Determination of oxidation states in magnetic multilayers

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize the oxidation states in Ta/NiOx/Ni-81/Fe-19/Ta magnetic multilayers prepared by rf reaction and dc magnetron sputtering. The exchange coupling field and the coercivity of NiOx/Ni81Fe19 are studied as a function of the ratio of Ar to O-2 during the deposition process. The chemical states of Ni atoms in the interface region of NiOx/NiFe have also been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the peak decomposition technique. The results show that the ratio of Ar to O-2 has a great effect on the chemical states of nickel in NiOx films. Thus the exchange coupling field and the coercivity of Ta/NiOx/Ni81Fe19/Ta are seriously affected. Also, the experiment shows that x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful tool in characterizing magnetic multilayers.

Resonant magnetopolaron effects in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures

A detailed experimental study of electron cyclotron resonance (CR) has been carried out at 4.2 K in three modulation-doped GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well samples in fields up to 30 T. A strong avoided-level-crossing splitting of the CR energies due to resonant magnetopolaron effects is observed for all samples near the GaAs reststrahlen region. Resonant splittings in the region of AlAs-like interface phonon modes of the barriers are observed in two samples with narrower well width and smaller doping concentration. The interaction between electrons and the AlAs interface optical phonon modes has been calculated for our specific sample structures in the framework of the memory-function formalism. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which confirms our assignment of the observed splitting near the AlAs-like phonon region is due to the resonant magnetopolaron interaction of electrons in the wells with AlAs-like interface phonons. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Upgrading of liquid fuel from the vacuum pyrolysis of biomass over the Mo-Ni/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts

High amounts of acid compounds in bio-oil not only lead to the deleterious properties such as corrosiveness and high acidity, but also set up many obstacles to its wide applications. By hydrotreating the bio-oil under mild conditions, some carboxylic acid compounds could be converted to alcohols which would esterify with the unconverted acids in the bio-oil to produce esters. The properties of the bio-oil could be improved by this method. In the paper, the raw bio-oil was produced by vacuum pyrolysis of pine sawdust. The optimal production conditions were investigated. A series of nickel-based catalysts were prepared. Their catalytic activities were evaluated by upgrading of model compound (glacial acetic acid). Results showed that the reduced Mo-10Ni/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst had the highest activity with the acetic acid conversion of 33.2%. Upgrading of the raw bio-oil was investigated over reduced Mo-10Ni/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. After the upgrading process, the pH value of the bio-oil increased from 2.16 to 2.84. The water content increased from 46.2 wt.% to 58.99 wt.%. The H element content in the bio-oil increased from 6.61 wt.% to 6.93 wt.%. The dynamic viscosity decreased a little. The results of GC-MS spectrometry analysis showed that the ester compounds in the upgraded bio-oil increased by 3 times. it is possible to improve the properties of bio-oil by hydrotreating and esterifying carboxyl group compounds in the bio-oil.

MoNi/gamma-Al2O3 Catalyst: Preparation and Catalytic Activity for Acetic Acid Hydrotreating

MoNi/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRD and TPR. The effects of Mo promoter content and the catalyst reducing temperature Oil hydrotreatment activity of the catalyst were studied under 200 degrees C and 3 MPa hydrogen pressure using acetic acid as the model compound. The XRD results indicate that the addition of Mo promoter is beneficial to the uniformity of nickel species on the catalyst and decreases the Interaction between nickel species and the support Which results in the decrease the of NiAl2O4 spinel formation. The addition of Mo promoter also decreases the reducing temperature of the catalyst. After the catalyst of 0.06 MoNi/gamma-Al2O3 being reduced Under the atmosphere of H-2/N-2(5/95, V/V), nickel oxide was reduced to Ni-0. The reaction was promoted obviously upon the addition of the MoNi/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst reduced at 600 degrees C. The Mo-modified Ni/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst reduced at 600 degrees C displayed the highest activity during the reaction, the conversion of acetic acid reached the highest point of 33.2%. The products included ethyl acetate and water.

Bio-syngas production from biomass catalytic gasification

A promising application for biomass is liquid fuel synthesis, such as methanol or dimethyl ether (DME). Previous studies have studied syngas production from biomass-derived char, oil and gas. This study intends to explore the technology of syngas production from direct biomass gasification, which may be more economically viable. The ratio of H-2/CO is an important factor that affects the performance of this process. In this study, the characteristics of biomass gasification gas, such as H-2/CO and tar yield, as well as its potential for liquid fuel synthesis is explored. A fluidized bed gasifier and a downstream fixed bed are employed as the reactors. Two kinds of catalysts: dolomite and nickel based catalyst are applied, and they are used in the fluidized bed and fixed bed, respectively. The gasifying agent used is an air-steam mixture. The main variables studied are temperature and weight hourly space velocity in the fixed bed reactor. Over the ranges of operating conditions examined, the maximum H-2 content reaches 52.47 vol%, while the ratio of H-2/CO varies between 1.87 and 4.45. The results indicate that an appropriate temperature (750 degrees C for the current study) and more catalyst are favorable for getting a higher H-2/CO ratio. Using a simple first order kinetic model for the overall tar removal reaction, the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors are obtained for nickel based catalysts. The results indicate that biomass gasification gas has great potential for liquid fuel synthesis after further processing.

新型镍系烯烃聚合催化剂的合成及催化乙烯聚合反应

合成两类含有烯烃基团的镍系烯烃聚合催化剂.一类是含有酚亚胺的中性镍系烯烃聚合催化剂,测定了其中两个催化剂的单晶结构,研究了这类化合物作为单组分催化剂催化乙烯聚合反应,系统地探讨了催化剂结构、催化剂浓度、聚合温度、乙烯压力等对乙烯聚合的影响,并对得到的聚乙烯进行了DSC和高温GPC表征.另一类是含有双亚胺的阳离子镍系烯烃聚合催化剂,测定了其中一个催化剂的单晶结构,研究了这类催化剂在MMAO的存在下催化乙烯聚合反应,以及铝镍比和温度对催化剂活性和聚乙烯的影响.用两种不同的方法对双亚胺镍系烯烃聚合催化剂进行负载.一种方法是在催化剂中引入烯烃基团,在自由基引发剂的作用下与苯乙烯共聚,生成高分子化的镍系烯烃聚合催化剂,详细研究了高分子化催化剂在不同条件下催化乙烯聚合的反应.为进一步探讨杂原子是否会破坏自固载催化剂的结构,设计合成了含有杂原子氧的非茂钛、锆催化剂,测定了其中两个化合物的单晶结构.晶体结构和乙烯聚合表明杂原子的引入没有破坏催化剂的结构,聚乙烯的形态也得到改善.在此基础上,探索合成了含有混合配体的锆化合物,测定了锆中间体23的晶体结构.

星形和多嵌生物降解聚合物

本论文针对聚ε-己内酯（PCL）为代表的可生物降解脂肪族聚酷亲水性差等缺点，通过共聚反应，在聚酷中引入了亲水性的聚环氧乙烷链段（PEO），制备了具有四臂星形结构的聚己内酯一聚环氧乙烷两亲性共聚物。通过氨基酸N-拨酸配开环反应制备了含有聚氨基酸链段的两亲性三嵌段共聚物，该结构共聚物与脂肪族聚酷均聚物相比具有更好的组织相容性。本论文的创新性和主要研究结果如下：1．通过采用以二乙基锌为催化剂，季戊四醇为引发剂的引发体系，合成了具有端轻基结构的四臂星形聚ε-己内酯。聚合产物的分子量可以通过改变单体与引发剂之比进行有效的控制。通过GPC、IR、NMR等测试手段证实聚合物分子链具有星形结构。2．以四臂星形聚ε-己内酯为大分子引发剂、二乙基锌为催化剂，通过引发环氧乙烷的开环反应制备了具有星形结构的嵌段共聚物。根据各种测试分析的实验结果确定了共聚物的链结构。3．DSC和WAXD的分析表明，星形嵌段共聚物由于核心部分为PCL，其结晶能力受到了处于外部的PEO链段的限制。当PEO足够长时，将观察不到PCL段的结晶。4．运用蔡钾和乙睛为活性聚合引发体系，通过分步加入环氧乙烷和ε-己内酯两种 单体的方法合成了带有睛端基的两亲性嵌段共聚物。5．采用把／碳和Raney-Nickel混合催化体系，成功地将端睛基PCL-PEO加氢还原为端氨基共聚物。6．以端氨基PCL-PEO为大分子引发剂引发γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸NCA开环聚合制备了带有聚氨基酸醋链段的两亲性共聚物。

Resonant magnetopolaron effects due to interface phonons in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures

Polaron cyclotron resonance (CR) has been studied in three modulation-doped GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well structures in magnetic field up to 30 T. Large avoided-level-crossing splittings of the CR near the GaAs reststrahlen region, and smaller splittings in the region of the AlAs-like optical phonons of th AlGaAs barriers, are observed. Based on a comparison with a detailed theoretical calculation, the high frequency splitting, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing well width, is assigned to resonant polaron interactions with AlAs-like interface phonons.

A new structure of In-based ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs

Electrical, structural and reaction characteristics of In-based ohmic contacts to n-GaAs were studied. Attempts were made to form a low-band-gap interfacial phase of InGaAs to reduce the barrier height at the metal/semiconductor junction, thus yielding low-resistance, highly reliable contacts. The contacts were fabricated by e-beam sputtering Ni, NiIn and Ge targets on VPE-grown n(+)-GaAs film (approximate to 1 mu m, 2 x 10(18) cm(-3)) in ultrahigh vacuum as the structure of Ni(200 Angstrom)/NiIn(100 Angstrom)/Ge(40 Angstrom)/n(+)-GaAs/SI-GaAs, followed by rapid thermal annealing at various temperatures (500-900 degrees C). In this structure, a very thin layer of Ge was employed to play the role of heavily doping donors and diffusion limiters between In and the GaAs substrate. Indium was deposited by sputtering NiIn alloy instead of pure In in order to ensure In atoms to be distributed uniformly in the substrate; nickel was chosen to consume the excess indium and form a high-temperature alloy of Ni3In. The lowest specific contact resistivity (rho(c)) of (1.5 +/- 0.5)x 10(-6) cm(2) measured by the Transmission Line Method (TLM) was obtained after annealing at 700 degrees C for 10 s. Auger sputtering depth profile and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the interfacial microstructure. By correlating the interfacial microstructure to the electronical properties, InxGa1-xAs phases with a large fractional area grown epitaxially on GaAs were found to be essential for reduction of the contact resistance.

Resonant magnetopolaron effects in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures

A detailed experimental study of electron cyclotron resonance (CR) has been carried out at 4.2 K in three modulation-doped GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well samples in fields up to 30 T. A strong avoided-level-crossing splitting of the CR energies due to resonant magnetopolaron effects is observed for all samples near the GaAs reststrahlen region. Resonant splittings in the region of AlAs-like interface phonon modes of the barriers are observed in two samples with narrower well width and smaller doping concentration. The interaction between electrons and the AlAs interface optical phonon modes has been calculated for our specific sample structures in the framework of the memory-function formalism. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which confirms our assignment of the observed splitting near the AlAs-like phonon region is due to the resonant magnetopolaron interaction of electrons in the wells with AlAs-like interface phonons. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Diffractive microlens with a cascade focal plane fabricated by single mask UV-photolithography and common KOH:H2O etching

A diffractive microlens with a cascade focal plane along the main optical axis of the device is fabricated using a low-cost technique mainly including single mask ultraviolet (UV) photolithography and dual-step KOH:H2O etching. Based on the evolutionary behavior of converse pyramid-shaped microholes (CPSMs) preshaped over a {100}-oriented silicon wafer in KOH etchant, the first-step KOH etching is performed to transfer initial square micro-openings in a SiO2 film grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and patterned by single mask UV-photolithography, into CPSMs with needed dimension. After completely removing a thinned SiO2 mask, basic annular phase steps with a relatively steep sidewall and scheduled height can be shaped in the overlapped etching region between the neighboring silicon concave-arc microstructures evolved from CPSMs through the second-step KOH etching. Morphological measurements demonstrate a desirable surface of the silicon microlens with a roughness in nanometer scale and the feature height of the phase steps formed in the submicrometer range. Conventional optics measurements of the plastic diffractive microlens obtained by further hot embossing the fine microrelief phase map over the nickel mask made through a common electrochemical method indicate a highly efficient cascaded focusing performance.