981 resultados para Nitrogen efficiency


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玉米(Zea mays L.)是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物,种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用,我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来,我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中,单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系?当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何?高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题,本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种,在高肥力自然光照条件下,探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势,以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下:   1)光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中,当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率(E.)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci.)、气孔导度(gs)等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降,并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低,而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间,由于PS2功能的下降,造成了光合能力下降,而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。   老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的,因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力,其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。   随玉米品种更替,群体光合速率增强,群体光合衰减率降低,呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素,在高中低三种密度条件下,当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率,表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。   2)高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下,与普通玉米相比较,高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米,产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著,千粒重较低(P<0.01);两类型玉米的单株库容量相当,高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小,籽粒充实度低,单粒重对叶源相对减少(剪叶)或相对增多(疏库)的反应比普通玉米更为敏感,其产量受到同化产物供应(叶源)相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小,叶片含氮量和光合速率较低,说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力(光合速率)小和叶源数量少的双重限制。   3)我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下,我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中,个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01),而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类,可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型,高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少,仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量(CPC)与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著(P>0.05)。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类,将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型,CPC 双高型品种相对较少,仅占20%。   4)玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩,纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深,下层根系所占比率大,适合密植,群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多,分布较浅,在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力,但不适合密植,群体产量潜力小。   “根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量,减小根系横向伸展空间,下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下,紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求,平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感,平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。   在根系受限制条件下,增施肥料产量提高,根系总重增加,增加了根系在深层土壤(60-100cm)中的根系比率,显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙,根量减少,但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高,提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。   随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大,各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异,在一定范围内增大种植密度,根系伸展空间减小,群体产量提高,紧凑大穗型品种产量最高,品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此,培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种,采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。   5)我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合,2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 ( 14% 含水量, 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2)的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径,生理生态指标包括:选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719,种植密度102 030 株/hm2,收获密度98 610 株/hm2,花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期,达60d以上,叶面积指数最大为6.53,收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感,其光合峰值出现时间提前,而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢,下部叶片变幅最小,可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32,经济系数0.542,单株产量216g,千粒重375.1g。

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The productivity level of a brackishwater fish culture farm consisting of 25 ponds, with a water spread area of 2.5 ha, was studied. Gross community photosynthesis of the farm was found to be 46.32 Kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the release of 13.23 of O2/m2/day, or the fixing of 4.10 gC/m2/day. Respiratory demand of the farm was estimated to be 44.66 kcal/m2/day, which is equivalent to the uptake of 12.76 g O2/m2/day or the utilization of 3.95 gC/m2/day. Photosynthetic efficiency of the farm was high at 2.26%. The P/R ratio was 1.04, showing eutrophic nature.

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Spatio-temporal variations in the physicochemical and biological parameters in the Morlaix estuary on the Brittany coast of France were studied. Hydrographically, the estuary can be classified into 3 segments: the upper estuary where stratification always persists, the lower estuary where vertical homogeneity is permanent, and a middle estuary where there is a regular oscillation of stratification and homogeneity during every tidal cycle, stratification being associated with slack waters and homogeneity, with ebb and flood. Nitrogen pollution in the estuary is very intense.

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The study deals with the effect of mesh size on the fishing power of gill nets. The authors have shown that there can be substantial difference in the out puts of sardine gill nets, of identical design and rigging, but of different mesh sizes, operated under the same conditions.

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A series of experimental hand-line fishing operations were conducted off the Madras coast employing five different types of natural fish baits. Based on the total catch of fish per day of fishing under each type of bait used, a comparative study on the catching efficiency of the different natural fish-baits was made. The reaction of the fish to particular bait appears to be the result of a complex process. Live baits have the maximum catching efficiency as seen from the fish landings when live prawns were employed as the bait. The procurement of live baits is a serious problem to the fishermen and as such suitable artificial fish lures can be profitably employed.