(Table S1) Cation compositions of titanomaghemite in DSDP Hole 89-462A basalts

Cretaceous lava flows overlie Jurassic to Early Cretaceous oceanic crust in the Nauru Basin of the western equatorial Pacific, but their exact age and origin is controversial. In one model, they are generically related to volcanism forming the Ontong Java Plateau. However, paleomagnetic data from basalts recovered by ocean drilling in the Nauru Basin have been interpreted as recording numerous geomagnetic reversals, suggesting the Nauru Basin basalts are older than the Early Aptian flows on the Ontong Java Plateau, and the correlative volcanism seen in the western equatorial and southwestern Pacific Ocean basin. Here, we examine the magnetic fidelity of the Nauru Basin basalts through rock magnetic and paleomagnetic approaches. We find the magnetic carriers in the lavas are unlike most basaltic units recovered by oceanic drilling in that they are magnetically soft. This quality makes the rocks especially prone to the acquisition of secondary magnetic components induced during drilling. We demonstrate that the reversed polarity intervals are illusory, and instead record subtle changes in magnetic hardness that result in partial and complete overprinting by the magnetic field associated with the drill string (e.g., the core barrel, drill pipe and bit). The recognition of these magnetic overprints, the identification of only normal polarity in the Nauru Basin basalts, and a critical consideration of the available radiometric and biostratigraphic age data lead us to conclude that coeval formation of the Nauru Basin basalts and Ontong Java Plateau in Aptian times remains a viable hypothesis.

Lipids in ocean particulate matter and bottom sediments

Lipid contents both in particulate matter and bottom sediments decreases with passage from the shelf toward the open ocean. Lipid concentration in particulate matter collected by a separator (Ls) decreases by a factor of 7 (from 7.05 to 0.95 % of dry matter), while in particulate matter collected on filters (Lf) it decreases by a factor of 13 (from 78 to 6 µg/l) in the vicinity of the Limpopo River and by a factor of 6 (from 74 to 13 µg/l) in the vicinity of the Zambezi River. Concentration of Lf also decreased with depth. In the upper sediment layers lipid concentration was 0.0028-0.039% of dry matter; all mud samples were richer in lipids, than sand samples. During sedimentogenesis there is an increase in proportion of lipids relative to other classes of organic matter, proportion of low-polarity compounds increases among the lipids, and proportion of hydrocarbons rises among these compounds. Sediments inherit composition of particulate matter to the greatest degree in the vicinity of river mouths.

Counselors' education in complex contexts with special reference to Latin America

This paper makes reference to the importance lying, at present, on the professional education of counselors. It goes through the history of the different pre-scientific and scientific stages of counseling, and it points out the main representatives in Latin America . It also shows the current state of the specialization, taking as an antecedent some in-depth, widely encompassing research carried out in the European Union in this area. Coincidences and differences are exposed here in terms of professional profiles, university degrees, institutional dependence, up-dating processes and modes of intervention. The current state of postgraduate studies at university is also touched upon, and the different proposals for further education in Latin America are analyzed as well as their dependence upon an undergraduate degree in Psychology, Educational Sciences or Psycho-pedagogy. Finally, this paper places counseling within the complexity and the need to provide all-encompassing and integrative answers which require a wide and deep enough education so as to answer all these issues and problems.

Counselors' education in complex contexts with special reference to Latin America

This paper makes reference to the importance lying, at present, on the professional education of counselors. It goes through the history of the different pre-scientific and scientific stages of counseling, and it points out the main representatives in Latin America . It also shows the current state of the specialization, taking as an antecedent some in-depth, widely encompassing research carried out in the European Union in this area. Coincidences and differences are exposed here in terms of professional profiles, university degrees, institutional dependence, up-dating processes and modes of intervention. The current state of postgraduate studies at university is also touched upon, and the different proposals for further education in Latin America are analyzed as well as their dependence upon an undergraduate degree in Psychology, Educational Sciences or Psycho-pedagogy. Finally, this paper places counseling within the complexity and the need to provide all-encompassing and integrative answers which require a wide and deep enough education so as to answer all these issues and problems.

Flower and seed biomass, and germination rate of arctic tundra plants in response to long term experimental warming

We provide new information on changes in tundra plant sexual reproduction in response to long-term (12 years) experimental warming in the High Arctic. Open-top chambers (OTCs) were used to increase growing season temperatures by 1-2 °C across a range of vascular plant communities. The warming enhanced reproductive effort and success in most species; shrubs and graminoids appeared to be more responsive than forbs. We found that the measured effects of warming on sexual reproduction were more consistently positive and to a greater degree in polar oasis compared with polar semidesert vascular plant communities. Our findings support predictions that long-term warming in the High Arctic will likely enhance sexual reproduction in tundra plants, which could lead to an increase in plant cover. Greater abundance of vegetation has implications for primary consumers - via increased forage availability, and the global carbon budget - as a function of changes in permafrost and vegetation acting as a carbon sink. Enhanced sexual reproduction in Arctic vascular plants may lead to increased genetic variability of offspring, and consequently improved chances of survival in a changing environment. Our findings also indicate that with future warming, polar oases may play an important role as a seed source to the surrounding polar desert landscape.

Counselors' education in complex contexts with special reference to Latin America

This paper makes reference to the importance lying, at present, on the professional education of counselors. It goes through the history of the different pre-scientific and scientific stages of counseling, and it points out the main representatives in Latin America . It also shows the current state of the specialization, taking as an antecedent some in-depth, widely encompassing research carried out in the European Union in this area. Coincidences and differences are exposed here in terms of professional profiles, university degrees, institutional dependence, up-dating processes and modes of intervention. The current state of postgraduate studies at university is also touched upon, and the different proposals for further education in Latin America are analyzed as well as their dependence upon an undergraduate degree in Psychology, Educational Sciences or Psycho-pedagogy. Finally, this paper places counseling within the complexity and the need to provide all-encompassing and integrative answers which require a wide and deep enough education so as to answer all these issues and problems.

Pliocene and Pleistocene palynomorphs in ODP Leg 105 holes

Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments from ODP Hole 647A in the south central Labrador Sea and Hole 646B off southwest Greenland were sampled at 1.5-m intervals for studies of terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, dinocysts, and acritarchs. The dinocyst assemblages suggest that surface-water masses were cool-temperate to subarctic during most of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The occurrence of a few warm-temperate indicators, notably Impagidinium species and Polyspaeridium zoharyi, suggests almost continuous northward advection of warm North Atlantic Drift into the Labrador Sea. A major decrease in dinocyst diversity and abundance marks the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene interval. The abundance of acritarchs in Pliocene sediments off southwest Greenland suggests high productivity, which may reflect nutrient flux from the shelf or upwelling; productivity appears to have been much lower at the central Labrador Sea site. Pollen and spore concentrations also decrease from the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. This diminution probably reflects the impoverishment of vegetation and southward migration of the eastern Canadian tree line at the onset of climatic cooling and glaciation.

Biogenic silica in ODP Hole 105-647A

Eocene to Holocene sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 647 (Leg 105) in the southern Labrador Sea, approximately 200 km south of the Gloria Drift deposits, were investigated for their biogenic silica composition. Three sections of different diagenetic alteration products of primary siliceous components could be distinguished: (1) opal-A was recorded in the Miocene and the early Oligocene time intervals with strongly corroded siliceous skeletons in the Miocene and mostly well preserved biogenic opal in the early Oligocene; (2) opal-CT precipitation occurs between 250-440 meters below seafloor (mbsf) (earliest Oligocene to late Eocene); (3) between 620-650 mbsf (early/middle Eocene), biogenic opal was transformed to clay minerals by authigenesis of smectites. Using accumulation rates of biogenic opal, paleoproductivity was estimated for the early Oligocene to late Eocene interval. A maximum productivity of biogenic silica probably occurred between 35.5 and 34.5 Ma (early Oligocene). No evidence for opal sedimentation during most of middle Eocene was found. However, at the early/middle Eocene boundary (around 52 Ma), increased opal fluxes were documented by diagenetic alteration products of siliceous skeletons.

Palynomorph concentrations in ODP Hole 105-645B samples (Table 1)

Significant changes in terrestrial and marine environments of Baffin Bay occurred throughout the late Pliocene to Holocene. Upper Pliocene and lowermost Pleistocene sediments contain abundant pollen and spores, which indicates the existence of open, coniferous, boreal forest to forest tundra in areas surrounding Baffin Bay. The late Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene also is characterized by relatively rich, dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch assemblages of boreal character, in which the dominance of Cymatiosphaera and Peridiniaceae may indicate neritic influx of sediments. In contrast, the late-early Pleistocene to Holocene interval is marked by a sparse terrestrial and marine palynoflora, with rare productive intervals. The general paucity of the Pleistocene palynoflora suggests low primary productivity, both on land and offshore, probably caused by cold, dry, high arctic conditions.

Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and He isotopic composition and hydrocarbon gases in rocks and minerals from the Markov Deep, Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley

The paper presents characteristics of the Nd and Sr isotopic systems of ultrabasic rocks, gabbroids, plagiogranites, and their minerals as well as data on helium and hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions of the same samples. Materials presented in this publication were obtained by studying samples dredged from the MAR crest zone at 5°-6°N (U/Pb zircon dating, geochemical and petrological-mineralogical studies). It was demonstrated that variations in the isotopic composition of He entrapped in rocks and minerals were controlled by variable degrees of mixing of juvenile He, which is typical of basaltic glass for MAR (DM source), and atmospheric He. Increase in the atmospheric He fraction in plutonic rocks and, to a lesser degree, in their minerals reflects involvement of seawater or hydrated material of the oceanic crust in magmatic and postmagmatic processes. This conclusion finds further support in positive correlation between the fraction of mantle He (R ratio) and 87Sr/86Sr ratio. High-temperature hydration of ultrabasic rocks (amphibolization) was associated with increase in the fraction of mantle He, while their low-temperature hydration (serpentinization) was accompanied by drastic decrease in this fraction and significant increase in 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Insignificant variations in 143Nd/144Nd (close to 0.5130) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.7035) in most of gabbroids and plagiogranites as well as the fraction of mantle He in these rocks, amphibolites, and their ore minerals indicate that the melts were derived from the depleted mantle. Similar e-Nd values of gabbroids, plagiogranites, and fresh harzburgites (6.77-8.39) suggest that these rocks were genetically related to a single mantle source. e-Nd value of serpentinized lherzolites (2.62) likely reflects relations of these relatively weakly depleted mantle residues to another source. Aforementioned characteristics of the rocks generally reflect various degrees of mixing of depleted mantle components with crustal components (seawater) during metamorphic and hydrothermal processes that accompanied formation of the oceanic crust.