightness perception, automatic scale selection and object segregation. A two-level object categorization scenario is tested in which pre-categorization is based on coarse scales only and final categorization on coarse plus fine scales. We also present a multi-scale object and face recognition model. Processing schemes are discussed in the framework of a complete cortical architecture. The fact that brightness perception and object recognition may be based on the same symbolic image representation is an indication that the entire (visual) cortex is involved in consciousness.

Cortical 3D face and object recognition using 2D projections

Empirical studies concerning face recognition suggest that faces may be stored in memory by a few canonical representations. In cortical area V1 exist double-opponent colour blobs, also simple, complex and end-stopped cells which provide input for a multiscale line/edge representation, keypoints for dynamic feature routine, and saliency maps for Focus-of-Attention.

Local object gist: meaningful shapes and spatial layout at a very early stage of visual processing

In his introduction, Pinna (2010) quoted one of Wertheimer’s observations: “I stand at the window and see a house, trees, sky. Theoretically I might say there were 327 brightnesses and nuances of color. Do I have ‘327’? No. I have sky, house, and trees.” This seems quite remarkable, for Max Wertheimer, together with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Koehler, was a pioneer of Gestalt Theory: perceptual organisation was tackled considering grouping rules of line and edge elements in relation to figure-ground segregation, i.e., a meaningful object (the figure) as perceived against a complex background (the ground). At the lowest level – line and edge elements – Wertheimer (1923) himself formulated grouping principles on the basis of proximity, good continuation, convexity, symmetry and, often forgotten, past experience of the observer. Rubin (1921) formulated rules for figure-ground segregation using surroundedness, size and orientation, but also convexity and symmetry. Almost a century of research into Gestalt later, Pinna and Reeves (2006) introduced the notion of figurality, meant to represent the integrated set of properties of visual objects, from the principles of grouping and figure-ground to the colour and volume of objects with shading. Pinna, in 2010, went one important step further and studied perceptual meaning, i.e., the interpretation of complex figures on the basis of past experience of the observer. Re-establishing a link to Wertheimer’s rule about past experience, he formulated five propositions, three definitions and seven properties on the basis of observations made on graphically manipulated patterns. For example, he introduced the illusion of meaning by comics-like elements suggesting wind, therefore inducing a learned interpretation. His last figure shows a regular array of squares but with irregular positions on the right side. This pile of (ir)regular squares can be interpreted as the result of an earthquake which destroyed part of an apartment block. This is much more intuitive, direct and economic than describing the complexity of the array of squares.

Choix scolaires, perception de la valeur des études et relations sociales de jeunes québécois au postsecondaire : une analyse qualitative longitudinale

La recherche s'intéresse à la valeur accordée aux études par les jeunes québécois de niveau postsecondaire en se basant sur le modèle de type attente-valeur d'Eccles (2007). La perception de la valeur correspond à un jugement posé sur les études, le programme ou le cours au regard de quatre composantes : intérêt, utilité, valeur de réalisation et cout. L'objectif général de la thèse est de mieux comprendre la dynamique entourant les choix scolaires des jeunes québécois de niveau postsecondaire à l'aide du concept de perception de la valeur des études et de ses composantes. Deux objectifs spécifiques en découlent: 1. Décrire les composantes de la perception de la valeur et leur dynamique, en distinguant la perception de la valeur des études en général (le fait d'étudier), d'un programme ou d'un cours et en reliant la perception de la valeur aux choix scolaires des jeunes; 2. Identifier et décrire le lien entre les relations sociales et la perception de la valeur des études. Une analyse secondaire a été menée sur 185 entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de 36 jeunes sur une période d'environ 5 ans (données de la recherche Famille, réseaux et persévérance au collégial, de Bourdon et Charbonneau). Les résultats valident largement le modèle et les définitions d'Eccles (2007), mais remettent en question certains aspects, en particulier autour des composantes utilité, réalisation et cout. Des aspects dynamiques de la perception de la valeur par ailleurs ont été mis en évidence. Les relations sociales - parents et pairs notamment - peuvent agir, selon différentes modalités, sur la perception de la valeur des études. Le personnel enseignant est mentionné en lien avec la valeur accordée aux cours. Une compréhension plus fine de la valeur accordée aux études, aux programmes et aux cours pourra être réinvestie dans l'organisation scolaire au postsecondaire et dans les pratiques pédagogiques.

L'agencement des relations père-enfant et mère-enfant : liens avec le développement social d'enfants d'âge préscolaire de familles nucléaires

Ce mémoire s'intéresse à l'agencement des relations qu'un enfant maintient avec ses deux parents et à leurs effets sur le développement social de l'enfant. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire explore les relations d'attachement et d'activation. Si le premier terme ferait traditionnellement référence à la relation spécifique entre une mère et son enfant, l'activation concernerait plutôt, selon certains auteurs, la relation entre un père et son enfant. Les psychoéducatrices et psychoéducateurs sont très souvent appelés à soutenir les personnes sur le plan de leur développement social. L'une des fondations cruciales du développement de la socialité serait la première relation créée et maintenue entre un enfant et son premier donneur de soins : la relation d'attachement. En effet, la relation d'attachement, selon la définition classique, référerait davantage à la relation spécifique que les enfants maintiendraient généralement avec leur mère. La façon dont l'enfant entrera ultérieurement en contact avec les personnes de son environnement pourrait être calquée sur cette première relation. Si, au départ, on s'intéressait davantage à l'attachement mère-enfant, plusieurs études ont tenté d'intégrer le père au modèle classique de l'attachement. Il semble que les pères s'intégreraient plus difficilement à ce modèle classique. Certains l'expliquent en faisant valoir que les prémisses théoriques de l'attachement se seraient plutôt concentrées sur la dimension simplement sécuritaire qui serait plus adaptée pour les mères. Les pères auraient un mode d'entrée en relation avec leurs enfants qui serait beaucoup plus dynamique, caractérisé par des jeux physiques chaleureux, mais où les limites seraient clairement définies par l'autorité du parent. Ce type de relation s'appelle la relation d'activation. La relation d'activation favoriserait chez l'enfant la persévérance et l'autorégulation face à l'exploration sécuritaire de son environnement, et par le fait même, constituerait le pendant exploratoire de la relation d'attachement. Des études ont déjà montré les liens de la relation d'activation avec le développement social de l'enfant. Si le cadre théorique de l'activation a été pensé en fonction du père, il reste encore à savoir si la mère peut aussi prendre sa place dans cette relation dynamisante. Alors qu'au Québec, l'organisation des rôles familiaux est en constante évolution, il convient de bien comprendre d'abord les agencements relationnels de la famille nucléaire afin d'éventuellement outiller les parents de familles d'autres types. Pour explorer les mécanismes relationnels, une recension des écrits systématique a été réalisée. L'un des constats les plus intéressants de cette recension est l'absence d'études ayant étudié l'activation et le développement social auprès des enfants de plus de 36 mois. De plus, les deux types de relations (attachement et activation) n'ont pas été vérifiés chez les deux parents d'une famille nucléaire. Un dernier constat concerne enfin les instruments utiliser pour mesurer le construit de la sécurité d'attachement : il semble que, selon l'outil choisi et le type de variable utilisé, les constats réalisés sur la sécurité d'attachement diffèrent. Afin de répondre à cette lacune, le présent projet propose une avenue novatrice, à titre exploratoire : vérifier l'agencement des relations d'activation et d'attachement dans une triade familiale (un enfant et ses deux parents biologiques), et son lien avec le développement social de l'enfant. Étant donné les ressources limitées, seulement cinq cas ont été recrutés. Des données ont été collectées par observation directe et indirecte, selon un devis transversal. Puis les données ont été analysées d'abord de façon descriptive. Quelques analyses corrélationnelles ont toutefois été réalisées à titre exploratoire. Malgré l'impossibilité de généraliser les résultats de cette étude, ces derniers présentent plusieurs points similaires à la littérature scientifique. Le constat le plus évident est le lien entre les problèmes d'activation et les difficultés de comportements internalisés qui ont aussi été documentés dans la littérature scientifique. Ce projet consolide l'intérêt de s'intéresser aux deux dimensions de la relation parent-enfant, tant en recherche que sur le plan de l'évaluation psychosociale de l'enfant.

Object segregation and local gist vision using low-level geometry

Multi-scale representations of lines, edges and keypoints on the basis of simple, complex and end-stopped cells can be used for object categorisation and recognition (Rodrigues and du Buf, 2009 BioSystems 95 206-226). These representations are complemented by saliency maps of colour, texture, disparity and motion information, which also serve to model extremely fast gist vision in parallel with object segregation. We present a low-level geometry model based on a single type of self-adjusting grouping cell, with a circular array of dendrites connected to edge cells located at several angles.